This wikibook is about : how to make fractals (:-)) It covers only topics which are important for that (:-))

  "What I cannot create, I do not understand." Richard P. Feynman
   "whereas mathemathical idea is a timless thing, few things are more ephemeral then computer hardware and software" Tristan Needham in Visual Complex Analysis

Introduction

  1. Introduction
  2. Introductory Examples

Programming

"Just keep in mind that what is obvious for you won't be necessarily obvious for the reader."   :— (cKleinhuis )
  1. Formula parser
  2. Computer graphic techniques
    1. color
    2. image noise
    3. Image editing - Post-processing
    4. Dimension
      1. 2D
        1. graphic, data and parameter files
        2. plane
          1. grid, mesh, ruler, ...
          2. Plane transformations
            1. conformal map
        3. optimisation
        4. 2D algorithms
      2. 3D
      3. 4D
  3. Documentation: Program is as good as it's documentation !

Mathematics

       "It can be argued that the mathematics behind these images is even prettier than the pictures themselves." Robert L. Devaney


      "We choose to do mathematics, not because it is easy, but because it is hard." user "Haskell Curry "
      
      
       You don't need to be a mathematician to appreciate the impressive beauty of fractals, and many times intuition and curiosity are two of the more important ingredients that drive mathematical discovery. Víctor José García Garrido
  1. Numbers
    1. binary number
    2. sequences
    3. Period
    4. Continued fraction
  2. Function
  3. computations
    1. Numerical methods
      1. Finding roots of equation
        1. Newton method
        2. Durand-Kerner method
      2. Finding function from sequence , curve fitting, model fitting
        1. zunzun : curve fitting
    2. Symbolic methods
      1. Kneading sequences
  4. Group theory
    1. Binary adding group
    2. Basilica group
    3. Kleinian group
  5. Geometry
    1. Hyperbolic geometry
  6. Vector field
    1. Polynomial vector field in one complex variable
    2. From discrete dynamical systems to continuous dynamical systems
  7. dynamical system
    1. discrete map
    2. difference equation
    3. differential equation

Fractals made by the iterations

Iterations of real numbers : 1D

Iterations of complex numbers :2D

Rational maps

Polynomials
Chebyshev polynomials
Complex quadratic polynomials
Theory
  1. Definitions
  2. Iterations : forward and backward ( inverse ) and critical orbit
    1. Fractional iterations
  3. Periodic points or cycle
    1. Period
Algorithms

Algorithms or representation finctions[1] ( for space transformations see here)

  1. Escape time for drawing: LSM LCM
    1. the Julia sets
      1. Esher like tilings
    2. the Mandelbrot set
  2. Inverse iteration method ( IIM) for drawing:
    1. Julia set = IIM/J
  3. zeros of Qn or parabolic checkerboard ( chessboard)
  4. atom domains
  5. True shape
  6. Discrete Langrangian Descriptors
  7. curves
    1. boundary trace
    2. equipotential curve
  8. DEM = Distance Estimation Method
    1. DEM/M- for Mandelbrot set
    2. DEM/J for Julia set
  9. Maping component to the unit disk ( Riemann map ):
    1. Multiplier map and internal ray
      1. on the parameter plane
      2. on the dynamic plane
    2. Boettcher map, complex potential and external ray
      1. on the parameter plane
        1. parameter ray
        2. complex potential , extarnal angle
      2. on the dynamic plane
  10. histogram colorings
  11. Average Colorings "are a family of coloring functions that use the decimal part of the smooth iteration count to interpolate between average sums." Jussi Harkonen
    1. Triangle Inequality Average Coloring = TIA and curvature average algorithm ( CAA)
    2. Stripe Average Coloring = SAC
    3. Discrete Velocity of non-attracting Basins and Petals by Chris King
    4. Average distance
  12. orbit trap
  13. Julia morphing - to sculpt shapes of Mandelbrot set parts ( zoom ) and Show Inflection
  14. 2D to 3D : bump maping
    1. heightmap
    2. slope
    3. Embossing and Lighting
    4. lighting
  15. wake - combinatorial algorithms
    1. tuning
      1. principle Misiurewicz points for the wake k/r of main cardioid
      2. subwake, tuning and internal address
      3. roots, islands and Douady tuning
      4. Period doubling cascade and the Myrberg-Feigenbaum point in the 1/2 family. Escape route 1/2
  16. Perturbation method
  17. constructing map with desired properities
Dynamical plane Julia and Fatou set
  1. Julia set
    1. connected
      1. Hyperbolic Julia sets
      2. Parabolic Julia set
      3. Elliptic Julia set: Siegel disc - a linearizable irrationaly indifferent fixed point
      4. Cremer Julia sets -a non-linearizable irrationaly indifferent fixed point
    2. disconnected
  2. Fatou set
    1. Basin of attraction of superattracting fixed point (infinity) : exterior of all Julia sets and interior of some Julia sets
      1. Escape time
      2. Boettcher coordinate
      3. Orbit portraits and lamination of dynamical plane
    2. Interior of Julia sets:
      1. Basin of attraction of attracting periodic/fixed point - Koenigs coordinate
      2. Local dynamics near indifferent fixed point/cycle
        1. Local dynamics near rationally indifferent fixed point/cycle ( parabolic ). Leau-Fatou flower theorem
          1. Fatou_coordinate
            1. Fatou_coordinate for f(z)=z/(1+z)
            2. Fatou_coordinate for f(z)=z+z^2
            3. Fatou_coordinate for f(z)=z^2 + c
          2. Repelling and attracting directions
          3. Rays landing on the parabolic fixed point
          4. parabolic checkerboard
        2. Local dynamics near irrationally indifferent fixed point/cycle ( elliptic ) - Siegel disc
Parameter plane and Mandelbrot set
  1. Topological model of Mandelbrot set : Lavaurs algorithm and lamination of parameter plane
  2. Transformations of parameter plane
  3. Parts of parameter plane
    1. exterior of the Mandelbrot set
      1. External Parameter Ray
        1. principle Misiurewicz points for the wake k/r of main cardioid
        2. subwake, tuning and internal address
        3. roots, islands and Douady tuning
    2. Boundary of whole set and it's components
      1. root points
      2. Misiurewicz points
        1. Devaney algorithm for principle Misiurewicz point
    3. interior of hyperbolic components
      1. centers of hyperbolic components = nuclesu of Mu-atoms
  4. Mandelbrot set and speed improvements

The Buddhabrot

exponential families

trigonometric families

The Newton-Raphson fractal

Quaternion Fractals : 3D

Other fractals

  1. Real-world fractals
  2. Lyapunov fractal
  3. L-Systems
  4. Midpoint displacement algorithm
  5. Diamond-square algorithm
  6. a limit set of a Kleinian group
    1. Apollonian fractals
  7. Fractal mountains
  8. Iterated function systems, Nonlinear IFS
  9. Flame fractals
  10. cellular automata
  11. Strange attractore : pyviz: gallery-attractors

software

  1. AlmondBread
  2. fractint
  3. Spider by Yuval Fisher
  4. Fragmentarium - GLSL
  5. Kalles Fraktaler
  6. Mandelbulber ( m3p file holds only the parameters, while .m3i holds also the raw image )
  7. Mandel - software for real and complex dynamics by Wolf Jung
  8. Mandel Machine
  9. gnofract
  10. Programs by Claude Heiland-Allen
    1. mandelbrot-perturbator
    2. mightymandel - GLSL
    3. gmandel - A Mandelbrot Set explorer implemented in Haskell using GTK/OpenGL/libqd, git repo
    4. mandelbrot-book program
    5. emndl - exponential strip visualisation of the Mandelbrot set
  11. Libraries by Claude Heiland-Allen
    1. kf-extras programs for manipulating output from Kalles Fraktaler 2 and blog
    2. mandelbrot-symbolics - symbolic algorithms related to the Mandelbrot set
    3. mandelbrot-numerics - numerical algorithms related to the Mandelbrot set
    4. mandelbrot-graphics - CPU-based visualisation of the Mandelbrot set
    5. mandelbrot-book and mandelbrot-book-images
    6. mandelbrot-text - parsing and pretty printing related to the Mandelbrot set
    7. ruff = relatively useful fractal functions ( in Haskell)
    8. emndl - exponential strip visualisation of the Mandelbrot set, git repo and fractalforums article
  12. UltraFractal
  13. Xaos
  14. Shadertoy - GLSL
  15. Dynamics - program by Helena E. Nusse and James Yorke
  16. The Computer Language Benchmarks Game : mandelbrot
  17. lt = a Mac OS X application for researchers in complex dynamical systems.
  18. Programs by Curtis McMullen
  19. programs by Gert Buschmann
    1. RatioField
    2. Ratio
  20. Fractalzoomer - Java progam by Chris Kalonakis ( with src code)
  21. Programs by Dmitry Khmelev
  22. DsTool is a computer program for the interactive investigation of dynamical system
    1. pyDsToo/
  23. matcont - is a Matlab software project for the numerical continuation and bifurcation study of continuous and discrete parameterized dynamical systems
  24. Linas' Art Gallery
    1. original pages
    2. - fork with new c code
  25. kandid "s a java-based genetic art program from 2002 that features several kinds of algorithms including an Iterated Function System Affine Transformation; Voronoi Diagram; Cellular Automata and a bunch of other things. By far my favorite is the iIFS Affine Transformation in Grayscale mode. It can operate in color modes but the results are always awful." Tim Hodkinson: Kandid beats Apophysis, Chaotica and JWildfire with millions of colors tied behind its back!!!
  26. Dr. Don Spickler - Fractal Generator
  27. wolfram language guide: Iterated Maps And Fractals
  28. James Gleick's CHAOS: The Software, version by Rudy Rucker
  29. fractalstream-1.0 and home page
  1. ↑ muency : representation function From the Mandelbrot Set Glossary and Encyclopedia, by Robert Munafo, (c) 1987-2020
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