List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union
This is a list of the violent political and ethnic conflicts in the countries of the former Soviet Union following its dissolution on 26 December 1991.
Map showing Russian political and military influence or interference as of 2021
Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War
Some of these conflicts such as the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis or the 2013–2014 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine were due to political crises in the successor states. Others involved separatist movements attempting to break away from one of the successor states. They also include overtly aggressive invasions as well as the use of deniable forces out of uniform and foreign-controlled proxy forces.
Frozen conflicts
Some post-Soviet conflicts ended in a stalemate or without a peace treaty, and are referred to as frozen conflicts. This means that a number of post-Soviet states have sovereignty over the entirety of their territory in name only. In reality, they do not exercise full control over areas still under the control of rebel factions. In many instances, these territories have institutions which are similar to those of fully-fledged independent states, albeit with little or no international recognition, including Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia; Transnistria in Moldova; and previously, the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in Ukraine.[1]
Recognition of these states varies. Transnistria has not received recognition from any UN member state, including Russia. Abkhazia and South Ossetia have received recognition from Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru and Syria. The Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics had received recognition from Russia, Syria, and North Korea before their unrecognized annexation by Russia.
Central Asia
| Conflict | Parties | Start | End | Detail | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tajikistani Civil War | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} / Tajikistan .svg.png.webp){kind=small} / Russia Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan |  United Tajik Opposition  Jamiat-i Islami.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Afghanistan al-Qaeda Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan | 5 May 1992 | 27 June 1997 | Began when ethnic groups from the Gharm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan, which were underrepresented in the ruling elite, rose up against the national government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, in which people from the Leninabad and Kulob regions dominated. The war ended with the signing of the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan and the Moscow Protocol.[2] |
| Batken conflict | Government |
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan |
30 July 1999 | 27 September 1999 | Armed clashes between militants of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan |
| Andijan massacre | Government |
Protesters in the city of Andijan | 13 May 2005 | Protest and government massacre in the city of Andijan in Uzbekistan | |
| Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 | Government |
Opposition |
6 April 2010 | 14 December 2010 | Also known as the People's April Revolution, the Melon Revolution or the April Events. Began with the ousting of Kyrgyz president Kurmanbek Bakiyev in the capital Bishkek. The violence ultimately led to the consolidation of a new parliamentary system in Kyrgyzstan.[3] |
| 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes | Government | Ethnic Kyrgyz rioters Ethnic Uzbek rioters | 19 May 2010 | June 2010 | Clashes between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan, primarily in the cities of Osh and Jalal-Abad, in the aftermath of the ouster of former President Kurmanbek Bakiyev on April 7. |
| Tajikistan insurgency | Tajikistan | United Tajik Opposition | 19 September 2010 | September 2015 | Sporadic fighting in Tajikistan between rebel and government forces. |
| 2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes | Kazakhstan |
Ethnic Kazakh rioters Ethnic Dungans rioters |
5 February 2020 | 8 February 2020 | Clashes between ethnic Kazakhs and ethnic Dungans (a Muslim group with Chinese origins) in the village of Masanchi within the Korday District of Kazakhstan.[4] |
| 2020 Kyrgyz protests | Government | Opposition | 5 October 2020 | 15 October 2020 | Response to the 2020 Kyrgyz parliamentary election that was perceived by protestors as unfair, with allegations of vote rigging. |
| 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes | Kyrgyzstan | Tajikistan | 28 April 2021 | 1 May 2021 | Clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan over water dispute.[5][6] |
| 2022 Kazakh unrest | Government CSTO | Opposition | 2 January 2022 | 11 January 2022 | Protests across Kazakhstan that were sparked by an abrupt increase of gas prices, but have escalated into general protests. Kazakhstan's government has requested CSTO assistance in quelling the protests. |
| 2022 Karakalpak protests | Uzbekistan |  Karakalpakstan | 1 July 2022 | 3 July 2022 | Over proposed amendments by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to the Constitution of Uzbekistan which would have ended Karakalpakstan's status as an autonomous region of Uzbekistan and right to secede from Uzbekistan via referendum. A day after protests had begun in the Karakalpak capital of Nukus, President Mirziyoyev withdrew the constitutional amendments. The Karakalpak government said that protesters had attempted to storm government buildings.[7] |
| 2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes | Kyrgyzstan | Tajikistan | 27 January 2022 | 20 September 2022 | Clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan |
North Caucasus
The breakaway republics within the Caucasus region.
| Conflict | Parties | Start | End | Detail | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Prigorodny conflict |  North Ossetia-Alania Russia |  Ingushetia | 30 October 1992 | 6 November 1992 | Inter-ethnic conflict in the Eastern part of the Prigorodny district. |
| First Chechen War | Russia |  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | 11 December 1994 | 31 August 1996 | Russian troops invaded after Chechnya declared independence, but withdrew in 1996 leading to a de facto Chechen independence. |
| War of Dagestan | Russia | Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan | 7 August 1999 | 14 September 1999 | The Islamic International Brigade invaded the neighbouring Russian republic of Dagestan in support of the Shura of Dagestan separatist movement. |
| Second Chechen War | Russia | Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | 26 August 1999 | 31 May 2000 | Russia restores federal control of Chechnya. |
| Insurgency in Chechnya | Russia | Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Caucasus Emirate | 1 June 2000 | 16 April 2009 | Separatist insurgency in Chechnya, Dagestan, and other parts of the North Caucasus region. |
| War in Ingushetia | Russia | Caucasus Emirate | 21 July 2007 | 19 May 2015 | Separatist insurgency in Ingushetia. |
| Low-level insurgency in the North Caucasus | Russia | Caucasus Emirate Islamic State | 16 April 2009 | 19 December 2017 | Separatist insurgency in Chechnya, Dagestan, and other parts of the North Caucasus region. |
South Caucasus
| Conflict | Parties | Start | End | Detail | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Nagorno-Karabakh War |  Azerbaijan Soviet Union (1988–91) |  Republic of Artsakh ArmeniaSupported by: Russia | 20 February 1988 | 12 May 1994 | The separatist conflict leads to de facto independence of Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh Republic). |
| 1991–1992 South Ossetia War | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Georgia |  South OssetiaSupported by: Russia | 5 January 1991 | 24 June 1992 | The separatist conflict leads to South Ossetia's de facto independence from Georgia. |
| Georgian Civil War | Pro-Gamsakhurdia forces Supported by: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | Pro-Shevardnadze forces Russia | 22 December 1991 | 31 December 1993 | The Miltiary Council deposes first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia and asks former Soviet leader Eduard Shevardnadze to lead the country. The supporters of the ousted president stage revolt, which is crushed with the help of Russian military. |
| War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) | Georgia |  AbkhaziaSupported by: Russia | 14 August 1992 | 27 September 1993 | Abkhaz separatism leads to the de facto independence of Abkhazia from Georgia. |
| War in Abkhazia (1998) | Ethnic Georgian rebels | Abkhazia | 18 May 1998 | 26 May 1998 | Ethnic Georgians launched an insurgency against the Abkhazian secessionist government. |
| 1998 Georgian attempted mutiny | Shevardnadze Government | Pro-Gamsakhurdia forces | 18 October 1998 | 20 October 1998 | An abortive mutiny led by pro-Gamsakhurdia forces to remove new President Eduard Shevardnadze from power |
| 2001 Kodori crisis | Georgian guerrillas | Abkhazia | 4 October 2001 | 18 October 2001 | Georgian guerrillas unsuccessfully try to regain control over Abkhazia with the help of Chechen fighters. |
| Pankisi Gorge crisis |  Georgia Supported by: Russia United States | al-Qaeda Chechen rebels | 2002 | 2004 | An incursion by Al-Qaeda forces into Georgia on behalf of Chechen rebels fighting in the North Caucasus. They were forced out in 2004 by Georgian forces with American and Russian backing. |
| 2004 South Ossetian clashes | Georgia | South Ossetia Russia | 10 August 2004 | 19 August 2004 | Clashes between Georgian and South Ossetian troops result in several deaths. |
| 2006 Kodori crisis | Saakashvili Government | Monadire | 22 July 2006 | 28 July 2006 | Georgian police and special forces drive a local rebellious militia out of the Georgian-controlled Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia. |
| Russo-Georgian War | Russia South Ossetia Abkhazia | Georgia |
7 August 2008 | 12 August 2008 | A war between Georgia on one side and Russia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia on the other side confirms the de facto independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and leads to their recognition by Russia and Nicaragua.[8] |
| 2009 Georgian mutiny | Saakashvili Government | Mukhrovani Separate Tank Battalion | 5 May 2009 | 5 May 2009 | An alleged abortive mutiny by a Georgian Army tank battalion based in Mukhrovani village with a goal of removing President Saakashvili from power. |
| 2010 Mardakert clashes | Azerbaijan | Armenia Republic of Artsakh | 18 June 2010 | 1 September 2010 | Sporadic border war on the Armenian–Azerbaijan border and at the line of contact between the Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan. |
| 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | Azerbaijan | Armenia Republic of Artsakh | 1 April 2016 | 5 April 2016 | Armenian and Azerbaijani forces fight a four-day long conflict along the border of the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh. Azerbaijani forces make minor territorial gains, some of which are retaken by Armenian forces before the end of the conflict. |
| July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes | Azerbaijan | Armenia | 12 July 2020 | 16 July 2020 | Armenian and Azerbaijani forces engage in border clashes along the Tavush Province of Armenia and Tovuz District of Azerbaijan. The death of Azerbaijani major general Polad Hashimov sparks the July 2020 Azerbaijani protests. Turkey and Azerbaijan organize large-scale military exercises following the clashes, and tensions persist until the beginning of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh war 2 months later. |
| Second Nagorno-Karabakh war | Azerbaijan Supported by:  Turkey  Israel |
Armenia Republic of Artsakh Supported by: Russia |
27 September 2020 | 10 November 2020 | Azerbaijan retakes most of the territories previously controlled by the Republic of Artsakh. Russian peacekeepers introduced into the remaining disputed area. |
| 2021–2023 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis | Azerbaijan Supported by: Turkey Israel Ukraine | Armenia Supported by:  Iran Syria | 12 May 2021 | present | Border clashes between Azerbaijan and Armenia. |
| Blockade of the Republic of Artsakh (2022–present) | Azerbaijan | Republic of Artsakh | 12 December 2022 | present | Azerbaijan blockades the Republic of Artsakh. |
| 2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes | Azerbaijan | Republic of Artsakh | 19 September 2023 | 20 September 2023 | Azerbaijan launches an attack on the Republic of Artsakh after nine months of blockade. The Artsakh Defence Army disbands, the government of the Republic of Artsakh agrees to dissolve itself entirely by January 1, 2024. |
Eastern Europe
| Conflict | Parties | Start | End | Detail | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gagauzia conflict |  Gagauz Republic |  Moldova | 12 November 1989 | 14 January 1995 | Ended in the reintegration of Gagauzia into Moldova as an autonomous region. |
| Transnistria conflict | .svg.png.webp){kind=spacer} Transnistria/ Russia | Moldova Supported by:  Romania Ukraine | 2 September 1990 | present | Ongoing political conflict. Its major escalation was the Transnistria War of 1992. |
| Transnistria War | Transnistria Russia Diplomatic support: Ukraine | Moldova Supported by: Romania | 1 March 1992 | 21 July 1992 | The Transnistria War started due to fear from Transnistria's population to a potential unification with Romania. Heavy fighting started 1 March 1992 after the political struggle. A ceasefire between Russian and Transnistrian forces and Moldovan forces has been in place since 1992, enforced by the presence of Russian forces in Transnistria.[9] |
| 1993 Russian constitutional crisis | Pro-Yeltsin forces | Pro-Supreme Soviet forces | 21 September 1993 | 4 October 1993 | Political stand-off between the Russian president and the Russian parliament that was resolved by using military force. |
| Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity | Government of Ukraine Anti-MaidanSupported by: Russia | Opposition Supported by:  European Union | 21 November 2013 | 22 February 2014 | Euromaidan is the name given to civil unrest that started when the Ukrainian government cancelled an association agreement with the EU in favour of closer ties with Russia. The protests escalated and led to the Revolution of Dignity, which toppled the Ukrainian government. |
| Russian invasion of Crimea | Russia Republic of Crimea |
Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea |
20 February 2014 | 26 March 2014 | In February 2014, Russia invaded the Crimean Peninsula. In March, following the takeover of Crimea by pro-Russian separatists and Russian Armed Forces,[10] a referendum (not recognised by the new Ukrainian authorities)[11] was held on the issue of reunification with Russia.[12] This took place in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity.[13] Russia then annexed Crimea on 18 March. |
| Pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine |    Pro-Russian separatists Russia |
Ukraine |
22 February 2014 | 2 May 2014 | As a result of the revolution in Kyiv, a pro-Russian unrest in the eastern regions of the country escalated into mass protests and violence between the pro-Russian and pro-Ukrainian activists. In Crimea, the events served as a pretext for a Russian annexation of the region. In Donbas, the situation quickly escalated into a war. Protests in other regions included seizure of government buildings in Kharkiv and deadly clashes in Odesa. |
| War in Donbas | Donetsk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic Russia |
Ukraine |
6 April 2014 | 24 February 2022 | As a result of the unrest, a full-fledged war began in the Ukrainian Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, known collectively as Donbas. The separatist "people's republics" captured a strip of land on the border with Russia. Major combat ended with the signing of the second Minsk agreements in early 2015, with a stalemate lasting until the start of the full-scale invasion by Russia of February 2022. |
| Russian invasion of Ukraine | Russia Supported by:  Belarus CSTO North Korea Syria Iran Eritrea Cuba Venezuela  Myanmar  Mali |
Ukraine Supported by: United States NATO European Union United Kingdom France Germany  Italy Spain Czech Republic Poland Denmark Finland Sweden Turkey.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada Mexico.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia New Zealand Morocco Pakistan Georgia Israel.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Belarusian Democratic Republic |
24 February 2022 | present | On 24 February 2022, the Russo-Ukrainian War escalated when Russian forces began bombing Ukrainian cities. After the bombings, Russian troops launched an operation on Ukrainian soil and began sending in troops on Ukrainian territory, launching a 'full-scale' invasion. This invasion was supported militarily by the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic and non-militarily by Belarus. Ukraine received military aid from the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and other countries from the Western world. On 30 September 2022, Russia, amid an ongoing invasion, annexed four Ukrainian oblasts – Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson, which were not fully under Russian control at the time. The annexation is the largest in Europe since World War II, surpassing Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea. |
| Wagner Group rebellion | Russian government |  PMC Wagner | 23 June 2023 | 24 June 2023 | Mutiny of Wagner PMC against the Russian government |
See also
References
- Rusif Huseynov. Ukraine: Towards a frozen future?: The Politicon, 11 November 2015
- Tajikistan Civil War Global Security
- Shakarian, Pietro A. (30 April 2018). "The Significance of Armenia's 'April Revolution' - The Nation". The Nation. Archived from the original on Sep 17, 2018.
- ВААЛЬ, ТАМАРА (2020-03-27). "25 человек задержали по подозрению в массовых беспорядках в Кордайском районе - Аналитический интернет-журнал Vласть". vlast.kz (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
- "Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan forces exchange gunfire in worst border flareup in years | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
- "Kyrgyz, Tajik security forces clash at border in water dispute". Reuters. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- BBC News (2022-07-01). "Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan: At least 18 killed in unrest over right to secede". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
- "Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev". Russia's President web site. 2008-08-26. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- "Trans-Dniester profile". BBC News. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 2017-06-18.
- "Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club". Kremlin.ru. 2014-10-24. Archived from the original on 2015-04-15.
I will be frank; we used our Armed Forces to block Ukrainian units stationed in Crimea
- "Treasury Designates Seven Individuals And One Entity Contributing To The Situation In Ukraine". US Treasury. 11 April 2014.
- "Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine". The Guardian. 17 March 2014.
- Simon Shuster (10 March 2014). "Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare". Time. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.
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