Sinopidae

Sinopidae ("swift foxes")[3] is an extinct family of predatory placental mammals from extinct order Hyaenodonta. Fossil remains of these mammals are known from early to middle Eocene deposits in North America, Europe and Asia.[5][6][7][8]

Sinopidae
Temporal range: Early to Middle Eocene
Skeleton of Sinopa major
lower jaw of Prototomus secundarius
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Hyaenodonta
Family: †Sinopidae
Solé, 2013[1]
Type genus
†Sinopa
Leidy, 1871
Genera
Synonyms
list of synonyms:
  • Prototomidae (Morlo, 2014)[2]
  • Sinopaninae (Solé, 2013)
  • Sinopinae (Solé, 2014)[3]
  • Sinopainae (Solé, 2014)
  • Stypolophinae (Trouessart, 1885)[4]

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy
  • Family: †Sinopidae (Solé, 2013)
    • Genus: †Acarictis (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
      • †Acarictis ryani (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
    • (unranked): †Sinopa clade
      • Genus: †Prototomus (paraphyletic genus) (Cope, 1874)
        • †Prototomus deimos (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
        • †Prototomus girardoti (Smith & Smith, 2001)
        • †Prototomus martis (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
        • †Prototomus minimus (Smith & Smith, 2001)
        • †Prototomus phobos (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
        • †Prototomus robustus (Matthew & Granger 1915)
        • †Prototomus secundarius (Cope, 1875)
        • †Prototomus viverrinus (Cope, 1874)
      • Genus: †Sinopa (Leidy, 1871)
        • †Sinopa jilinia (Morlo, 2014)
        • †Sinopa lania (Matthew, 1909)
        • †Sinopa longipes (Peterson, 1919)
        • †Sinopa major (Wortman, 1902)
        • †Sinopa minor (Wortman, 1902)
        • †Sinopa piercei (Bown, 1982)
        • †Sinopa pungens (Cope, 1872)
        • †Sinopa rapax (Leidy, 1871)
        • †Sinopa sp. A [AMNH FM 11538] (Matthew, 1906)
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †Sinopidae sp. [FMNH PM 59529] (Tomiya, 2021)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of family Sinopidae are shown in the following cladogram:[9][6][7][8][10][11]

 †Hyaenodonta 

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

 †Sinopidae 
 †Sinopa 

†Sinopa major

 ? 

†Sinopa sp. A (AMNH FM 11538)

†Sinopa jilinia

†Sinopa longipes

†Sinopa lania

†Sinopa rapax

†Sinopa minor

†Sinopa pungens

†Sinopa piercei

 ? 

†Sinopidae sp. (FMNH PM 59529)

†Prototomus phobos

†Prototomus secundarius

†Prototomus viverrinus

†Prototomus deimos

 †Prototomus

†Prototomus martis

†Prototomus robustus

†Prototomus girardoti

†Prototomus minimus

 †Acarictis 

†Acarictis ryani

†Arfiidae

†Limnocyonidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Gazinocyon

†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

 †Afro‑Arabian clade 

†Parvavorodon

†Indohyaenodontidae

†Glibzegdouia

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

†Maocyon

 †Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade

†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

†Hemipsalodon

 ? 

†Ischnognathus

 †Akhnatenavus clade

†Akhnatenavus

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

†Kerberos

†"Pterodon" syrtos

 †Pterodon clade

†Pterodontina

†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

†"Pterodon" africanus

†Parapterodon

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

†Exiguodon

†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon  (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

†Sivapterodon

†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

†Hyainailouros sulzeri

†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

†Leakitheriini

†Megistotherium

†Mlanyama

†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

 †Hyainailouridae
†Lahimia clade
†Sinopa clade
†Arfia clade
†Galecyon clade
†Indohyaenodon clade
†Tritemnodon clade

See also

References
  1. Floréal Solé (2013). "New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375–398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927. S2CID 84734979.
  2. Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl; Wu Wenhao; Stephan F. K. Schaal (2014). "The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America". Palaeontology. 57 (1): 111–125. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57..111M. doi:10.1111/pala.12052. S2CID 129633205.
  3. Floréal Solé; Jocelyn Falconnet; Laurent Yves (2014). "New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878–917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.
  4. Trouessart, E. L. (1885.) "Note sur le classification des Analgésiens et diagnoses d'espèces et de genres nouveaux." Bulletin de la Société d'études scientifiques d'Angers, 14, 46–89. [Publ. February, 1885. for year 1884.]
  5. Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). "The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303–322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196. S2CID 84475034.
  6. Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
  7. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0222B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
  8. Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13. S2CID 219585388.
  9. G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages Sinopidae
  10. Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. 66–67: 119–141. Bibcode:2021Geobi..66..119S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. S2CID 234848856.
  11. Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). "A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819. ISSN 2296-701X.
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