Quercygale

Quercygale; Temporal range: Early to Late Eocene
	skull of species Quercygale angustidens
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Pan-Carnivora
Clade:	Carnivoramorpha
Clade:	Carnivoraformes
Family:	†Quercygalidae; Kretzoi, 1945[1]
Genus:	†Quercygale; Kretzoi, 1945
Type species
	†Quercygale angustidens; Filhol, 1872
Species
	[see classification]
Synonyms
	synonyms of genus: Humbertia (De Beaumont, 1965)[2] ; synonyms of species: Q. angustidens: Humbertia angustidens (De Beaumont, 1965) ; Procynodictis euzetensis (Depéret, 1917)[3] ; Viverra angustidens (Filhol, 1872)[4] ; Viverravus euzetensis (Depéret, 1917) ; ; Q. hastingsae: Viverra hastingsae (Davies, 1884) ; Viverravus hastingsae (Depéret, 1917) ; ; Q. helvetica: Cynodon helveticus (Rütimeyer, 1862) ; Humbertia helvetica (De Beaumont, 1965) ; Miacis macintyri (Van Valen, 1965)[5] ; Quercygale macintyri (Russell, 1982)[6] ; Tapocyon macintyri (Russell, 1982) ; ;

Quercygale ("weasel from Quercy") is an extinct genus of placental mammals from extinct family Quercygalidae within clade Carnivoraformes, that lived in Europe during the early to late Eocene.[7][8] Phylogenetic analysis of the basicranial morphology of carnivoramorphans suggests Quercygale is the most advanced member of clade Carnivoraformes as a sister taxon to crown group Carnivora, predating the split between Feliformia and Caniformia,[9][10][11] although another recent study has proposed genus Quercygale should be placed as a stem group within Feliformia.[12]

Taxonomy

Family: †Quercygalidae (Kretzoi, 1945)
Genus: †*Quercygale* (Kretzoi, 1945)
Species:	Distribution of the species and type locality:	Age:
†Q. angustidens (Filhol, 1872)[4]	France (Quercy Phosphorites)	40.0 - 37.5 Ma
†Q. hastingsae (Davies, 1884)[13]	UK (Headon Bedes)	37.8 - 37.5 Ma
†Q. helvetica (Rütimeyer, 1862)[14]	France Germany Switzerland	47.8 - 41.2 Ma
†Q. smithi (Solé, 2014)[10]	France (Mutigny and Mancy)	55.2 - 47.8 Ma
†Q. sp. [MNNA 9010] (Astibia, 2000)[15]	Spain (Basque Country)	37.0 - 35.0 Ma

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Quercygale are shown in the following cladogram:[16][17][18][19]

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

?	†Ravenictis

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

Clade "B"

	†Eogale

	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

	†Gracilocyon igniculus

	†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

†Gracilocyon

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

	†Gracilocyon rosei

	†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

†Oodectes jepseni

†Oodectes

†Oodectes herpestoides

†Oodectes proximus

†Oodectes pugnax

†Uintacyon hookeri

†Uintacyon rudis

†Uintacyon

	†Uintacyon massetericus

	†Uintacyon vorax

†Uintacyon asodes

†Uintacyon edax

	†Uintacyon acutus

	†Uintacyon jugulans

	†Uintacyon gingerichi

	†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

	†Miocyon

	†Simamphicyon

†Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983)

†Messelogale

†Quercygalidae

†Quercygale

	†Quercygale angustidens

	†Quercygale hastingsae

	†Quercygale helvetica

	†Quercygale smithi

	†Quercygale sp. (MNNA 9010)

Clade "C"

	†Palaearctonyx

(†Phlaodectes)	†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

	†Vulpavus australis

	†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

†Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

	†Dormaalocyon

	†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

†Africtis

?

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

?	†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

	†Miacis

Clade "D"

	†Lycarion

	†"Miacis" hargeri

?

†Ceruttia

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

	†Harpalodon

	†Procynodictis

†Prodaphaenus

?

†Walshius

	†"Miacis" gracilis

	†Tapocyon

	Carnivora (sensu stricto)

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade

†Vulpavus clade

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

References

Miklos Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59-83.
Gérard de Beaumont (1965.) "Les Viverravinae (Carnivora, Miacidae) de l’Eocène de la Suisse." Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 69:133–146.
Depéret C. (1917.) "Monographie de la faune de mammiféres fossiles du Ludien inférieur d'Euget-les-Bains (Gard)." Ann. Univ. Lyon (N. S.), Div. 1, 40, 1-288.
Filhol, H (1872). "Recherches sur les mammifères fossiles des dépots de phosphate de chaux dans les départements du Lot, du Tarn et de Tarn−et− Garonne". Annales des Sciences Géologiques. 3: 1–31.
Van Valen, Leigh (1965). "Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)" (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.
Donald E. Russell, Jean-Louis Hartenberger, Charles Pomerol, Sevket Sen, Norbert Schmidt-Kittler and Monique Vianey-Liaud (1982.) "Mammals and stratigraphy: the Paleocene of Europe" Palaeovertebrata Vol. 12
McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9.
"Quercygale". www.paleodb.org. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Werdelin, L. (2005). "Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 837–846.
Solé, Floréal (2014). "New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes". Palaeontology. 57 (5): 963–978. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57..963S. doi:10.1111/pala.12097. ISSN 1475-4983. S2CID 129314381.
Flink, T.; Werdelin, L. (2022). "Digital endocasts from two late Eocene carnivores shed light on the evolution of the brain at the origin of Carnivora". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (2): e1422. doi:10.1002/spp2.1422. S2CID 247465166.
Tomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016). "Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160518. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360518T. doi:10.1098/rsos.160518. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5098994. PMID 27853569.
Davies, W. (1884). "Notes on some new carnivores from the British Eocene formations". Geological Magazine NS, Decade III. 1 (10): 433–438. Bibcode:1884GeoM....1..433D. doi:10.1017/s0016756800185802. S2CID 131595417.
Rütimeyer, L. (1862.) "Eocaene Säugetiere aus dem Gebiet des Schweizerischen Jura." Neue Denkschriften der allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 19, 1–98.
H. Astibia, A. Aranburu, X. Pereda Suberbiola, X. Murelaga, C. Sesé, M. A. Cuesta, S. Moyà-Solà, J. E. Baceta, A. Badiola and M. Köhler (2000.) "Un nouveau site à vertébrés continentaux de l'Éocène supérieur de Zambrana (Bassin de Maranda-Treviño, Alava, Pays basque)." Géobios 32(2):233-248
Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". In Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony (eds.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 9781139193436.
Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34....1S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86207013.
Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E2480S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565.
Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. Bibcode:2021JPal...95S...1T. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74. hdl:2433/274918. S2CID 232358160.

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[1] Miklos Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59-83.

[2] Gérard de Beaumont (1965.) "Les Viverravinae (Carnivora, Miacidae) de l’Eocène de la Suisse." Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 69:133–146.

[3] Depéret C. (1917.) "Monographie de la faune de mammiféres fossiles du Ludien inférieur d'Euget-les-Bains (Gard)." Ann. Univ. Lyon (N. S.), Div. 1, 40, 1-288.

[Filhol1872-4] Filhol, H (1872). "Recherches sur les mammifères fossiles des dépots de phosphate de chaux dans les départements du Lot, du Tarn et de Tarn−et− Garonne". Annales des Sciences Géologiques. 3: 1–31.

[5] Van Valen, Leigh (1965). "Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)" (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.

[6] Donald E. Russell, Jean-Louis Hartenberger, Charles Pomerol, Sevket Sen, Norbert Schmidt-Kittler and Monique Vianey-Liaud (1982.) "Mammals and stratigraphy: the Paleocene of Europe" Palaeovertebrata Vol. 12

[McKenna_&_Bell-7] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9.

[paleodb-8] "Quercygale". www.paleodb.org. Retrieved 11 March 2017.

[Wesley-Hunt-Werdelin-2005-9] Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Werdelin, L. (2005). "Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 837–846.

[Sole-2014-10] Solé, Floréal (2014). "New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes". Palaeontology. 57 (5): 963–978. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57..963S. doi:10.1111/pala.12097. ISSN 1475-4983. S2CID 129314381.

[11] Flink, T.; Werdelin, L. (2022). "Digital endocasts from two late Eocene carnivores shed light on the evolution of the brain at the origin of Carnivora". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (2): e1422. doi:10.1002/spp2.1422. S2CID 247465166.

[TomiyaTseng2016-12] Tomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016). "Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160518. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360518T. doi:10.1098/rsos.160518. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5098994. PMID 27853569.

[13] Davies, W. (1884). "Notes on some new carnivores from the British Eocene formations". Geological Magazine NS, Decade III. 1 (10): 433–438. Bibcode:1884GeoM....1..433D. doi:10.1017/s0016756800185802. S2CID 131595417.

[14] Rütimeyer, L. (1862.) "Eocaene Säugetiere aus dem Gebiet des Schweizerischen Jura." Neue Denkschriften der allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 19, 1–98.

[15] H. Astibia, A. Aranburu, X. Pereda Suberbiola, X. Murelaga, C. Sesé, M. A. Cuesta, S. Moyà-Solà, J. E. Baceta, A. Badiola and M. Köhler (2000.) "Un nouveau site à vertébrés continentaux de l'Éocène supérieur de Zambrana (Bassin de Maranda-Treviño, Alava, Pays basque)." Géobios 32(2):233-248

[asdff-16] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". In Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony (eds.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 9781139193436.

[SoléSmith2014-17] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34....1S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86207013.

[SoléSmith2016-18] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E2480S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565.

[Tomiya2021-19] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. Bibcode:2021JPal...95S...1T. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74. hdl:2433/274918. S2CID 232358160.

Quercygale

Taxonomy

Phylogeny

See also

References