Lasting for several centuries, the kingdom fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, but managed to re-assert sovereignty by the 1340s. The following decades were marked by the Black Death, as well as numerous invasions under the leadership of Timur, who devastated the country's economy, population, and urban centers. The Kingdom's geopolitical situation further worsened after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire and the Empire of Trebizond by the Ottoman Turks. As a result of these processes, by the end of the 15th century Georgia turned into a fractured entity. This whole series of events also led to the final collapse of the kingdom into anarchy by 1466 and the mutual recognition of its constituent kingdoms of Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti as independent states between 1490 and 1493—each led by a rival branch of the Bagrationi dynasty, and into five semi-independent principalities—Odishi, Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, and Samtskhe. (Full article...)
Born in Racha, in western Georgia, Svanidze eventually moved to Tiflis with her two sisters and brother, and worked as a seamstress. Her brother Alexander was a confidant of Stalin, then still known by his birth name of Ioseb Jughashvili, and introduced him to Svanidze in 1905. They were married in 1906 and she gave birth to Yakov a few months later. The family moved to Baku to avoid arrest, though Svanidze got quite ill there and returned to Tiflis in 1907, dying shortly after her return, likely from typhus or tuberculosis. Her death had a profound effect on Stalin, who deeply cared for Svanidze. He abandoned Yakov to be raised by the Svanidze family, and rarely saw them again, fully immersing himself in his revolutionary activities. (Full article...)
Energy: Poti port - Kulevi - Supsa - Baku-Supsa oil pipeline - Baku-Tbilisi-Ceikhan pipeline - ბაქო-თბილისი-ერზერუმის ნავთობსადენი - ბაქო-ბათუმის ნავთობსადენი - Oléoduc Géorgie-Ukraine-UE - GOGC - Wissol Petroleum - Telasi - Enguri HES - Centrale éléctrique de Khrami - ხუდონჰესი - ლაჯანურჰესი - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Namakhiani - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Samtskhè-Javakhétie - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Tskhinvali - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Tvichi - ვარდნილჰესი - Centrale hydroéléctrique de Jonétie.
Transport: Tbilisi Metro - Limitations de vitesse en Géorgie - Plaque d'immatriculation géorgienne
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