Timeline of Indonesian history

This is a timeline of Indonesian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Indonesia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Indonesia. See also the list of presidents of Indonesia.

Millennia: 1st BCE · 1st–2nd · 3rd

Centuries: 4th BCE · 2nd BCE · 1st BCE · See also · Further reading · External links

4th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
400 BCE		The prehistoric clay pottery Buni culture (near present-day Bekasi) were flourished in coastal northern West Java.[1]

2nd century BCE

Year	Date	Event
200 BCE		"Dvipantara" or "Yawadvipa" a mystic Hindu kingdom is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana; Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa in search of Sita then later used by the indianized islander of java island and kingdom of Portugal to name the island during the age of discovery.[2]

1st century BCE

Year	Date	Event
65 BCE		A footprint of a kingdom in java island according to Chinese records.[3]

Centuries: 4th · 5th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th

4th century CE

Year	Date	Event
350		The Kutai Martadipura phase in East Kalimantan produced the earliest known stone inscriptions in Indonesia.[4]

5th century CE

Year	Date	Event
450		Several stone inscriptions were created in West Java. Among others, the Tugu inscription announce decrees of Purnavarman, the king of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest Indianized kingdom in Java.[5]

7th century

Year	Date	Event
664		A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere on the northern coast of Central Java.[6]
671		I-tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.[7]
683		Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event is mentioned in several inscriptions such as Telaga Batu inscription, Talang Tuwo inscription, and Kedukan Bukit Inscription. The beginning of Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around Malacca Strait and Sunda Strait.[8]
686		Srivijaya launch naval invasion against Java, mentioned in Kota Kapur Inscription. Probably contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom.[9]
687		I-tsing returned to Srivijaya on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.[10]
700		The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes.[11]
		Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.[12]
		Sojomerto inscription possibly dated around late 7th century discovered in Batang Regency, Central Java, mentioned about Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of Shailendra dynasty. The inscription was written in old Malay suggested Srivijayan link to this family.[13]

8th century

Year	Date	Event
718		Sri Indravarman King of Srivijaya send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, signing early ancient Indonesian official contact with Islamic world in the Middle East.[14]
732		The Sanjaya dynasty is founded around this time according to the Canggal inscription.[15]
752		The Hindu Mataram kingdom flourishes.[16]
760		The construction of Borobudur started.[17]
770s to 780s		Java launched series of naval raids on ports of Dai Viet, Champa and Cambodia; Sontay in Tonkin (767); Nha Trang (774); captured Indrapura in Cambodia (770); Phan Rang (787). The naval raids was probably launched by Shailendran-Srivijayan Maharaja Dharmasetu or Dharanindra.[18]
778		Kalasan temple constructed according to Kalasan inscription.
792		The Manjusrigrha (Sewu) temple is completed according to Manjusrigrha inscription.
800		The agriculturally based Buddhist Shailendra dynasty rules Sumatra and Java.[15]

9th century

Year	Date	Event
825		Borobudur is completed during the reign of Samaratungga.[19][20]
856		Prambanan is completed.[15] According to Shivagrha inscription Rakai Pikatan — the husband of Pramodhawardhani — defeated Balaputra.
860		Balaputra the Maharaja of Suvarnadvipa and the ruler of Srivijaya, constructs the buddhist temple and monastery in Nalanda India, on the land given by King Devapaladeva of Pala in Benggala, according to the Nalanda inscription.[21]

10th century

Year	Date	Event
907		Sumbing volcano erupted, according to Rukam inscription.
907		King Balitung created Mantyasih inscription containing the list of Mataram kings, moved the capital from Mamratipura to Poh Pitu, and expanded Prambanan temple.
914		The Warmadewa dynasty rules Bali.[22]
928		During the reign of King Wawa, the capital of Mataram in Mamratipura was devastated, probably by the massive eruption of Mount Merapi.
929		Mpu Sindok moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Mamratipura in Central Java to Tamwlang in East Java and established Isyana Dynasty. The shift was probably as a result of the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya.[23]
937		Mpu Sindok moved the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of Brantas River in modern Jombang in East Java.
c. 980s		Dynastic marriage between princess Mahendradatta of Javanese Isyanas and king Udayana of Balinese Warmadewas.
990		King Dharmawangsa of Mataram kingdom launches a naval invasion on Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya.[18]
990		Airlangga, son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali.
996		Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese.[24]

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1006		King Dharmawangsa's Mataram kingdom falls under invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram (highly possible Srivijayan ally in Java).[22]
1019		Airlangga establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.[25]
1025		Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Cholamandala in South India, conquered Pannai and Kadaram from Srivijaya and occupied it for some time. The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula.[26]
1030		Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and Kingdom of Sunda.
1041		Airlangga divided Kahuripan into two kingdoms Janggala and Kadiri and abdicated in favour of his successors.[27]

12th century

Year	Date	Event
1104		King Jayawarsa of Kadiri ascends to the throne.
1115		King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne. Janggala ceases to exist and united under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin Smaradahana, a eulogy for the king and become the inspiration of Panji cycle, the tales that spreads across Southeast Asia.[27]
1130		King Jayabaya of Kadiri ascends to the throne.

13th century

Year	Date	Event
1222		Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom[28] Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty.
1257		Baab Mashur Malamo established The Kingdom of Ternate in Maluku.
1275		King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra.
1284		King Kertanegara launched Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory.
1289		Kertanegara insult the envoy of Kublai Khan that demand Java to pay the tribute to Yuan Dynasty.[29][30]
1292		Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebelled and killed Kertanegara, ended the Singhasari kingdom.
1292		Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia visited Sumatra and reported that on the northern part of Sumatra there were six trading ports including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.[31]
1293		Mongol invasion of Java,[32] Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sent punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari. The Mongol forces were repelled.
1293		The coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as the monarch of Majapahit kingdom, marked the foundation of Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
1300		Footprint of Islam state is present in northern tip of Sumatra.
1300

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1309		King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1318		an Italian Franciscan friar, Mattiussi visited Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin in Borneo. In his record he described Majapahit kingdom.
1328		Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
1334		Hayam Wuruk, son of Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi was born.[34]
		Mount Kelud in East Java erupted.[34]
		Gajah Mada declared his Palapa oath.[35]
1347		Adityawarman moved the capital of Dharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura in Pagarruyung, West Sumatra.[36]
1350		Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara succeeds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.[33] Under its military commander Gajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
1355		Kingdom of Negara Dipa was established in South Kalimantan by Empu Jatmika.[37]
1357		In the Battle of Bubat, the Sundanese royal family were massacred by the Majapahit army under the order of Gajah Mada. This event led to the death of Sundanese King Lingga Buana and the princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi that committed suicide.[38]
1365		The Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama is written.[33]
1377		Majapahit sends a punitive expedition against Palembang in Sumatra. Palembang's prince, Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port.[33]
1389		Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.[33]

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1405		Paregreg war, Majapahit civil war of succession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi. (to 1406)
1405–1407		The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.[39] (to 1433)
1429		Queen Suhita succeeds Wikramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1447		Wijayaparakramawardhana, succeeds Suhita as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1451		Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1453		Reign of Rajasawardhana ends.[33]
1456		Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III, becomes ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1466		Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girishawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1478		Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.[33]
1500		Islam becomes Indonesia's dominant religion.
1500		Around late 15th century Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.[40]

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1509		The Portuguese king sends Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, the eastern terminus of Asian trade. After initially receiving Sequeira, Sultan Mahmud Syah captures and/or kills several of his men and attempts an assault on the four Portuguese ships, which escape.[41] The Javanese fleet is also destroyed in Malacca.
1511	August	Afonso de Albuquerque after sailing from Portuguese Goa conquers the Sultanate of Malacca with a force of 1,200 and seventeen or eighteen ships.[41]
1512		The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca to search for the 'Spice Islands' (Maluku) led by Francisco Serrão. Serrao is shipwrecked but struggles on to Hitu (northern Ambon) and wins the favour of the local rulers.[42]
1520		The Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of Solor as a transit harbour between Maluku and Malacca.
1520		Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah of Aceh begins an expansionist campaign capturing Dayak on the west Sumatran coast, and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast.
1520		The establishment of Banjar Sultanate in South Kalimantan with Sultan Suriansyah as the first king.[43]
1521	November	Ferdinand Magellan's expedition reaches Maluku and after trade with Ternate returns to Europe with a load of cloves.
1522		The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of Ternate and begin construction of a fort.[42]
1522	August	Luso Sundanese Treaty signed between Portugal and Sunda Kingdom granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in Sunda Kelapa
1535		The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de Freitas the island of Ambon.[44]
1546		Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547)
1559		Sultan Khairun of Ternate protesting the Portuguese's Christianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities between Ternate and the Portuguese.
1562		Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population.[44]
1569		Peace treaty was signed by Sultan Khairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portuguese.
1570		Sultan Hairun of Ternate is killed by the Portuguese.[44] The reign of Sultan Baabullah.
1575		Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Baabullah defeated the Portuguese.
1578		The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[44]
1579		The British navigator Sir Francis Drake passes through Maluku and transit in Ternate on his circumnavigation of the world. The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[45]
1583		Death of Sultan Baabullah of Ternate.
1595		First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman.[46]
1596	June	de Houtman's expedition reaches Banten the main pepper port of West Java where they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians. It then sails east along the north coast of Java losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in Madura.[46]
1597		de Houtman's expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit.[46]
1598		The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising.[44] (to 1599)
1598		More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitable.[46]
1599		The van Neck expedition returns to Europe. The expedition makes a 400 per cent profit.[46] (to 1600)
1599	March	Leaving Europe the previous year, a fleet of eight ships under Jacob van Neck was the first Dutch fleet to reach the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku.[46]
1600		The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon.[47] Later in the year, the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu.[47]
1600		Elizabeth I grants a charter to the British East India Company beginning the English advance in Asia.

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1602		The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control.
		The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies.[47]
	June	British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrives in Aceh and sails on to Bantam where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.[48]
1603		First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java.[48]
1604		A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encountered in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices[48]
1605	February	The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon but the Portuguese surrender.[47]
1606		A Spanish fleet occupies Ternate and Tidore.[47]
1608		Iskandar Muda of Aceh Sultanate launched series of naval conquest on coastal Sumatran and Malay peninsula states. (to 1637)
1610		The VOC establishes the post of Governor General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia.[47]
1611		The English establish trading posts at Sukadana (southwest Kalimantan), Makassar, Jayakarta and Jepara in Java, and Aceh, Pariaman and Jambi in (Sumatra) threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.[48]
1611		The Dutch establish a post at Jayakarta (later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').
1613		The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their Solor fort.
1619		Jan Pieterszoon Coen appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing.
1619	30 May	Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, storms the Jayakarta driving out the Banten forces, and from the ashes of Jayakarta, establishes Batavia as the VOC headquarters.
1620		Almost the entire native population of Banda Islands was deported, driven away, starved to death or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch colonial slave labour.
1620		Diplomatic agreements in Europe commence a three-year period of cooperation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade.[48]
1623		In a notorious but disputed incident, known as the 'Amboyna massacre', ten English and ten Japanese traders are arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch Government.[49] The English quietly withdraw from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Bantam) and focus on other Asian interests.
1628–1629		Sultan Agung of Mataram launched a failed campaign to conquer Dutch Batavia.
1629		Iskandar Muda of Aceh Sultanate launched a failed attempt to take Portuguese Malacca.
1636		The Portuguese are expelled again from their Solor fort by the Dutch following a reoccupation.
1646		Sultan Agung of Mataram dies – and is buried at his graveyard at Imogiri
1667		As a result of the Treaty of Breda between Dutch and England, the Dutch secured a worldwide monopoly on nutmeg by forcing England to give up their claim on Run, the most remote of the Banda Islands. While the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland.
1674		The Trunajaya rebellion. Followers of the Madurese prince Trunajaya rebelled against the Mataram Sultanate. After initial defeats, Mataram requested help from the VOC in exchange for various concessions. VOC-Mataram forces ultimately defeated the rebellion.
1700		With the decline of the spice trade, textiles are now the most important trade item in the Dutch East Indies.[50]

18th century

Year	Date	Event
1704		First Javanese War of Succession.[51]
1712		The first shipment of coffee from Java reaches Amsterdam.[52]
1717		Surabaya rebels against the VOC.[53]
1719		Second Javanese War of Succession.[53]
1735		Governor-General Dirk van Cloon dies, one of many victims of disease in Batavia.[54]
1740	9 October	A massacre of Batavia's ethnic Chinese begins after they are suspected by the VOC of planning a rebellion. Approximately 10,000 are killed and the Chinese quarter is burned.[55]
1743		The capital Kartasura fell under Geger Pecinan uprising — Raden Mas Garendi (Sunan Kuning) led Chinese mercenaries revolted against Pakubuwono II.
1745	17 February	Pakubuwono II established a new kraton in Sala village and established Surakarta Sunanate.
1755	13 February	The Treaty of Giyanti is signed, effectively partitioning the Mataram Sultanate. The VOC recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, who rules half of Central Java. Hamengkubuwono I then established Yogyakarta Sultanate, moves to Yogya and renames the city Yogyakarta[56]
1757	17 March	Salatiga treaty between Prince Sambernyawa with Pakubuwono III and Hamengkubuwono I further partitioning the remnant of Mataram Sultanate, the Mangkunegaran Grand Duchy was established.
1769		French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant.[57] (to 1772)
1770		Captain James Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship Endeavour on his round the world voyage.[58]
1778	24 April	Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences was established by a group of Dutch intellectuals.[59] This institution is the pioneer of scientific efforts in Indonesia and the founder of National Museum of Indonesia.
1792	March	Hamengkubuwana I dies.[60]
1795	19 January 1795	The Batavian Republic, a client state of the French First Republic, and successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was proclaimed.
1800	1 January	The bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and nationalised by the Batavian Republic.[61]

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1803		First phase of Padri War. (to 1825)
1806		The Batavian Republic is dissolved and the Kingdom of Holland is created, a puppet kingdom set up by Napoléon Bonaparte.
1808		Herman Willem Daendels the Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, During the French interum (1806–1811) begins the construction of Java Great Post Road.[62] against a Anglo-Dutch invasion.
1811	August	British invasion of Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Stamford Raffles was appointed as the Lieutenant-Governor of Java.
1814	November	Raffles' wife, Olivia Mariamne Devenish died in Buitenzorg (now Bogor) in Java.
1814		Dutch colonial possessions in the East Indian Archipelago returned to the Dutch following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.
1815	April	Mount Tambora in Sumbawa island erupted, it was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history that wiped Tambora culture and killed at least 71,000 people in total (including the aftermath). The eruption created global climate anomalies known as "volcanic winter".[63]
1825		Java War (to 1830)
1831		Second phase of Padri War (to 1838)
1864	June	The first railway track in Indonesia was laid between Semarang and Tanggung, Central Java by the Dutch colonial government.[64]
1868		The Batavian Museum (today National Museum of Indonesia) was officially opened by Dutch East Indies government.
1870		Official dismantling of the Cultivation System and beginning of a 'Liberal Policy' of deregulated exploitation of the Netherlands East Indies.[65]
1873		The beginning of the Aceh War.[65]
1879	21 April	Kartini was born in Jepara, today the date is commemorated as women's emancipation day in Indonesia.
1883	August	Mount Krakatoa in Sunda Strait erupted, killed 36,417 people.
1888		Founding of the shipping line Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM) that supported the unification and development of the colonial economy.[65]
1894		Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem[65] The Dutch looted and destroyed the Cakranegara palace of Mataram.[66] J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist discovered and secured Nagarakretagama manuscript in Lombok royal library.
1898		General van Heutz becomes chief of staff of Aceh campaign. Wilhelmina becomes queen of the Netherlands.[65]

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1901		Ethical Policy is proclaimed.[65]
1903		Aceh declared conquered.[65]
1904		Van Heutz becomes Governor General.[65] Kartini established a school for women in Rembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia.
1904	16 January	Dewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies in Bandung, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia.
1906		The Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) destroyed the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan.
1907		Tirto Adhi Suryo founds civil servants' association Sarekat Priyayi.[65]
1908		Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement. During Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), the last Balinese rulers wiped out in puputan ('suicidal battle to death').[65]
1912		Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party.[65]
		First scientific description ever of Komodo dragon by Peter Ouwens.
	18 November	The modernist Islamic organization Muhammadiyah was established by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta.
1914		World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war.[65]
1917		East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war.[65]
1919	May	Mt Kelud in East Java erupts with a deathtoll of around 5,000 people.
1920		Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn.[65]
1925		Birth of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. A sharp rise in world commodity prices brings prosperity to the Indies.[65]
1926	31 January	Nahdlatul Ulama was established by Hasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization.
1929		The Great Depression in America[65] affected the economy of Dutch East Indies.
1930		Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.[67]
1941	8 December	Netherlands declares war on Japan.[68]
1941	8 December	Dutch East Indies campaign (8 December 1941 – 9 March 1942) by forces from the Empire of Japan starts.
1942	27 February	Battle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeat Allied forces ABDACOM afterwards Imperial Japan occupies Indonesia during World War II, over throwing the Dutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure.
	28 February	The Japanese troops invade Java.
	7 March	Dutch East Indies government in exile established in Australia by Dutch officials headed by Lieutenant Governor General Huib van Mook
	8 March	Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on Java capitulates. At 09:00 on 8 March, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces—Ter Poorten—announced the surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in Java. Instrument of surrender signed in Bandung on 12 March
	31 December	Merauke Force formed, to reinforce the KNIL garrison in Merauke, West New Guinea.
1944	22 April	Start of the liberation of the Dutch East Indies by Allied forces
	April	First Dutch NICA detachments land at Hollandia in New Guinea.
	16 May	Van Mook-MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement signed in London concerning the jurisdiction over and administration of civil affairs in Dutch East Indies territory liberated by an Allied expeditionary force during WWII.
	1 June	1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL) founded at Camp Victory, near Casino, New South Wales. Australia.
1945	9 January	Between January and July landing of Dutch KNIL troops at Biak, Tarakan and Balikpapan.
	1 June	Sukarno's Pancasila speech[69]
	16 July	Draft of constitution for the Republic completed.[69]
	August	Republican government established in Jakarta and constitution adopted. Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established.
	15 August	Japanese surrender to Allied powers.[67]
	17 August	"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta.[67][70]
	August	Start of the Bersiap killings during the early stages of the Indonesian National Revolution.
	3 November	Vice President Hatta proclaims right of the people to form political parties.
	10 November	Battle of Surabaya.[67]
1946		Social revolutions, including the Three Regions (Tiga Daerah) Revolt.[67]
1946		Federal states, including the State of East Indonesia are set up by Dutch in the outer islands.[67]
1947	25 March	Linggadjati Agreement, first ceasefire.[67]
	20 July	Major Dutch military offensive to resolve differences by force.[67]
	25 August	United Nations Commission for Indonesia established.
1948		Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leader Kartosuwiryo.[71] (to 1962)
	19 January	The Renville Agreement establishes the Van Mook line between Republican and Dutch held territories.[67]
	August	Fall of the Amir Syarifuddin government,[67] largely from the Renville Agreement fallout.
	18 September	Madiun Affair: Nationalist leaders launch a revolt in Central Java in an attempt to take over the Revolution but are suppressed by Communist troops.[67]
	19 December	Dutch undertake second military offensive capturing Republican capital at Yogyakarta and most of the Republican cabinet. Amir Syarifuddin executed by fleeing Republicans.[67]
1949	February	Tan Malaka executed by Republican Army.[67]
	1 August	Official ceasefire.[67]
	December	Netherlands Government transferres sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference.[67]
1950		Military articulation of doctrines Dwifungsi and Hankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces.[72] (to 1960)
	29 January	General Sudirman, commander of Indonesia's armed forces, dies aged 34
	25 April	The Republic of South Moluccas (RMS) is proclaimed in Ambon
	17 August	Following RUSI endorsement of a new constitution, the federation is dissolved and Sukarno proclaims a unitary state, the 'Republic of Indonesia'.[67]
	6 September	The first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.[73]
	27 September	Indonesia becomes the 60th member of the United Nations.[73]
	28 September	Invasion of Ambon by the Indonesian army to suppress the Republic of South Moluccas.
1951	1 January	Start of the Dutch Military Mission for Indonesia
	21 March	The Natsir cabinet falls[74]
	26 April	The composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo.[73]
1952	25 February	Amid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns.[74]
	3 April	The new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Wilopo is inaugurated.[73]
	17 October	Army-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace.[74] This leads to the suspension of General Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.[71]
1953	2 June	The Wilopo cabinet resigns.[74]
1953	31 July	After lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo.[74]
1955	March	Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961)
	24 March	The second cabinet to be led by Ali Sastroamidjojo takes office.[73]
	18 April	The city of Bandung hosts the Asia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders including China's Zhou Enlai, India's Nehru, Egypt's Nasser and Yugoslavia's Tito.[72] (to 25 April)
	24 July	After a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns.[74]
	12 August	Led by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in.[73]
	29 September	Indonesia holds general parliamentary elections;[67] the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16–22 per cent and the remaining votes split between 24 parties.[72]
	15 December	Elections are held for the Constitutional Assembly[74]
1956	3 March	The cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward the Dutch.[74]
	3 May	Indonesia unilaterally abrogates the Round Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949.[73]
	1 December	Hatta resigns as vice-president.[73]
1957	21 February	President Sukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead to Guided Democracy[73][74]
	March	Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi.[72] (to August 1961)
	14 March	Martial law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns.[74]
	9 April	Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister.[73]
	30 November	An attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta.[73]
1958	18 May	US Air Force pilot Allen Pope is shot down over Ambon, revealing covert American support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers', Allen and John, failure to subvert the Sukarno government.[72]
1959	5 July	With armed forces support, Sukarno issues a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'.[72]
1959	10 July	President Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.[75]
1960	18 February	President Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet".[75]
	9 March	Second Lieutenant Daniel Alexander Maukar of the Indonesian Air Force uses a MiG-17 fighter to strafe the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, oil tanks at Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta and then the Bogor Palace.[73][76]
	24 June	The House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by President Sukarno is established.[73]
	17 August	Indonesia severs diplomatic links with the Netherlands in protest over its refusal to hand over Netherlands New Guinea.[73]
	30 September	President Sukarno addresses the United Nations General Assembly.[73]
1961	4 March	An agreement is signed in Jakarta with the Soviet Union to buy arms with long term loans.[73]
1961	17 August	Building officially starts on the Monas National Monument in the center of Jakarta.[73]
1962	2 January	The Mandala Command to "free" Western (Netherlands) New Guinea from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier General Suharto.[73]
	15 January	Deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding.[73]
	8 March	President Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet.[75]
	15 August	The New York Agreement, transferring Western New Guinea to Indonesia, is signed at the United Nations.[73]
	24 August	Jakarta hosts the Fourth Asian Games.[73] (to 4 September)
1963		Sole years of American Peace Corps program in Indonesia.[72]
		Sukarno leads the Konfrontasi campaign against the newly created Malaysia.[67][72] (to 1965)
	1 May	Western New Guinea is transferred to the temporary UN supervision.[72][73]
	18 May	Parliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'.[72]
	27 July	Sukarno declares Indonesian policy to oppose the creation of Malaysia which incorporate North Borneo, marking the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.
	18 September	Following demonstrations in Jakarta to protest at the creation of Malaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob.[73]
	13 November	President Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet".[73]
1964	17 August	During his Independence Day speech, Sukarno for the first time publicly denounce the United States, and over the following months an anti-American campaign attacked American interests.
1964	27 August	President Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet
1965	7 January	Indonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.[72][77]
	14 January	The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) calls for workers and peasants to be armed.[77]
	11 April	The Third Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Bandung.[77] (to 16 April)
	26 May	Foreign Minister Subandrio reports to President Sukarno the existence of the Gilchrist Document, a letter purporting to be from the British ambassador which discusses western military involvement in Indonesia.[77]
	30 September	An abortive coup in Jakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies at Lubang Buaya.[72]
	October	A violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians.[72] (to March 1966)
	1 October	A counter-coup led by General Suharto that leads to the Overthrow of Sukarno
	14 October	President Sukarno appoints Major General Suharto Minister/Commander of the Army.[77]
	16 October	The Jakarta Military Command temporarily suspends the activities of the PKI and its organizations in the Jakarta region.[77]
	13 December	The rupiah is devalued by a factor of 1,000 in an effort to control inflation.[77]
1966	10 January	Anti-communist organizations grouped under the Pancasila Front issue the "Three Demands of the People" (Tritura), namely the dissolution of the PKI, the cleansing of the cabinet of elements involved in 30 September Movement, and lower prices and economic improvements.[77]
	14 February	The Extraordinary Military Court trials of people allegedly involved in 30 September Movement begin.[77]
	24 February	President Sukarno reshuffles his cabinet, creating what becomes known as the "cabinet of 100 ministers".[77]
	11 March	Sukarno delegates key presidential powers to Suharto by signing the Supersemar. The following day Suharto dissolves the Indonesian Communist Party.[72][78]
	18 March	A total of 14 cabinet ministers are taken into "protective custody".[77]
	2 May	Following large scale demonstrations, the leadership of the Mutual-Assistance House of Representatives (DPR-GR) is replaced.[77]
	20 June	The Fourth Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Jakarta. It raises the status of the Supersemar into a decree, meaning Sukarno cannot revoke it, bans the PKI and its teachings and rejects President Sukarno's accountability speech.[77] (to 5 July)
	11 August	Indonesia and Malaysia agree to normalize diplomatic relations.[77]
	28 September	Indonesia rejoins the United Nations.[77]
1967	10 January	New investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status of Indonesian Chinese, their names and their religions.[72][77]
	20 February	The Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) is established as an international consortium of official donors to coordinate the provision of foreign assistance to Indonesia. The IGGI was chaired by The Netherlands until 1992.
	22 February	In a ceremony at the presidential palace, Sukarno hands over authority to Suharto.[77]
	7 March	A Special Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly strips Sukarno of his powers and appoints Suharto acting president.[77] (to 12 March)
	8 August	ASEAN established in Bangkok by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[79]
	1 October	Diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China are suspended.[77]
1968		Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm.[72] (to 1971)
1968	March	Parliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest.[72]
1969		Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia in the Act of Free Choice.[72]
1970		Nurcholish Madjid, a young Muslim modernist, begins to lay out religious developmental principles for Indonesia—'Islam, yes; Islamic party, no'.[72]
1970	21 June	Sukarno dies.[78] He is buried at Blitar, East Java.[72]
1971		Suharto's wife inspired by a visit to Disneyland, conceives a national cultural theme park.[80]
1971	3 July	Indonesia's second parliamentary election and the first under the New Order is held. Golkar wins an outright majority.[77]
1973		Government forces fusion of political parties; Nationalist and Christian parties are merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Muslim parties into the United Development Party (PPP). The new three party system is dominated by Golkar.[80]
1974		The 'Malari' uprising in Jakarta against Japanese penetration of the economy, Chinese Indonesian influence, and official corruption.[80]
1975	April	Mrs Suharto dedicates the vast 'Beautiful Indonesia-in-Miniature Park' (Taman Mini) on the outskirts of Jakarta.[80]
	April	Civil war breaks out in the former Portuguese colony of East Timor.[80]
	6 December	U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Kissinger, returning from China, make a hastily rescheduled one-day visit to Jakarta.[80]
	7 December	Indonesia launches an invasion of East Timor.[78]
1976	March	General Ibnu Sutowo is 'dismissed with honour' after a decade as head of Pertamina, the state oil corporation.[80]
	8 July	Palapa A1, Indonesia's first communication satellite launched from Cape Canaveral.[81]
	17 July	Suharto signs a bill integrating East Timor into Indonesia as its 27th province.[80]
	19 November	UN General Assembly rejects Indonesia's annexation of East Timor.[80]
1977		The United States surpasses Japan as Indonesia's biggest oil customer.[80]
1977	October	Sawito Kartowibowo's trial for 'subversion' begins.[80]
1978		The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) elevates Pancasila to the status of compulsory moral education of youth and government officials.[80] Suharto appoints B.J. Habibie as state minister for research and technology.[80]
1978	22 February	Suharto inaugurated Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, the Indonesian national mosque.[82]
1979	21 September	Jakarta host the 10th SEA Games, it was the first time Indonesia host Southeast Asian Games. (to 30 September)
1979	December	Writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer is released after fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour on Buru Island.[80]
1980	May	The Petition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun.[80]
1982		The height of Petrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces.[78][80] (to 1983)
1983		Prabowo Subianto, then a major in ABRI marries Suharto's daughter Siti Hediati Hariyadi at Taman Mini.[80]
1984	12 September	Muslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam at Tanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders.[78]
1984	December	Abdurrahman Wahid is elected chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather.[80]
1985		The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis.[80]
1987		Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.[83]
1987	9 September	Jakarta host the 14th SEA Games. (to 20 September)
1988		Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president.,[83] Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani won Indonesia's first medal in Olympic Games, a silver medal for women's team archery in 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul.
1989		The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 in Aceh.[83]
1991		Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement.[83]
1991	12 November	ABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession in Dili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda.[83]
1992		Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administered since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI).[83] Susi Susanti won Indonesia's first Olympic gold medal in 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.[84]
1992		East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão is captured by Brigadier General Theo Syafei and is tried and sentenced.[83] (to 1993)
1993		Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected.[83]
1994	June	Suharto shuts down Tempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie's purchase of the former East German navy.[83]
1996		The Free Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation led by Prabowo.[83]
	April	Ibu Tien Suharto, the president's wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack.[83]
	July	Military-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party's popularity.[83]
1997		Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy.[83] (to 1998)
	February	Alarmed at a dukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massive Ruwat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') near Borobudur.[83]
	June	Pacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of the El Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires.[83]
	July	The collapse of the Thai baht starts the East Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit.[83]
	11 October	Jakarta host the 19th SEA Games. (to 19 October)
1998	March	Largely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence.[85]
	11 March	Suharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.[85]
	12 May	Four student demonstrators at Trisakti University are shot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources.[85]
	13 May	Memorial services for killed students leads to riots; vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead.[85]
	20 May	For National Awakening Day, Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at the National Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed.[85]
	21 May	After being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency. Habibie assumes presidency.[85]
	August	General Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003).[85]
	10 November	Megawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home in Ciganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years.[85]
	13 November	On the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds.[85]
1999	19 January	A petty argument between in the city of Ambon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years across Maluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced.[85]
	7 June	Indonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority.[85]
	September	East Timor votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined.[85]
	13 September	President Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order.[85]
	October	The Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid whose party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati whose party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.[86]
2000		President Wahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs. Madurese) in Kalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya.[86]
2000	24 December	In a coordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned by Jemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.[86]

21st century

Year	Date	Event
2001		Ethnic violence in Kalimantan as indigenous Dayaks force out Madurese transmigrants. Mass political demonstrations by Wahid's supporters and opponents. IMF stops further loans citing lack of progress in tackling corruption.[87]
	July	President Wahid is impeached chiefly on grounds of incompetence. The parliament elects Megawati president by 592 votes to 0. Hamzah Haz defeats Akbar Tandjung and Lieutenant General (ret.) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[86]
	September	President Megawati visits President George Bush a week after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and welcomes American investment. On her return to Indonesia, the Islamic right criticises her cooperation with America's war in Afghanistan, and the nationalist left criticises here for being too suppliant to foreign investors.[86]
2002		Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, the largest Muslim organisations in Indonesia, issue joint statements critical of militant Islamists.[86]
	February	Peace talks in Malino, South Sulawesi appear to end three years of Christian-Muslim violence in Maluku and Poso.[86]
	July	Tommy Suharto is sentenced to fifteen years jail for illegal possession of arms, contempt of law, and masterminding the assassination of a Supreme Court judge who had convicted him for graft.[86]
	September	House Speaker Akbar Tandjung is sentenced to three years jail for corruption.[86]
	12 October	Bombs in the Kuta nightclub district in Bali kill 202 people, the world's deadliest terrorist attack since 11 September 2001. Indonesian police, aided by ten nations, track down Jemaah Islamiyah operatives.[86]
	November	Eurico Guterres is sentenced to ten years prison for crimes committed following the 1999 ballot in East Timor.[86]
	December	The Indonesian government and GAM sign a peace accord aimed at ending decades of violence in Aceh. The deal breaks down the following year.[86]
2003	August	Jemaah Islamiyah bomb Jakarta's Marriott hotel killing twelve. All but one of those killed are Indonesians.
2004	April	Parliamentary and local elections: Golkar party of former President Suharto wins greatest share of vote, with Megawati Sukarnoputri's PDI-P coming second.[87]
	9 September	A bomb blast outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta kills 11 and injures up to 100 people.
	October	Indonesia's first direct presidential election elects Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono following popular disillusionment with incumbent Megawati.
	26 December	An earthquake-triggered tsunami kills an estimated 170,000 in Aceh and causes widespread devastation.
2005	15 August	Government and Free Aceh Movement separatists sign a peace deal providing for rebel disarmament and the withdrawal of government soldiers from the province. Rebels begin handing in weapons in September; government completes troop pull-out in December.[87]
2005	1 October	Bombings in Bali kill 20 people.
2006	27 May	The 6.4 M_w  Yogyakarta earthquake shakes central Java with an MSK intensity of IX (Destructive), leaving more than 5,700 dead and 37,000 injured.
2007	1 January	Adam Air Flight 574 crashes into the sea in Makassar Strait off Sulawesi, killing all 102 on board.
2008	27 January	Suharto dies from multiple organ failure.[88] He is buried in the family Mausoleum near Solo.[89]
2008		Jemaah Islamiyah Operatives are executed when found guilty for the 2002 bombings after numerous appeals from their families.
2009	8 July	Incumbent President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won Indonesian presidential election.[90]
	17 July	Jemaah Islamiyah bomb two hotels in Jakarta, including the Marriott that was attacked in 2003.
	17 September	Noordin Muhammad Top, the head of Jemaah Islamiyah, is shot in Solo
	30 December	Abdurrahman Wahid, the 4th president of Indonesia died because of complications from kidney disorders, heart disease and diabetes.[91]
2010	25 October	Merapi volcano erupted, over 350,000 people were evacuated, 353 people were killed,[92] Borobudur was covered in volcanic ash.[93] (to 17 November)
2011	7 May	Jakarta host 18th ASEAN Summit, mark the beginning of Indonesian chairmanship in ASEAN 2011.[94][95] (to 8 May)
2011	11 November	Opening ceremony of the 26th Southeast Asian Games was held in Palembang. The largest multi-event sports in the region was held in Jakarta and Palembang.[96] (to 22 November)
2012	9 May	Russian Sukhoi Superjet 100 crashed against Mount Salak, West Java, killing 45 people abroad during a demonstrational flight.[97]
2013	5–7 October	Indonesia host the APEC Summit 2013 in Nusa Dua, Bali.[98]
2014	9 April	Indonesia held their legislative election, PDI-P dominate the People's Representative Council, followed closely by Golkar and Gerindra.[99]
	9 July	Indonesia held their presidential election, according to quick count Jakarta's Governor Joko Widodo won against former military general Prabowo Subianto, however both sides claims victory.[100]
	22 July	Indonesian Election Commission announced Joko Widodo wins Indonesian presidential election with 53.15% of the vote with his rival, ex-general Prabowo Subianto, on 46.85%.[101]
	20 October	Joko Widodo and Jusuf Kalla sworn in as Indonesian President and Vice President for the period of 2014–2019 in a plenary session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).[102] Thousands of people celebrating the inauguration ceremony by attending parade along Sudirman and Thamrin avenue, followed by a concert in Merdeka Square featuring Slank, Arkarna, and various bands.[103]
	28 December	Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 on its way from Surabaya to Singapore, crashed in bad weather into Java Sea, off the coast of Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan, killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board.[104]
2015	June – November	Dozens of Indonesians are killed by respiratory illness and accidents due to poor visibility caused by severe haze. The haze occurs annually during dry season and is largely caused by illegal agricultural fires due to slash-and-burn practices in Indonesia, especially from the provinces of South Sumatra and Riau in Indonesia's Sumatra island, and Kalimantan on Indonesian Borneo.[105][106] The haze also hit neighboring Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei.
2016	14 January	At least three militants reportedly detonated explosives in or near a Starbucks cafe in Central Jakarta. Then the militants threw grenade to a police post nearby, destroying the post and killing at least 3 men. Gunfire had ensued when police arrived shortly afterwards.
2018	18 August to 2 September	Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang hosts 2018 Asian Games.[107] The opening ceremony was held in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium. This was the second time Indonesia hosted this Asian multi-sports event, the last time had been in 1962.[108]
	28 September	A 3 metres tall tsunami triggered by a 7.4 magnitude earthquake hits Palu, Donggala and Mamuju in Central Sulawesi,[109] killing nearly 1,350 people.[110]
	29 October	Lion Air flight 610 crashes into the sea just after takeoff near Jakarta, Indonesia, killing all 189 on board.
2019	17 April	Joko Widodo has been re-elected as Indonesia's president in 2019 Indonesian general election.[111]
2019	26 August	President Joko Widodo has announced that the country's new capital city will be located in East Kalimantan on Borneo island.[112] The new capital will replace Jakarta and will be built in part of North Penajam Paser regency and part of Kutai Kertanegara regency.[113]
2020	2 March	President Joko Widodo confirmed the first two cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia. According to the Minister of Health Terawan Agus Putranto, the patients contracted the virus from an infected Japanese person in Depok and later tested positive in Malaysia.[114]
2020	6 October	Protests erupt throughout Indonesia after Indonesian House of Representatives passes the controversial Omnibus Law on Job Creation.[115]

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Ricklefs (1991), p.23
Ricklefs (1991), page 24
Basuni, Ahmad (1986). Nur Islam di Kalimantan: Sejarah Masuknya Islam di Kalimantan. Bina Ilmu.
Ricklefs (1991), page 25
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Ricklefs (1991), page 27
Ricklefs (1991), page 28
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Ricklefs (1991), page 63
Ricklefs (1991), page 82
Moore (Ed) (1999), p90
Ricklefs (1991), page 84
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Ricklefs (1991), page 87
Ricklefs (1991), page 93
Ricklefs (1991), page 102
Heuken (2000), page 307
Rosi, Adele (1998). Museum Nasional Guide Book. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media,Museum Nasional and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 4.
Ricklefs (1991), page 101
Ricklefs (1991), page 106
Encyclopædia Britannica: Herman Willem Daendels Archived 12 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Access date 29 March 2009
Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
Hamdani, Sylviana (3 February 2010). "Taking a Train Trip Down Memory Lane in Indonesia". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
Vickers (2005), page xii
Wahyu Ernawati: "Chapter 8: The Lombok Treasure", in Colonial collections Revisited: Pieter ter Keurs (editor) Vol. 152, CNWS publications. Issue 36 of Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden. CNWS Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-90-5789-152-6. 296 pages. pp. 186–203
Vickers (2005), page xiii
"THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS DECLARES WAR WITH JAPAN". ibiblio. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
Saafroedin et al. (1992)
Proklamasi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JyKAFVBEIE Archived 6 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Friend (2003), page 528
Friend (2003), page 529
Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a)
Feith (2002)
Simanjuntak(2003)
"Last Tiger Out" Jan Doward, Pacific Press Pub.
Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b)
Vickers (2005), page xiv
Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
Friend (2003), page 530
Telecommunications Systems
Indonesian State Secretariat (1995), 40 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Jilid 3 (40 Years of Indonesian Independence, Volume 3), p1035, ISBN 979-8300-06-8
Friend (2003), page 531
History of Badminton Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Friend (2003), page 532
Friend (2003), page 533
"Timeline: Indonesia". BBC News. BBC. 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
"Indonesia ex-leader Suharto dies". BBC News. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
tempointeraktif.com (Indonesian) Archived 10 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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"What causes South East Asia's haze?". BBC News. 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
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Feith, Herbert (2007) The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd, ISBN 979-3780-45-2
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Heuken SJ, A (2000). Historical Sites of Jakarta. Cipta Loka Caraka, Jakarta
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Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4480-7
Saafroedin Bahar,Ananda B.Kusuma,Nannie Hudawati, eds, (1992) Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usahah Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesian (BPUPKI) Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) (Minutes of the Meetings of the Agency for Investigating Efforts for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence), Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, Jakarta
Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 2 (1950–1964) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 2 (1950–1964))
Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 3 (1965–1973) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 3 (1965–1973))
Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (2003). Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi [Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia: From Independence to Reformation] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 979-428-499-8.
Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. (+ Chronology)

External links

BBC News (17 April 2019). "Indonesia Profile: Timeline". BBC News.

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[Soekmono,_R_1973,_p.52-22] Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52

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[25] Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56

[Epigraphia_Carnatica,_Volume_10,_Part_1,_page_41-26] Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41

[Soekmono,_R_1973,_p.57-27] Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57

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[35] Pararaton

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[37] J., Ras, J. (1990). Hikayat Banjar. Siti Hawa Hj. Salleh. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 9789836212405. OCLC 63211277.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[38] Drs. R. Soekmono. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 72.

[39] Modern interpretation of the place names recorded by Chinese chronicles can be found e.g. in Some Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the MSL Archived 12 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Geoffrey Wade

[Noorduyn_2006_437-40] Noorduyn, J. (2006). Three Old Sundanese poems. KITLV Press. p. 437.

[RICKLEFS_p23-41] Ricklefs (1991), p.23

[RICKLEFS_p24-42] Ricklefs (1991), page 24

[43] Basuni, Ahmad (1986). Nur Islam di Kalimantan: Sejarah Masuknya Islam di Kalimantan. Bina Ilmu.

[RICKLEFS_p25-44] Ricklefs (1991), page 25

[MILLER_XV-45] Miller, George, ed. (1996). To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xv. ISBN 967-65-3099-9.

[RICKLEFSp27-46] Ricklefs (1991), page 27

[RICKLEFSp28-47] Ricklefs (1991), page 28

[RICKLEFSp29-48] Ricklefs (1991), page 29

[MILLER_XVI-49] Miller, George, ed. (1996). To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xvi. ISBN 967-65-3099-9.

[RICKLEFSp63-50] Ricklefs (1991), page 63

[RICKLEFSp82-51] Ricklefs (1991), page 82

[MOORE90-52] Moore (Ed) (1999), p90

[RICKLEFSp84-53] Ricklefs (1991), page 84

[RICKLEFSp86-54] Ricklefs (1991), page 86

[RICKLEFSp87-55] Ricklefs (1991), page 87

[RICKLEFSp93-56] Ricklefs (1991), page 93

[RICKLEFSp102-57] Ricklefs (1991), page 102

[HEUKEN307-58] Heuken (2000), page 307

[59] Rosi, Adele (1998). Museum Nasional Guide Book. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media,Museum Nasional and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 4.

[RICKLEFSp101-60] Ricklefs (1991), page 101

[RICKLEFSp106-61] Ricklefs (1991), page 106

[62] Encyclopædia Britannica: Herman Willem Daendels Archived 12 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Access date 29 March 2009

[Oppenheimer2003-63] Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.

[64] Hamdani, Sylviana (3 February 2010). "Taking a Train Trip Down Memory Lane in Indonesia". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.

[VICKERS_xii-65] Vickers (2005), page xii

[66] Wahyu Ernawati: "Chapter 8: The Lombok Treasure", in Colonial collections Revisited: Pieter ter Keurs (editor) Vol. 152, CNWS publications. Issue 36 of Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden. CNWS Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-90-5789-152-6. 296 pages. pp. 186–203

[VICKERS_xiii-67] Vickers (2005), page xiii

[68] "THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS DECLARES WAR WITH JAPAN". ibiblio. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2009.

[SAAFROEDIN-69] Saafroedin et al. (1992)

[70] Proklamasi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JyKAFVBEIE Archived 6 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine

[FRIENDS_528-71] Friend (2003), page 528

[FRIENDS_529-72] Friend (2003), page 529

[SEKNEG_2-73] Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a)

[FEITH-74] Feith (2002)

[SIMANJUNTAK-75] Simanjuntak(2003)

[76] "Last Tiger Out" Jan Doward, Pacific Press Pub.

[SEKNEG_3-77] Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b)

[VICKERS_xiv-78] Vickers (2005), page xiv

[79] Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007.

[FRIENDS_530-80] Friend (2003), page 530

[81] Telecommunications Systems

[82] Indonesian State Secretariat (1995), 40 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Jilid 3 (40 Years of Indonesian Independence, Volume 3), p1035, ISBN 979-8300-06-8

[FRIENDS_531-83] Friend (2003), page 531

[84] History of Badminton Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine

[FRIENDS_532-85] Friend (2003), page 532

[FRIENDS_533-86] Friend (2003), page 533

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[89] tempointeraktif.com (Indonesian) Archived 10 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine

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[antara2983-93] "Covered in volcanic ash, Borobudur closed temporarily". from, Magelang, C Java (by ANTARA News). 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

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[98] "APEC 2013". Archived from the original on 11 October 2013.

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[107] "Indonesia's 'people power' Asian Games legacy can boost its 2032 Olympic hopes". South China Morning Post. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

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[109] "Photo: A 3 meters Tsunami hits Palu". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

[110] "Indonesia tsunami: Death toll rises to nearly 1,350". BBC News. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

[111] "Indonesia's president wins divisive contest". BBC News. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

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[113] "BREAKING: Jokowi announces East Kalimantan as site of new capital". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

[114] Prasetia, Andhika (2 March 2020). "2 WNI Positif Virus Corona Dirawat di RSPI Sulianti Saroso Jakut". Detik.com (in Indonesian).

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Years in Indonesia (1945–present)
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1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
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