← Apiales	Flora of New York — Dipsacales				→ Lycophytes
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

The order Dipsacales is here organized, down to subfamily, according to the system presented in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.^[1]

↑ P. F. Stevens, (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015 - University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden.

Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genera	G	T
Dipsacales	Adoxaceae	Opuloideae	Viburneae	Viburnum (hobblebush, nannyberry, arrowwood, possumhaw, cranberrybush)	1	19
		Adoxoideae	Sambuceae	Sambucus (elderberry)	1	3
		Adoxoideae	Adoxeae	Adoxa (muskroot)	1	1
	Caprifoliaceae	Diervilloideae	—	Diervilla (northern bush-honeysuckle) Weigela (crimson weigela)	2	2
		Caprifolioideae	Triosteeae	Triosteum (horse-gentian)	1	3
		Caprifolioideae	Caprifolieae	Lonicera (honeysuckle) Symphoricarpos (snowberry)	2	24
		Linnaeoideae	—	Linnaea (twinflower) Kolkwitzia (beautybush)	2	2
		Dipsacoideae	Succiseae	Succisella (frosted pearls)	1	1
			Dipsaceae	Dipsacus (teasel)	1	3
			Knautieae	Knautia (scabious, blue-buttons)	1	1
			Scabioseae	Scabiosa (scabious, pincushions)	1	1
		Valerianoideae	—	Valeriana (valerian) Valerianella (corn salad)	2	6

Family Adoxaceae

The Adoxaceae (moschatel or muskroot family) in New York contains about 14 species of Viburnum, three species of Sambucus (elderberries), and the endangered Adoxa moschatellina (muskroot). The Adoxaceae members are often included in the Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family), and have the characteristic opposite-leaf pattern of that family.

Subfamily Opuloideae

Tribe Viburneae

Viburnum

The four major clades of Viburnum, proposed by Donoghue, Winkworth and Clement,^[1] are all represented in New York by about 14 species (17 taxa) of woody plants.

↑ Wendy L Clement and Michael J Donoghue, "Barcoding success as a function of phylogenetic relatedness in Viburnum, a clade of woody angiosperms," BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:73

Viburnum clade Lantana

Dipsacales — Adoxaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Lantana
Viburnum sect. Lentago	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum lentago L. 1753. Viburnum lentago L. 1889. Viburnum × vetteri Zabel	Nannyberry,, Nanny-berry, Sweet viburnum, Black haw, Sheepberry Viorne flexible, Viorne lentago, Alisier, bourdaine	Native, C:4, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. NSE BNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp
Viburnum nudum L. var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & A.Gray 1762. Viburnum cassinoides L. 1789. Viburnum nitidum Aiton 1841. V. nudum var. cassinoides 1956. V. cassinoides var. nitidum ^[1] 1956. V. cassinoides var. harbisonii	Northern wild raisin, Wild raisin, Withe-rod, Witherod viburnum, Witherwood, Swamp haw, Possumhaw Viorne cassinoïde, Alises, Alisier, Bleuets sains, Bourdaine	Native, C:7, Secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. NSE BNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp
Viburnum nudum L. var. nudum Viburnum nudum L. V. cassinoides var. angustifolium	Southern wild-rasin, Possumhaw, Withe-rod	Native, C:9, Endangered OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree-shrub			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 NPT Trop. NSE BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Viburnum prunifolium L. 1753. Viburnum prunifolium L. 1924. Viburnum bushii Ashe 1935. Viburnum prunifolium var. bushii	Black-haw Blackhaw Black haw Sweet-haw Stagbush	Native, C:4, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Part shade			NYFA-4 USDA-N0 ARS Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Viburnum sect. Pseudotinus	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum lantanoides Michx. 1783. Viburnum lantana var. latifolium C.F.Ludwig 1789. Viburnum lantana var. grandifolium Aiton 1803. Viburnum lantanoides Michx. 1817. Viburnum grandifolium Smith ^[2] auct. Viburnum alnifolium non Marsh.	Hobblebush, Alder-leaved viburnum, American wayfaring tree, Witch hobble Viorne bois-d'orignal, Viorne faux-lantana, Viorne à feuilles d'aulne	Native, C:8, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Viburnum sect. Lantana	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum lantana L. 1753. Viburnum lantana L. 1779. V. tomentosum Lam 1796. V. pallidum Salisb. (i) 1812. V. farinosum Stokes (i) V. lantana var. sphaerocarpum V. lantana var. glabratum V. aragonensis Pau	Wayfaring tree, Mealytree, Wayfaring viburnum Viorne mancienne	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 53%^[3], CP-5^[4] NE-4^[5] Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. IPN Images, wsp
Viburnum sect. Lantana (excluded taxa)	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl.	Leatherleaf, Leatherleaf arrowwood, Leatherleaf viburnum	Introduced from Japan, N.Y. excluded Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Viburnum × carlcephalum Viburnum carlesii × Viburnum macrocephalum Viburnum carlcephalum	Fragrant snowball viburnum	Introduced, Cultivated			NYFA-XCLD Images, wsp
↑ W. L. McAtee (1956). A Review of the Nearctic Viburnum. Chapel Hill, N.C. 125 pp. ↑ Steven D. Glenn (2013) Viburnum lantanoides Hobblebush, Technical Page. New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum lantana: Moderate (53). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Viburnum clade Solenotinus

Dipsacales — Adoxaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Solenotinus
Viburnum sect. Tomentosa	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum plicatum Thunb. 1784. V. tomentosum Thunb. 1794. V. plicatum Thunb. 1866. V. plicatum var. tomentosum 1880. V. tomentosum var. plicatum	Japanese snowball, Doublefile viburnum	Introduced from eastern Asia, Potentially invasive, NE-4^[1] Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp Note: VT
Viburnum sect. Solenotinus	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum sieboldii	Siebold viburnum, Siebold’s arrowwood	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[2], CP-5^[3] NE-4^[1] Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT ARS Images, wsp
1 2 Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum sieboldii: Moderate (62). ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009)

Viburnum clade Oreinodontotinus

Viburnum dentatum
smooth arrowwood

The viburnum leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni) often defoliates smooth arrowwood (V. dentatum) and downy arrowwood (V. rafinesqueanum) from this clade, but Viburnum opulus is its preferred host.^[1]

↑ "Viburnum Leaf Beetle." New York State Department of Environmental Conservation website. 17-Sep-2016.

Dipsacales — Adoxaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Oreinodontotinus
Viburnum sect. Oreinodontotinus	Arrowwood	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum Aiton 1789. V. dentatum var. lucidum 1924. V. ashei Bush 1941. V. recognitum Fernald 1953. V. recognitum var. alabamense 2011. V. alabamense (McAtee) Sorrie	Smooth arrowwood, Northern arrowwood Viorne litigieuse, Viorne dentée	Native, C:3, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree-shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. NSE BNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp Note: ^[1]
Viburnum dentatum var. venosum (Britton) Gleason 1901. V. venosum Britton 1952. V. dentatum var. venosum 1953. V. scabrellum var. venosum	Southern arrowwood	Native, C:7, Threatened FAC Perennial, Tree-shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-2 USDA-N NPT BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Viburnum sect. Mollodontotinus	Arrowwood	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum rafinesqueanum Schult. 1820. V. rafinesquianum Schult. 1911. V. affine Bush 1918. V. affine var. hypomalacum 1935. V. rafinesquianum var. affine	Downy arrowwood, Downy-leaved arrow-wood Viorne de Rafinesque	Native, C:8, Secure UPL Perennial, Shrub, Part Shade - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS BNA LBJ Images, wsp
↑ http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/sm_arrow.htm

Viburnum clade Succodontotinus

Both sect. Lobata and sect. Opulis have leaves with somewhat of a maple-leaf shape. The native and invasive Eurasian variety of V. opulus are very similar in appearance, and some populations may be the result of introgression between the two.

Dipsacales — Adoxaceae — Opuloideae — Viburneae — Viburnum — clade Succodontotinus
Viburnum sect. Lobata	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum acerifolium L. 1753. V. acerifolium L. 1860. V. densiflorum Chapm. 1956. V. acerifolium var. densiflorum	Mapleleaf viburnum, Maple-leaved viburnum, Mapleleaf arrowwood, Possum haw, Dockmackie Viorne à feuilles d'érable	Native, C:7, Secure UPL Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. NSE BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Viburnum sect. Opulus	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Aiton 1768. V. americanum Miller 1785. V. trilobum Marshall 1789. V. opulus var. americanum 1949. V. opulus ssp. trilobum	Highbush cranberry, American cranberrybush, Cranberrybush viburnum, Mooseberry Viorne trilobée, Viorne pimbina	Native, C:3, Likely secure, NE-5^[1] FACW Perennial, Shrub, Sun - part shade			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. LBJ Images, wsp Note: ^[2]
Viburnum opulus L. var. opulus 1753. V. opulus L. 1753. V. opulus var. roseum 1821. V. roseum Steud.	European cranberrybush, Guelder rose	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 67%^[3], CP-3^[4] NE-4^[5]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS FNA Images, wsp Note: ^[6]
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. 1803. V. opulus var. edule 1808. V. edule Raf. 1838. V. opulus var. pauciflorum 1841. V. pauciflorum Torr. & A.Gray	Squashberry, Mooseberry, Moosewood viburnum, Few-flowered cranberry bush Viorne comestible, Pimbina	Native, C:10, Threatened FACW Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-2 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Viburnum sect. Succodontotinus	Viburnum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. 1784. V. dilatatum Thunb. 1911. V. brevipes Rehder 1966. V. d. var. macrophyllum 1966. V. fulvotomentosum P.S.Hsu 1988. V. d. var. fulvotomentosum	Linden arrowwood, Linden viburnum	Introduced from China, Japan, South Korea, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 57%^[7], NE-L^[5] IPA, Sun - part shade			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS Trop. Images, wsp Note: ^[8]^[9]^[10]
Viburnum setigerum Hance 1882. V. setigerum Hance 1907. V. theiferum Rehder 1911. V. bodinieri H. Lév. 1965. V. setigerum var. sulcatum	Tea viburnum, Tea-leaf viburnum	Introduced from Cina, Taiwan, Invasive, NYIS: 41%^[11]			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS Trop. Images, wsp
↑ Category 5 Plants - native invasives - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=267 ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum opulus var. opulus: Moderate (67). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) 1 2 Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=402 ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum dilatatum: Moderate (57). ↑ http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/c353/viburnum-dilatatum.aspx ↑ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/v/vibdil/vibdil1.html ↑ http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus2/factsheet.cfm?ID=585 ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum setigerum: Low (41).

Subfamily Adoxoideae

Tribe Sambuceae

Sambucus

Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis
American black elderberry

Sambucus contains the shrubs know as elderberry or simply elder. The name Sambucus is likely derived from the Latin sambuca (a type of harp).

The some sources, including New York Flora Atlas, treat the American black elderberry as S. nigra ssp. canadensis, while other common sources treat it as S. canadensis. The European black elderberry (S. nigra s.s.) has not been discovered outside of cultivation in New York.

Dipsacales — Adoxaceae — Adoxoideae — Sambuceae — Sambucus
Sambucus	Elderberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sambucus racemosa 1753. Sambucus racemosa L. 1803. Sambucus pubens Michx. 1892. Sambucus callicarpa Greene 1901. Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. 1913. S. racemosa ssp. pubens House	Red elderberry, Scarlet elder, Red-berried elder, Bunchberry elder Sureau rouge	Native, C:6, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA LBJ MBG Images, wsp
Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R.Bolli 1753. Sambucus canadensis L. 1884. S. canadensis var. laciniata 1911. S. simpsonii Rehder 1994. S. nigra ssp. canadensis 2003. S. nigra var. canadensis	Common elderberry, American black elderberry, Black elder, American elder Sureau blanc, Sirop blanc, Sureau du Canada	Native, C:4, Secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Shrub, Part shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can iNat ARS ITIS Trop. LBJ MBG Images, wsp
Sambucus nigra L. ssp. nigra 1753. Sambucus nigra L. 1753. Sambucus nigra var. laciniata L. 1769. Sambucus laciniata Mill.	European black elderberry	Introduced from Eurasia, Not naturalized, Not reported FACW-FAC Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-0 USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. MBG Images, wsp
Sambucus ebulus L. 1753. Sambucus ebulus L.	Dwarf elderberry, Dwarf elder, Danewort Sureau yèble	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Not naturalized, Tompkins only			NYFA-X USDA-XX Can ARS ITIS Images, wsp

Tribe Adoxeae

Adoxa

The sole member of the Adoxa genus is muskroot (Adoxa moschatellina), which is considered endangered in New York.

Dipsacales — Adoxaceae — Adoxoideae — Adoxeae — Adoxa
Adoxa	Muskroot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Adoxa moschatellina L. Adoxa moschatellina L.	Muskroot, Musk-root, Musk root, Moschatel, Townhall clock Moscatelline	Native, C:9, Endangered, DEC-A^[1], NYNHP: 1^[2] FAC Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NEW-0 Can BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Adoxa moschatellina. Endangered, S1/G5.

Family Caprifoliaceae

Caprifoliaceae is represented by the "Cap" in "MADCap Horse", the mnemonic used to recall which trees and shrubs have opposite leaves. (The other trees being Maple, Ash, Dogwood, and Horse-chestnut.)

Subfamily Diervilloideae

The Diervilloideae is also commonly treated as Diervillaceae Pyck (1998) (bush honeysuckle family). It should be noted that most of the non-native Caprifoliaceae species in New York also take the form of a bushes or shrubs commonly called bush honesuckle (Lonicera spp.) and are considered to be highly invasive.

Diervilla

Diervilla lonicera

Diervilla contaiins three species of eastern North American bush honeysuckle. It was named in honor of the French surgeon and writer, Sieur de Dièreville, who introduced the genus to Europe after his travels to Acadia around 1700.

Its only New York native, Northern bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera), is considered to be a good replacement for the invasive exotic bush honeysuckles (in Lonicera sect. Coeloxylosteum). Diervilla's other two species (D. rivularis and D. sessilifolia are native to limited regions of the southeastern U.S. but are not known to naturalize in New York.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Diervilloideae — Diervilla
Diervilla	Bush-honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Diervilla lonicera Mill. 1753. Lonicera diervilla L. 1768. D. lonicera Mill. 1803. D. tournefortii Michx. 1892. D. diervilla MacMill. (i) 1940. D. lonicera var. hypomalaca	Northern bush-honeysuckle, Bush-honeysuckle Dièreville chèvrefeuille, Herbe bleue	Native, C:6, Secure UPL Perennial, Shrub, Shade, part shade,			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA LBJ FED Images, wsp

Weigela

Weigela floribunda

Weigela is native to eastern Asia and has been planted in New York as an ornamental shrub. Weigela floribunda has been known to naturalize in some areas in the southeastern part of the state. Weigela japonica has not been confirmed to truly naturalize.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Diervilloideae — Weigela
Weigela Thunberg (1780)	Weigela	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Weigela floribunda (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch 1839. Diervilla floribunda Siebold & Zucc. 1854. W. floribunda (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch auct. W. floribunda var. versicolor	Weigela, Crimson weigela	Introduced from eastern Asia, Naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X NPT ARS BNA Images, wsp
Weigela japonica Thunb. 1780. Weigela japonica Thunb. 1830. Diervilla japonica (Thunb.) DC. 1839. Diervilla versicolor Siebold & Zucc. 1927. Diervilla floribunda var. versicolor	Japanese weigela	Introduced from temperate Asia, Unknown naturalization			NYFA-X USDA-EXCL ARS Trop. Images, wsp

Subfamily Caprifolioideae

The Caprifolioideae (honeysuckle family)...

Tribe Triosteeae

Triosteum

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolioideae — Triosteeae — Triosteum
Triosteum	Horse-gentian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Triosteum aurantiacum E.P.Bicknell	Orangefruit horse-gentian, Wild coffee, Coffee tinker's weed	Native, Secure Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ITIS Images, wsp
Triosteum perfoliatum L. (1753)	Perfoliate-leaved horse-gentian, Perfoliate tinker's-weed, Feverwort	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT ARS Images, wsp
Triosteum angustifolium L.	Lesser horse-gentian, Yellowfruit horse-gentian, Yellow-leaved tinker's-weed, Narrow-leaved horse gentian	Native, Likely extirpated			NYFA-Z USDA-NN NPT ITIS Images, wsp

Tribe Caprifolieae

Lonicera

Members of the Lonicera genus are mostly known as honeysuckle. There are seven native New York honeysuckles and a couple other North American honeysuckles. But there are also about a dozen Eurasian honeysuckles found in New York, many of which have become quite prevalent and are considered highly invasive in the Northeast.

Lonicera subg. Caprifolium

Subgenus Caprifolium contains vining or trailing shrub honeysuckles with perfoliate leaves immediately beneath the flowers.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolioideae — Caprifolieae — Lonicera subg. Caprifolium
Lonicera subg. Caprifolium	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera dioica L. 1767. Lonicera dioica L. 1768. Lonicera glauca Hill 1830. Caprifolium douglasii Lindl. 1830. L. douglasii (Lindl.) DC. 1896. L. hirsuta var. glaucescens 1897. L. glaucescens Rydb. 1912. L. dioica var. glaucescens 1929. L. dioica var. douglasii 1982. L. dioica ssp. glaucescens	Smooth honeysuckle Limber honeysuckle Glaucous honeysuckle Mountain honeysuckle Wild honeysuckle Red honeysuckle Douglas honeysuckle Dhèvrefeuille dioïque Chèvrefeuille glauque	Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Vine, shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp Note: ^[1]
Lonicera hirsuta Eaton 1818. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton 1826. Lonicera pubescens Sweet 1952. Lonicera hirsuta var. interior Gleason 1968. Lonicera hirsuta var. schindleri B.Boivin	Hairy honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille hirsute, Chèvrefeuille hérissé	Native, Likely secure FAC Perennial, Vine			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Lonicera sempervirens L. 1753. Lonicera sempervirens L. 1768. Periclymenum sempervirens L. 1789. L. sempervirens var. minor Aiton 1802. Caprifolium sempervirens Moench 1895. Phenianthus sempervirens Raf. 1903. L. sempervirens var. hirsutula Rehder	Trumpet honeysuckle, Coral honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille toujours vert	Native, Likely secure FACU-FAC Perennial, Vine			NYFA-4 USDA-NX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera × italica Schmidt ex Tausch Lonicera caprifolium × Lonicera etrusca	Italian honeysuckle Clématite des jardins	Introduced, Europe native Perennial, Vine			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera subg. Caprifolium (excluded taxa)	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera caprifolium L. (1753)	Italian woodbine, Italian honeysuckle, Perfoliate honeysuckle Clématite des jardins	Introduced, Europe native Perennial, Vine			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp
↑ Many references treat all varieties of Lonicera dioica as a single taxon, but the 2003 USDA Forest Service Conservation Assessment for Red Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens) (Rydb.) Butters states that "If it is to be accepted as a variety, its correct name should be Lonicera dioica var. douglasii (Lindl.) Farw., otherwise it could be considered a minor variation within Lonicera dioica L."

Lonicera subg. Lonicera

Lonicera sect. Isika & Nintooa

Because sect. Nintooa appears to be embedded within sect. Isika, these two sections have been placed in the following table together.^[1]

↑ Nina Theis, Michael J. Donoghue, and Jianhua Li (2008). "Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipsacales) Based on Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 33(4): pp. 776–783.

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolieae — Lonicera subg. Lonicera
Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Nintooa	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera japonica Thunb.	Japanese honeysuckle	Introduced from East Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 84%^[1], CP3^[2] NE1^[3]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp Note: VT
Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Isika	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton Xylosteon fragrantissimum	Fragrant honeysuckle, January jasmine, Sweet-breath-of-spring	Introduced, Invasive, China native			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Lonicera standishii Jacques	Standish's honeysuckle	Introduced, Impersistent			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. 1823. Xylosteon involucratum Richardson 1824. L. involucrata Banks ex Spreng. 1826. Lonicera ledebourii Eschsch. p.p.	Twinberry honeysuckle, Bearberry honeysuckle, California honeysuckle, Black twinberry	Introduced from west & north, N. America native, No NY reports, Cultivated			NYFA-0 USDA-NN Can ARS ITIS NSE BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lonicera spp.: Very high (84). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Lonicera sect. Coeloxylosteum

The Lonicera section Coeloxylosteum in New York contains native and naturalized "fly honeysuckles" including the very-highly invasve "exotic bush honeysuckles."

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolioideae — Caprifolieae — Lonicera subg. Lonicera
Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Coeloxylosteum	Honeysuckle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Lonicera canadensis Bartram & W.Bartram ex Marshall 1777. Lonicera canadensis Bartram 1785. Lonicera canadensis Marshall 1813. Xylosteon ciliatum Pursh	American fly-honeysuckle, Canada fly honeysuckle^[1], Fly Honeysuckle^[2] Chèvrefeuille du Canada	Native, C:8, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. 1822. Xylosteon oblongifolium Goldie 1833. Lonicera oblongifolia Hook. 1911. Lonicera oblongifolia var. altissima Rehder	Swamp fly-honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille à feuilles oblongues	Native, C:9, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA IPN Images, wsp
Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Roem. & Schult. 1803. Xylosteon villosum Michx. 1819. Lonicera villosa Roem. & Schult. 1841. L. caerulea var. villosa ^[3] 1982. L. caerulea ssp. villosa	Mountain fly-honeysuckle, Northern fly-honeysuckle, Velvet honeysuckle, Blue fly honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille velu	Native, C:9, Vulnerable Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-3? USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera reticulata Raf. 1838. Lonicera reticulata Raf. 1864. Caprifolium proliferum G.Kirchn. 1884. Lonicera sullivantii A.Gray 1910. L. prolifera J.R.Booth ex Rehder 1952. L. prolifera var. glabra Gleason	Grape honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille réticulé	Introduced from US Midwest, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera tatarica L. 1753. Lonicera tatarica L. 1800. Lonicera sibirica Georgi 1803. Xylosteon tataricum Michx. 1891. Caprifolium tataricum Kuntze	Tatarian honeysuckle, Tartarian honeysuckle Clématite de Tartarie	Introduced from Eurasia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 86% ^[4], CP2^[5] NE1^[6], IPA VT			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera morrowii A.Gray 1857. Lonicera morrowii A.Gray 1917. Lonicera insularis Nakai 1968. Xylosteon morrowii Moldenke 2011. Lonicera tatarica var. morrowii Q.E.Yang et al.	Morrow's honeysuckle, Asian fly honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille de Morrow	Introduced from Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 86% ^[4], CP2^[5] NE1^[6], IPA VT			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera × bella Zabel Lonicera morrowii × Lonicera tatarica 1889. Lonicera × bella Zabel	Bell's honeysuckle, Showy fly honeysuckle, Bella honeysuckle, Whitebell honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille de Bell, Chèvrefeuille joli	Introduced, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 86% ^[4], CP2^[5] NE1^[6], IPA VT			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. 1857. Xylosteon maackii Rupr. 1859. Lonicera maackii Maxim. 1864. Lonicera maackii Herder 1891. Caprifolium maackii Kuntze	Amur honeysuckle, Bush honeysuckle, Late honeysuckle, Maack's honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille de Maack, Clématite de Maack	Introduced from Asia, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 84% ^[4], CP2,^[5] NE1^[6], IPA VT			NYFA-X NPT Can ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera xylosteum L. 1753. Lonicera xylosteum L. 1889. Lonicera segreziensis Lavallée ex Dippel	European fly honeysuckle, Fly honeysuckle, Dwarf honeysuckle Chèvrefeuille à balais, Camérisier à balais, Clématite des haies	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, NYIS: 33%^[7], CP4^[8] NE4^[9], IPA			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera × xylosteoides Tausch. Lonicera tatarica × Lonicera xylosteum 1838. Lonicera × xylosteoides Tausch	Hybrid of Tatarian honeysuckle & European fly honeysuckle	Introduced, Potentially invasive			NYFA-X USDA-XX Can ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel 1869. Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel 1891. Caprifolium ruprechtianum Kuntze 1893. Lonicera × muscaviensis Rehder	Manchurian honeysuckle, Ruprecht's honeysuckle	Introduced from temperate Asia, Potentially invasive, Excluded			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Lonicera × notha Zabel Lonicera ruprechtiana × Lonicera tatarica 1889. Lonicera × notha Zabel	Hybrid of Manchurian & Tatarian honeysuckle	Introduced, Potentially invasive			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
↑ Northern Ontario Plant Database ↑ Connecticut Botanical Society ↑ GRIN treats Lonicera villosa as a synonym of L. caerulea var. villosa 1 2 3 4 New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lonicera spp.: Very high (84-86). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. 1 2 3 4 Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) 1 2 3 4 Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lonicera xylosteum: Unknown (33). ↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Symphoricarpos

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Caprifolioideae — Caprifolieae — Symphoricarpos
Symphoricarpos	Snowberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake var. albus S. racemosus Michx.	Common snowberry, Northern snowberry, Thin-leaved snowberry, White coralberry, Waxberry Symphorine blanche	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake var. laevigatus (Fernald) S.F. Blake 1905. S. racemosus var. laevigatus 1914. S. albus var. laevigatus 1927. S. rivularis Suksd.	Pacific snowberry, Common snowberry, Smooth-leaved snowberry, Waxberry Symphorine lisse, Symphorine blanche lisse	Introduced from western N. America, N. America native			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench 1753. Lonicera symphoricarpos L. 1794. S. orbiculatus Moench 1803. S. vulgaris Michx. 1892. S. symphoricarpos (L.) MacMill. (i)	Buck brush, Coralberry, Indian-coralberry, Indian-currant Symphorine à baies-de-corail	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-NX ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. (1833)	Wolfberry, Western snowberry, Northern snowberry	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-NN ARS ITIS Images, wsp

Subfamily Linnaeoideae

The Linnaeoideae (twinflower subfamily)...

Linnaea

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Linnaeoideae — Linnaea
Linnaea L.	Twinflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Linnaea borealis L. ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén ex R.T. Clausen Linnaea americana Forbes L. borealis ssp. americana	Twinflower, Longtube twinflower	Native, C:9, Likely secure FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, subshrub			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT LBJ Images, wsp

Kolkwitzia

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Linnaeoideae — Kolkwitzia
Kolkwitzia	Beautybush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. 1901. Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.	Beautybush, Cold-whiskey-plant, Buisson de beauté	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS ITIS Images, wsp

Subfamily Dipsacoideae

The Dipsacoideae (teasel subfamily) is native to a region centered on the Mediterranean and has no members that are native to the western hemisphere.^[1]

↑ Carlson & al. "Phylogeny and character evolution in Dipsacaceae" TAXON 58(4) November 2009: 1075–1091

Tribe Succiseae

Succisella

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Succiseae — Succisella
Succisella Beck	Succisella	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Succisella inflexa (Kluk) Beck 1803. Scabiosa australis Wulfen 1809. Scabiosa inflexa Kluk 1830. Succisa australis Rchb. 1893. Succisella inflexa Beck	Southern succisella, Frosted pearls Succiselle infléchie	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Can Images, wsp

Tribe Dipsaceae

Dipsacus

Dipsacus fullonum

Teasels (Dipsacus spp.) are common weeds in New York, introduced from Eurasia. The most common are the "wild fuller's teasels" (D. fullonum). The least common are the "cultivated fuller's teasels" (D. sativus) which have been used as natural combs in the textile industry since the Middle Ages.^[1] Cut-leaf teasels have turned out to be the most invasive. They seem to be increasing in population and are on the DEC's list of Prohibited Invasive Species.^[2]^[3]

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Dipsaceae — Dipsacus
Dipsacus L.	Teasel	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Dipsacus fullonum L. 1753. Dipsacus fullonum L. 1762. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. 1778. D. fullonum var. sylvestris Schmalh. 1962. D. fullonum ssp. sylvestris A.R.Clapham.	Common teasel, Wild fuller's teasel, Wild teazle Cardaire sauvage	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Widespread weed			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Dipsacus laciniatus L. 1753. Dipsacus laciniatus L.	Cutleaf teasel, Cut-leaf teasel, Cut-leaved teasel, Laciniate teasel Cardère découpée, Cardère laciniée	Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 76%^[1], Prohibited^[2]		Albany, Cayuga, Chemung, Columbia, Erie, Livingston, Montgomery, Niagara, Saratoga, Schenectady, Tompkins	NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honckn. 1762. Dipsacus fullonum Huds. non L. 1763. Dipsacus fullonum var. sativus L. 1767. Dipsacus sativus (L.) Garsault 1782. Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honckn. 1912. Dipsacus fullonum ssp. sativus Thell.	Cultivated teasel, Cultivated fuller's teasel, Indian teasel, Fuller's teasel	Introduced from Mediterrean, Not naturalized		Cayuga, Livingston, Seneca	NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Dipsacus laciniatus: Highly invasive (76%). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Tribe Knautieae

Knautia

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Knautieae — Knautia
Knautia	Scabious	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. 1753. Scabiosa arvensis L. 1823. Knautia arvensis Coult.	Field scabiosa, Field-scabious, Bluebuttons, Blue-buttons Knautie des champs, Scabieuse des champs	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, IPA			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp

Tribe Scabioseae

Scabiosa

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Dipsacoideae — Scabioseae — Scabiosa
Scabiosa	Pincushions	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Scabiosa columbaria L. 1753. Scabiosa columbaria L.	Dove pincushions, Pincushion flower, Yellow scabious Oeil de perdrix, Colombaire	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT ARS ITIS Images, wsp

Subfamily Valerianoideae

The Valerianoideae is often included in the Valerianaceae (valerian family)...

Valeriana

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Valerianoideae — Valeriana
Valeriana	Valerian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb. 1842. V. sylvatica var. uliginosa Torr. & A.Gray 1918. Valeriana uliginosa Rydb. 1901. Valeriana dubiosa Gand. 1951. V. sitchensis ssp. uliginosa F.G.Mey. 1952. V. septentrionalis var. uliginosa Gleason 1966. V. sitchensis var. uliginosa B.Boivin	Marsh valerian, Swamp valerian, Mountain valerian Valériane des tourbières, Valériane uligineuse	Native, Endangered, CA			NYFA-1-2 USDA- NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. NSE Images, wsp
Valeriana officinalis L. 1753. Valeriana officinalis L. 1932. Valeriana stubendorfii Kreyer ex Kom. 1933. Valeriana dageletiana Nakai ex F.Maek.	Garden heliotrope, Common valerian, European valerian, Garden valerian Valériane officinale, Valériane cultivée	Introduced from Eurasia, Invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1], Prohibited in CT			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. NSE Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Valeriana officinalis: Moderate (62). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

Valerianella

Dipsacales — Caprifoliaceae — Valerianoideae — Valerianella
Valerianella	Cornsalad	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. 1753. Valeriana locusta var. radiata L. 1811. Valerianella radiata Dufr. 1938. V. stenocarpa var. parviflora Dyal 1843. Valerianella woodsiana Walp.	Beaked corn-salad	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2-4 USDA-N NPT ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC. 1814. Fedia chenopodiifolia Pursh 1830. Valerianella chenopodiifolia DC.	Goose-foot corn-salad, Goosefoot valerian Valérianelle à feuilles de chénopode	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA- Can ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Valerianella umbilicata (Sull.) Alph.Wood 1842. Fedia umbilicata Sull. 1848. Fedia patellaria Sull. 1861. Valerianella umbilicata Alph.Wood 1861. Valerianella patellaria Alph.Wood 1872. V. radiata var. umbilicata Porter 1884. V. woodsiana var. umbilicata A.Gray 1938. Valerianella intermedia Dyal 1952. V. radiata var. intermedia Gleason	Navel cornsalad, Corn salad, Kankakee corn-salad, Navel-shape corn-salad, Northern corn salad	Native, Endangered, No recent reports			NYFA-Z USDA-NN NPT ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Valerianella locusta	European cornsalad, Common cornsalad, Lamb's-lettuce Mâche douchette, Valérianelle	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA- ARS Images, wsp

← Apiales	Flora of New York — Dipsacales				→ Lycophytes
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

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[1] P. F. Stevens, (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015 - University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden.

[2] Wendy L Clement and Michael J Donoghue, "Barcoding success as a function of phylogenetic relatedness in Viburnum, a clade of woody angiosperms," BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:73

[3] W. L. McAtee (1956). A Review of the Nearctic Viburnum. Chapel Hill, N.C. 125 pp.

[4] Steven D. Glenn (2013) Viburnum lantanoides Hobblebush, Technical Page. New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

[5] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum lantana: Moderate (53). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

[CP5-6] Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE4-7] Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[NE4-8] 1 2 Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[9] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum sieboldii: Moderate (62).

[CP5-10] Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009)

[11] "Viburnum Leaf Beetle." New York State Department of Environmental Conservation website. 17-Sep-2016.

[12] ttp://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/sm_arrow.htm

[NE5-13] Category 5 Plants - native invasives - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[14] ttp://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=267

[15] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum opulus var. opulus: Moderate (67).

[CP3-16] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE4-17] 1 2 Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[18] ttp://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=402

[19] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum dilatatum: Moderate (57).

[20] ttp://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/c353/viburnum-dilatatum.aspx

[21] ttp://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/v/vibdil/vibdil1.html

[22] ttp://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus2/factsheet.cfm?ID=585

[23] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Viburnum setigerum: Low (41).

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