Vietnamese exonyms
Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:
History
Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.
During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions have shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.
Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one name in Vietnamese as shown below.
Sino-Vietnamese exonyms
Before modernity, sources of foreign place names in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, Russia, India and most European countries retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only 2 city in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.
Exonyms from other languages
In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan, spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen, Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein. This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.
However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.[1]
There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French. Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.
Other cases
The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer and Lao into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào. The names of Phnom Penh, Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer, Lao and Thai into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh, Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc. Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà, and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa.
Afghanistan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Kabul | Ka-bun[3] | Kābol (کابل) | Persian | |
Kābəl (کابل) | Pashto |
Albania
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tirana | Ti-ra-na[5] | Tiranë | Albanian |
Algeria
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Algiers | thủ đô nước An-giê-ri | Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر) | Standard Arabic |
Argentina
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Buenos Aires | Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết[7] | Buenos Aires | Spanish |
Australia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Melbourne | Miêu Bình, Mai Bình[8] | Melbourne | English | |
Sydney | Xích-ni | Sydney | English |
Austria
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Vienna | Viên | Wien | German |
Bahrain
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---|
Belarus
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Minsk | Min-xcơ[10] | Minsk (Мінск) | Belarusian |
Belgium
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Brussels | Bức San | Brussel | Dutch | |
Bruxelles | French |
Brazil
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Brasilia | Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a[16] | Brasilia | Portuguese | |
Rio de Janeiro | Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô | Rio de Janeiro | Portuguese | |
São Paulo | Thánh Phao Lồ | São Paulo | Portuguese |
Bulgaria
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Sofia | Xô-phi-a[18] | Sofija (София) | Bulgarian |
Cambodia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Angkor | Đế Thiên Đế Thích | Angkor (អង្គរ) | Khmer | |
Banteay Meas | Sài Mạt | Banteay Meas (បន្ទាយមាស) | Khmer | |
Battambang | Bát Tầm Bôn | Battambang (បាត់ដំបង) | Khmer | |
Bavet | Truông Cát | Bavit (បាវិត) | Khmer | |
Bokor | Tà Lơn | Baukko (បូកគោ) | Khmer | |
Damrei Mountains | Tượng Sơn | Phnom Damri (ភ្នំដំរី) | Khmer | |
Kampot | Cần Bột | Kampot (កំពត) | Khmer | |
Kep | Bạch Mã | Kaeb (កែប) | Khmer | |
Kiri Vong | Linh Quỳnh | Kiri Vong (គីរីវង់) | Khmer | |
Koh Tang | Hòn Thăng | Kaoh Tang (កោះតាង) | Khmer | |
Koh Wai | Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây | Kaoh Pou Lou Vei (កោះពូលូវៃ) | Khmer | |
Kompong Chhnang | Xà Năng | Kampong Chhnang (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង) | Khmer | |
Kratie | Cần Ché | Kracheh (ក្រចេះ) | Khmer | |
Lavek / Longvek | La Bích | Lvek(ល្វែក) / Longvek (លង្វែក) | Khmer | |
Neak Loeung | Hối Lương,[19] Cầu Nam | Nak Loeung (អ្នកលឿង) | Khmer | |
Peam Chor | Biên Chúc | Srok Peamochor (ស្រុកពាមជរ) | Khmer | |
Phnom Penh | Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên,[20] Phnôm Pênh[21] | Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) | Khmer | |
Pursat | Phú Túc | Pothisat (ពោធិ៍សាត់) | Khmer | |
Siem Reap | Xiêm Riệp[22] | Siemrap (សៀមរាប) | Khmer | |
Sihanoukville | Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm | Krong Preah Sihanouk ( ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) /
Kampong Som (កំពង់សោម) |
Khmer | |
Svay Rieng | Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng | Svay Rieng (ស្វាយរៀង) | Khmer | |
Tonle Sap | Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ | Tonle Saeab (ទន្លេសាប) | Khmer |
Canada
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Montreal | Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn | Montréal | French | |
Ottawa | Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa[23] | Ottawa | English | |
Quebec | Quế Bích | Québec | French | |
Toronto | Tô Luân | Toronto | English | |
Vancouver | Văn Cầu | Vancouver | English |
China
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Beijing | Bắc Kinh | Běijīng (北京) | Mandarin | |
Changchun | Trường Xuân | Chángchūn (长春) | Mandarin | |
Chengdu | Thành Đô | Chéngdū (成都) | Mandarin | |
Chongqing | Trùng Khánh | Chóngqìng (重庆) | Mandarin | |
Fujian | Phúc Kiến | Fújiàn (福建) | Mandarin | |
Hok-kiàn | Hokkien | |||
Guangzhou | Quảng Châu | Guǎngzhōu (广州) | Mandarin | |
Guilin | Quế Lâm | Guìlín (桂林) | Mandarin | |
Harbin | Cáp Nhĩ Tân | Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨) | Mandarin | |
Hohhot | Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột | Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) | Mandarin | |
Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) | Mongolian script | |||
Hong Kong | Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông | Xiānggǎng (香港) | Mandarin | |
Hēunggóng | Cantonese | |||
Hong Kong | English | |||
Inner Mongolia | Nội Mông (Cổ) | Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古) | Mandarin | |
Öbür Monggol
(ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ) |
Mongolian script | |||
Macau | Áo Môn, Ma Cao | Àomén(澳門) | Mandarin | |
Ōumún | Cantonese | |||
Macau | Portuguese | |||
Nanjing | Nam Kinh | Nánjīng (南京) | Mandarin | |
Shanghai | Thượng Hải | Shànghǎi (上海) | Mandarin | |
Shenzhen | Thâm Quyến | Shēnzhèn (深圳) | Mandarin | |
Sichuan | Tứ Xuyên | Sìchuān (四川) | Mandarin | |
Ürümqi | U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề | Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) | Mandarin | |
Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی) | Uyghur | |||
Wuhan | Vũ Hán | Wǔhàn (武汉) | Mandarin | |
Xiamen | Hạ Môn | Xiàmén (厦门) | Mandarin | |
Xi'an | Tây An | Xī'ān (西安) | Mandarin | |
Yangtze River | Trường Giang | Cháng Jiāng (长江) | Mandarin |
Cyprus
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Nicosia | Ni-cô-xi-a[25] | Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) | Greek | |
Lefkoşa | Turkish |
Czechia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Prague | Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha[27] | Praha | Czech |
Denmark
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Copenhagen | Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen[28] | København | Danish | |
Greenland | Grin-len,[29] Thanh Đảo | Grønland | Danish | |
Nuuk | Nu-úc[30] | Godthåb | Danish |
East Timor
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Dili | Đi-li[31] | Dili | Tetum |
Egypt
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Cairo | Kê Thành | al-Qāhirah (القاهرة) | Standard Arabic | |
Maṣr (مَصر) | Egyptian Arabic | Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country |
Estonia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tallinn | Ta-lin[33] | Talin | Estonian |
Ethiopia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Addis Ababa | A-đi A-ba-ba | አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba)[35] | Amharic |
Finland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Helsinki | Hiệu Sinh Kì | Helsinki | Finnish |
France
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Lyon | Li-ông | Lyon | French | |
Marseille | Ma-xai[36] | Marseille | French | |
Nice | Niết-xa[37] | Nice | French | |
Nouvelle Calédonie | Tân Thế Giới | Nouvelle Calédonie | French | |
Paris | Ba Lê, Pha Lí,[36] Pa-ri[38] | Paris | French | |
Sète | Xét-ta[39] | Sète | French | |
Toulon | Thu-long[36] | Toulon | French |
Georgia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tbilisi | Tbi-li-xi[41] | Tbilisi (თბილისი) | Georgian |
Germany
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Berlin | Bá Linh, Béc-lin[43] | Berlin | German | |
Cologne | Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ | Köln / Koeln | German | |
Hamburg | Hàm Phủ | Hamburg | German | |
Hanover | An-nô-vi[44] | Hannover | German |
Greece
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Athens | Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten[46] | Athína (Αθήνα) | Greek | |
Ionian Islands | Y Du Nhiên | Greek | ||
Santorini | Đảo San Hô | Thíra (Θήρα) | Greek | |
Thessalonica | Salonica | Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) | Greek | |
Zakynthos | San-tê | Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) | Greek |
Iceland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Reykjavik | Rây-ki-a-vích[48] | Reykjavík | Icelandic |
India
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ganges | sông Hằng | Gangā (गंगा) | Hindi | |
Goa | Cô Á | Gōvā (गोवा) | Hindi | |
New Delhi | Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li[49] | Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली) | Hindi |
Indonesia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Aceh | A Chinh[51] | Aceh | Indonesian | |
Batavia | Ba Thiềng | modern-day Jakarta | ||
Jakarta | Giang Lưu Ba | Jakarta | Indonesian | |
Java | Trảo Oa | Java | Indonesian | |
Palembang | Tam Phật Tề[52] | Palembang | Indonesian |
Iran
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tehran | Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran[53] | Ťehrân (تهران) | Persian |
Iraq
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Baghdad | Bác Đạt, Bát-đa | Baghdad (بغداد) | Standard Arabic |
Ireland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Dublin | Đạp Lân, Đu-blin[54] | Baile Átha Cliath | Irish | English name also used locally |
Israel
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Acre | Akko | Ako (עכו) | Hebrew | |
Bethlehem | Bê-lem, Bết-lê-hem | Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם) | Hebrew | currently in Palestinian territories |
Jerusalem | Gia Liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem, Giê-ru-sa-lem[55] | Yerushaláyim (ירושלים) | Hebrew | partially in Palestinian territories |
Judea | Do Thái | Yehuda (יהודה) | Hebrew | currently in Palestinian territories |
Italy
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Capri | Ca Pha Lí[56] | Capri | Italian | |
Genoa | Giai Noa[57] | Genoa | Italian | |
Naples | Nạp Bồ Lê[57] | Napoli | Italian | |
Rome | La Mã | Roma | Italian | |
Venice | Vơ-ni-dơ | Venezia | Italian |
Japan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Hiroshima | Quảng Ðảo | Hiroshima (広島) | Japanese | |
Hokkaido | Bắc Hải Ðạo | Hokkaidō (北海道) | Japanese | |
Honshu | Bổn Châu | Honshū (本州) | Japanese | |
Kansai | Quan Tây | Kansai (関西) | Japanese | |
Kanto | Quan Ðông | Kantō (関東) | Japanese | |
Kobe | Thần Hộ | Kōbe (神戸) | Japanese | |
Kyoto | Kinh Ðô | Kyōto (京都) | Japanese | |
Kyushu | Cửu Châu | Kyūshū (九州) | Japanese | |
Nagasaki | Tràng Kỳ | Nagasaki (長崎) | Japanese | |
Okinawa | Xung Thằng | Okinawa (沖縄) | Japanese | |
Osaka | Đại Phản | Ōsaka (大阪) | Japanese | |
Ryukyu | Lưu Cầu | Ryūkyū (琉球) | Japanese | |
Sapporo | Trát Hoảng | Sapporo (札幌) | Japanese | |
Sendai | Tiên Ðài | Sendai (仙台) | Japanese | |
Senkaku | Tiêm Các | Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島) | Japanese | |
Shikoku | Tứ Quốc | Shikoku (四国) | Japanese | |
Tokyo | Đông Kinh | Tōkyō (東京) | Japanese |
While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.
Kazakhstan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Nur-Sultan | A-xta-na[60] | Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан) | Kazakh |
Kyrgyzstan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bishkek | Bi-sơ-kếch | Bishkek (Бишкек) | Kyrgyz | |
Russian |
Laos
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Champasak | Ba Thắc | Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ) | Lao | |
Houaphanh | Sầm Châu | Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ) | Lao | |
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang | Nam Chưởng | |||
Khamkeut | Cam Cát | Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ) | Lao | |
Khammouane | Cam Môn | Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ) | Lao | |
Luang Phrabang | Luông Pha Băng,[61] Lão Qua | Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) | Lao | |
Samneua | Sầm Nứa | Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ) | Lao | |
Sam Tai | Sầm Tộ | Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້) | Lao | |
Vientiane | Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn[62] | Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) | Lao | Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling |
Xiangkhoang | Trấn Ninh | Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ) | Lao | |
Xiengkho | Trình Cố | Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້) | Lao |
Latvia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Riga | Ri-ga[63] | Riga | Latvian |
Libya
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tripoli | Tri-po-li[65] | Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) | Standard Arabic |
Lithuania
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Vilnius | Vin-ni-út[67] | Vilnius | Lithuanian |
Luxembourg
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Luxembourg City | Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua | Lëtzebuerg | Luxembourgish |
Malaysia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bidong Island | Hòn Rắn | Pulau Bidong | Malay | |
Kuala Lumpur | Cát Long Pha | Kuala Lumpur | Malay | |
Penang Island | Cù lao Cau | Pulau Pinang | Malay |
Moldova
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Chisinau | Ki-si-nhốp[70] | Chișinău | Moldovan |
Mongolia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ulaanbaatar | Ulan Bato[72] | Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) | Mongolian Cyrillic | |
Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) | Mongolian script |
Montenegro
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Podgorica | Pốt-gô-ri-xa | Podgorica (Подгорица) | Montenegrin |
Morocco
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Casablanca | Bạch Ốc | ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا) | Arabic | |
Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) | Berber languages | |||
Rabat | Ra-bát | ar-Rabat (الرباط) | Arabic |
Mexico
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Mexico City | Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti[75] | Ciudad de México | Spanish |
Myanmar
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Naypyidaw | Nây-pi-tô[77] | Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) | Burmese | |
Yangon | Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon[78] | Raankone (ရန်ကုန်) | Burmese |
Netherlands
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Amsterdam | Am Tước Đàm, Am-xtéc-đam[79] | Amsterdam | Dutch | |
Rotterdam | Luật Tước Đàm | Rotterdam | Dutch | |
The Hague | Hạc Phủ | Den Haag | Dutch |
New Zealand
![]() | ||
---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
Christchurch | ||
Wellington | Oen-ling-tơn[81] |
North Korea
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Pyongyang | Bình Nhưỡng | Phyŏngyang (평양) | Korean | |
Hamhung | Hàm Hưng | Hamhǔng (함흥) | Korean | |
Rason | La Tiên | Rasŏn (라선) | Korean | |
Sinuiju | Tân Nghĩa Châu | Sinŭiju (신의주) | Korean | |
Kaesong | Khai Thành | Kaesŏng (개성) | Korean | |
Chongjin | Thanh Tân | Chŏngjin (청진) | Korean | |
Nampo | Nam Phổ | Nampho (남포) | Korean | |
Wonsan | Nguyên Sơn | Wŏnsan (원산) | Korean |
North Macedonia
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Skopje | Xcốp-pi-ê[83] | Скопје (Skopje) | Macedonian |
Norway
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Oslo | Ốt-xlô | Oslo | Norwegian |
Pakistan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Islamabad | I-xla-ma-bát[84] | Islamabad (اسلام آباد) | Urdu |
Philippines
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Manila | Ma Ní | Manila | Tagalog | |
Luzon | Lữ Tống | Luzon | Tagalog |
Poland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Warsaw | Vác-sa-va | Warszawa | Polish |
Portugal
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Lisbon | Lisboa | Lisboa | Portugal |
Qatar
![]() |
---|
Romania
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bucharest | Bu-ca-rét[86] | București | Romanian |
Russia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Kamchatka | Cam-sát-ca | Kamchatka (Камчатка) | Russian | |
Moscow | Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va | Moskva (Москва) | Russian | |
Novosibirsk | Nô-vô-xi-biếc | Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) | Russian | |
Saint Petersburg | Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc | Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) | Russian | |
Sevastopol | Tô Bồ Lô[87] | Sevastopol' (Севастополь) | Russian | |
Vladivostok | Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông | Vladivostok (Владивосток) | Russian | |
Volgagrad | Vôn-ga-grát | Volgagrad (Волгоград) | Russian |
Saudi Arabia
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Riyadh | E-ri-át | ar-Riyadh (لرياض) | Standard Arabic |
Singapore
![]() |
---|
South Africa
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bloemfontein | Blô-phông-ten[88] | Bloemfontein | English | |
Cape Town | Hảo Vọng Giác, Kếp-tao[89] | Cape Town | English | |
Pretoria | Pri-tơ-ri-a[90] | Pretoria | English |
South Korea
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Busan | Phủ Sơn | Busan (부산) | Korean | |
Chungju | Trung Châu | Chungju (충주) | Korean | |
Daegu | Đại Khâu | Daegu (대구) | Korean | |
Gangnam | Giang Nam | Gangnam (강남) | Korean | |
Incheon | Nhân Xuyên | Inchŏn (인천) | Korean | |
Jeju | Tế Châu | Jeju (제주) | Korean | |
Seoul | Hán Thành Xơ-un |
Hansŏng (한성) Sŏul (서울) |
Korean |
Spain
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Alicante | A Li Căn[91] | Alicante | Spanish | |
Almansa | An-ma-gia[92] | Almansa | Spanish | |
Barcelona | Ba Xà Luân[93] | Barcelona | Spanish | |
Cadiz | Ca-đích[94] | Cádiz | Spanish | |
Madrid | Ma Địch Lí, Ma Lí,[95] Ma-đrít[96] | Madrid | Spanish | |
Menorca | Mi-nô-ca[91] | Menorca | Spanish | |
Valencia | Ba-linh-xa[94] | València | Spanish |
Sri Lanka
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Colombo | Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô[99] | Kolamba (කොළඹ) | Sinhala | |
Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) | Tamil |
Sweden
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Stockholm | Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm[101] | Stockholm | Swedish |
Switzerland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bern | Bơn[103] | Bern | German | |
Bärn | Alemannic German | |||
Berne | French | |||
Berna | Italian | |||
Berna | Romansch |
Taiwan
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Hualien | Hoa Liên | Huālián (花蓮) | Mandarin | |
Kaohsiung | Cao Hùng | Gāoxióng (高雄) | Mandarin | |
Keelung | Cơ Long[104] | Jīlóng (基隆) | Mandarin | |
Taichung | Đài Trung | Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中) | Mandarin | |
Tainan | Đài Nam | Táinán (台南 / 臺南) | Mandarin | |
Taipei | Đài Bắc | Táiběi (台北 / 臺北) | Mandarin | |
Taitung | Đài Đông | Táidōng (台东 / 臺東) | Mandarin |
Thailand
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ayutthaya | Thượng Thành | Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) | Thai | |
Bangkok | Vọng Các, Băng Cốc | Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) | Thai | |
Chanthaburi | Chân Bôn | Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) | Thai | |
Chiang Mai | Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại | Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) | Thai | |
Chiang Rai | Chiềng Rai | Chiang Rai (เมืองเชียงราย) | Thai | |
Chiềng Hai | Jiang Hai | Northern Thai | ||
Ko Chang | Dương Khảm | Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง) | Thai | |
Ko Kut | Cổ Cốt | Ko Kut (เกาะกูด) | Thai | |
Lopburi | La Hộc | Lop Buri (ลพบุรี) | Thai | |
Nakhon Phanom | Na Khổng Phù Nam | Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) | Thai | |
Nakhon Ratchasima | Cổ Lạc | Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา) | Thai | |
Nakhon Si Thammarat | Na Khổng Tam Hoạt | Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) | Thai | |
Nongkhai | Mường Nông | Nongkhai (หนองคาย) | Thai | |
Pattani | Tà Nê | Pattani (ปัตตานี) | Thai | |
Sukhothai | Xụ-khổ-thay | Sukhothai (สุโขทัย) | Thai |
Tunisia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tunis | Tuy-nít | Tunis (تونس) | Standard Arabic |
Turkey
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ephesus | Ê-phê-sô | Efes | Turkish | |
Istanbul | Tân La Mã | İstanbul | Turkish |
Ukraine
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Kyiv | Ki-ép | Kyiv (Київ) | Ukrainian |
United Arab Emirates
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Abu Dhabi | ʼAbū Ẓaby | Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي) | Arabic | |
Dubai | Đu-bai | Dubey (دبيّ) | Arabic |
United Kingdom
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Edinburgh | Ê-đin-brơ | Edinburgh | English | |
Scots | ||||
England | Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao | England | English | |
Northern Ireland | Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan | Northern Ireland | English | |
London | Luân Đôn, Long-đôn | London | English | |
Scotland | Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen[107] | Scotland | English | |
Wales | Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales | Wales | English |
United States
![]() | ||
---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
Arlington, VA | Ái Linh Tân | |
Arlington, TX | ||
Baltimore | Bạt Đế Mỗ | |
Boston | Bật Tân | |
California | Ca-li | |
Harlem | Hắc Lem | |
Hawaii | Hạ Uy Di | |
Hollywood | Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng | |
Honolulu | Hòn Lau | |
Los Angeles | Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê | |
Manhattan | Mã Nhật Tân[108] | |
New Orleans | Ngọc Lân,[109] Tân Linh | |
New York | Nữu Ước, Tiểu bang New York[110] | |
New York City | Thành phố New York | |
North Carolina | Bắc Carolina | |
North Dakota | Bắc Dakota | |
Orange County | Quận Cam | |
Philadelphia | Huynh Đệ thành | |
San Francisco | Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành | |
Seven Corners | Ngã Bảy[111] | |
South Carolina | Nam Carolina | |
South Dakota | Nam Dakota | |
Washington | Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân | |
Washington, D.C. | Oa-xinh-tơn | |
West Virginia | Tây Virginia |
The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.
Other
English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
---|---|---|
Alps | Ân Lô Bi,[37] An-pơ, dãy Anpơ | |
Annamite Mountains | Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn | |
Aral Sea | Hàm Hải, Biển Aral | |
Atlantic Ocean | Đại Tây | |
Dead Sea | Biển Chết | |
East China Sea | Biển Hoa Đông | |
Euphrates | Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates | |
Mount Everest | đỉnh Everest | |
Himalayas | Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya | |
Indian Ocean | Ấn Độ Dương | |
Indus River | Sông Ấn (Độ) | |
Issyk-Kul | Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul | |
Mediterranean Sea | (Biển) Địa Trung Hải | |
Mekong River | Mê Kông, Cửu Long | |
Nile River | Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô | |
Pacific Ocean | Thái Bình Dương | |
Palestine | Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine | |
Persian Gulf | Vịnh Ba Tư | |
Red Sea | Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ | |
Rocky Mountains | Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky | |
Sahara Desert | Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara | |
Sea of Japan | Biển Nhật Bản | |
Sunda Strait | Cửa Song Đề,[112] eo biển Sunda | |
South China Sea | Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông | |
Tigris | Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris | |
Baltic Sea | Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic |
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