Portal:Anarchism/Anniversaries/July

• 1876 - Mikhail Bakunin dies (b. 1814), Berne, Switzerland. (pictured)
• 1894 - Oreste Lucchesi assassinates Giuseppe Bandi, Livourne editor of the newspaper Il Telegrafo, whose articles resulted in the repression & arrest of numerous anarchists.
• 1916 - Social dance & benefit for the defense funds of David Caplan & Enrique & Ricardo Flores Magón held in Los Angeles. Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman celebrate their success in raising the $10,000 bail for the Mexican anarchist Magon brothers.
• 1920 - Second Congress of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, Bologna, July 1-4.
• 1997 - David Thoreau Wieck dies, Albany, New York.

Edit July 1 anniversaries

• 1873 - Nella Giacomelli born.
• 1909 - Emma Goldman tests her free-speech rights by delivering a lecture before the Harlem Liberal Alliance; standoff with police, but no interference with the lecture.
• 1910 - Jean-Jacques Liabeuf executed. French shoe-maker guilliotined despite massive protests initiated by the anarchists. Gustave Hervé, the revolutionary socialist & publisher of The Social War, got four years in prison for merely writing articles defending Liabeuf.
• 1926 - French Police announce they have thwarted a plot to assassinate the king of Spain Alphonse XIII (officially visiting France), with the arrests of the Spanish anarchists Francisco Ascaso, Buenaventura Durruti & Gregorio Jover (on June 25). Also today numéro 65 of the anarchiste paper Libertaire is seized in Paris.

Edit July 2 anniversaries

• 1865 - Auguste Garnery (d. 1935) born, Haute Saône.
• 1920 - 2nd Congress of "Unione Communista Anarchica d' Italia," begun on the 1st, concludes. Under the influence of Errico Malatesta it drops the reference to Communism (so badly distorted by the Bolsheviks) & takes the name "Unione Anarchica Italiana" (UAI).
• 1990 - Federation of Anarchist Youth (F.A.M.) participate in "City of the Truth" against the Bulgarian communist president Petar Mladenov (July 3-Aug. 5).

Edit July 3 anniversaries

Élisée Reclus in 1905

• 1866 - Marius Monfray (d. 1894) born.
• 1868 - Michael Bakunin moves to Geneva; joins the Geneva section of the International Workingmen's Association.
• 1876 - Albert Parsons joins the Knights of Labor.
• 1880 - Leda Rafanelli, mystical anarchist, writer & indefatigable publisher, born (d. 1971), Pistoia.
• 1890 - First issue of the Yiddish Freie Arbeiter Stimme (Free Voice of Labor) appears, New York.
• 1905 - Élisée Reclus (b. ) dies, Torhout. (pictured)
• 1906 - Emidio Santana born (d. 1988), Lisbonne. (see 1937 below.)
• 1914 - Lexington Avenue bombing takes place, New York City.
• 1937 - Emidio Santana (see 1906 above) fails assassination attempt against António de Oliveira Salazar.

Edit July 4 anniversaries

• 1862 - During this summer Mikhail Bakunin writes the brochures The People's Cause and To Russian, Polish, & All Slav Friends.
• 1881 - Premier issue of the monthly Le Communiste-Libertaire, Corning, Iowa.
• 1894 - During this month "antianarchiche" (antianarchy) laws are passed in Italy, intended to destroy all the movements of protest against the state.
• 1921 - Bartolomeo Vanzetti takes the stand. He is questioned at length about his political views during cross-examination.
• 1940 - Carl Einstein (b. 1885) dies, a suicide to prevent capture by the Nazis, Lestelle-Bétharram (Basses-Pyrenées), France (or July 3?).
• 1952 - Early in July, John Cage performs a series of his sonatas & interludes in a large tent.

Edit July 5 anniversaries

• 1881 - International Anarchist Congress held, London.
• 1918 - Russian Civil War: The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries begin an anti-Bolshevik uprising in Moscow.
• 1934 - Nestor Makhno (b. 1888) dies.
• 1951 - The Surrealist Manifesto, dated May 24th, appears in the anarchist periodical Le Libertaire.
• 1975 - Alexander Sapoundjiev (b. 1893) dies.
• 1994 - Nikolas Tchorbadieff (b. 1900) dies.

Edit July 6 anniversaries

• 1852 - Vera Figner born (d. 1942), Kazan.
• 1890 - Marius Paul Metge born. Member of the Bonnot Gang.
• 1900 - Luigi Bertoni publishes the premier issue of Il Risveglio anarchico, Le Réveil socialiste anarchiste, Genève.
• 1918 - Russian Civil War: The Left SR uprising is suppressed.
• 1955 - The French anarchist periodical Le Libertaire is seized from newsstands, in transport & elsewhere.
• 1980 - Juan García Oliver dies (b. 1901).
• 1992 - Mika Etchebehere (b. 1902) dies.
• 1994 - Third International Anarcho-syndicalist East-West Conference held in Prague.

Edit July 7 anniversaries

• 1898 - May Picqueray born (d. 1983), Châteaubriant, Bretagne.
• 1898 - Georges Butaud founds colony in Paris suburbs.
• 1900 - Ettore Cropalti born (d. 1955).
• 1943 - Esteban Pallarols Xirgu (aka Riera), dies, shot in Barcelona.
• 1966 - Antonio Casanova (b. 1898) dies, Bueno Aires.

Edit July 8 anniversaries

Mollie Steimer

• 1872 - Jacques Mesnil (pseudonym of Jean-Jacques Dwelshauvers) born (d. 1940), Brussels.
• 1873 - Spain: The Petroleum Revolution begins in Alcoy.
• 1900 - Louis Simon born (d. 1980).
• 1906 - Gabriel-Constant Martin (b. 1839) dies.
• 1917 - Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman, charged breaking conscription law, are sentenced today to serve two years in prison, to pay fines of $10,000 each, & quite likely deported to Russia at the expiration of their prison terms. US Marshal McCarthy states: "This marks the beginning of the end of Anarchism in New York."
• 1917 - Antonio Martinez dies; killed by the São Paulo cops at a demonstration during a textile strike (or on the 11th?).
• 1920 - André Devriendt born.
• 1921 - Emma Goldman & Alexander Berkman persuade foreign delegates, including Tom Mann, to protest the imprisonment of Voline, Gregori Maximoff, & other anarchists who have begun a hunger strike. Lenin is only willing to deport the anarchists, upon penalty of death if they return to Russia. Offer is accepted.
• 1923 - Mollie Steimer (pictured) & Senya Fleshin deported from Russia.
• 1929 - William Charles Owen (b. 1854) dies.
• 1936 - "Alexander Berkman Memorial Meeting" sponsored by the Jewish Anarchist Federation, New York City.

Edit July 9 anniversaries

Camille Pissarro

• 1830 - Camille Pissarro born (d. 1903). (pictured)
• 1934 - Erich Mühsam dies (b. 1878). Murdered by the Nazis at the Oranienburg concentration camp.
• 1946 - Stuart Christie born; Glasgow, Scotland.
• 1974 - During this month the premier issue of La Lanterne Noire (Black Lantern) appears.
• 1998 - Soledad Maria Rosas dies, hanging herself while under house arrest; Bene Vagienna, Italy.

Edit July 10 anniversaries

Ravachol

• 1854 - Toussaint Bordat, Lyons anarchist militant born; Chassenard, France
• 1892 - Ravachol (b. 1859) dies. Anarchist illegalist and advocate of "propaganda of the deed". (pictured)
• 1893 - Lucien Haussard (d. 1969) born; Saint-Quentin, Aisne, France. Militant, anarchist propagandist and freethinker.
• 1894 - The Kingdom of Italy enacts a series of anti-anarchist measures to suppress radical organizations.
• 1914 - Alexander Berkman organizes and speaks at a rally and public funeral. 6,000 mourn the deaths of those killed in the Lexington Avenue bombing.
• 1918 - Simón Radowitzky escapes from the Ushuaia concentration camp on the island of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.

Edit July 11 anniversaries

• 1850 - Oscar W. Neebe born (d. 1916), New York City.
• 1873 - Spain: The Cantonal rebellion begins in Cartagena, aiming to establish a federal republic from the bottom-up.
• 1918 - Luigi Molinari (b. December 15, 1866) dies. Italian anarchist militant, active with Errico Malatesta & Camillo Berneri.
• 1919 - Erich Mühsam is sentenced to 15 years in prison for his involvement in Bavarian Workers' Councils uprising.
• 1920 - The offices of the Unione Anarchica Italiana newspaper, Errico Malatesta's rooms & the premises of the Unione Anarchica Milanese, of which he is a member, are raided, under false pretext.
• 1926 - At the Union anarchiste Congress in Orléans (12-14th) the U.A. changes its name to Union anarchiste communiste (UAC).

Edit July 12 anniversaries

Marie Equi

• 1873 - Spain: The Petroleum Revolution is brought to an end, with the military occupation of Alcoy.
• 1876 - Auguste Durand born, in the Tarn. French antimilitarist, militant anarchist & Marseilles revolutionary syndicalist.
• 1913 - Maurice Pernette born.
• 1917 - A 3-day General Strike erupts in São Paulo, Brazil, following the killing of the anarchist shoemaker, Antonio Martinez, three days prior.
• 1920 - Trial in Milan, Italy (July 12 & 13) of the anarchists Guido Villa, Aldo Perego, Elena Melli & Maria Zibardi ends.
• 1949 - Clifford Harper born; Chiswick, North London.
• 1952 - Marie Equi (b. 1872) dies. (pictured)
• 2004 - Toma Toma Ŝik (b. 1939) dies.

Edit July 13 anniversaries

Sébastien Faure

• 1864 - Pierre Quillard born.
• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: The Canton of Murcia is established.
• 1896 - Buenaventura Durruti (d. 1936) born in León, Spain.
• 1881 - Today until the 20th, in London, an anarchist Congress of about 30 delegates representing a dozen country meet with an aim of rebuilding the International Workingmen's Association (AIT). They adopt "propaganda of the deed", signaling an era of "attentats".
• 1916 - Federal authorities, mid-July, demand removal of the office of the anarchist journal Mother Earth from its location at 20 East 125th Street; M. Eleanor Fitzgerald relocates office to 226 Lafayette Street.
• 1921 - Sacco and Vanzetti case goes to the jury. At 7:30 in the evening the jury returns its verdict: both are both found guilty of murder in the first degree. Their long years of appeals & massive protests worldwide, begins.
• 1921 - Man Ray arrives in Paris. Marcel Duchamp introduces him to Dadaists.
• 1922 - Gustave Bouvet attempts to assassinate President Alexandre Millerand in Paris.
• 1937 - Emma Goldman, on or about this day, writes the introduction to a new commemorative edition of Alexander Berkman's Now and After to be published by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme. Emma also views Fury Over Spain, a film by Louis Frank; considers organizing a public showing of the film to raise funds for Mujeres Libres.
• 1942 - Sébastien Faure (b. 1858) dies. (pictured)
• 1975 - Jehan Mayoux dies.
• 1979 - Claude Le Maguet (aka Jean Salives) (b. 1887) dies, in Geneva.
• 1991 - Nicolas Walter delivers talk on "Anarchism & Religion" at the South Place Ethical Society.
• 1993 - Léo Ferré (b. 1916) dies.

Edit July 14 anniversaries

The Bolshevik Myth

• 1894 - Fortunato Serantoni publishes the first number of La Questione social (title borrowed from Errico Malatesta's paper), in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• 1898 - Ernest Ernestan (aka Ernest Tanrez) born, Ghent, Belgium.
• 1912 - First issue of ¡Luz! published by Grupo Luz, in México.
• 1914 - Mid-July, Emma Goldman travels to Eureka, California & Arcata, California, lumber towns in Humboldt County, California; delivers first-known anarchist lectures there.
• 1918 - Intelligence agencies begin to circulate the names & addresses of over 8,000 Mother Earth magazine subscribers, targeting them for investigation. Emma Goldman also reluctantly concurs with Stella Ballantine's decision to close the Mother Earth Bookshop.
• 1920 - Eight-member expedition for the Petrograd Museum of the Revolution, including Henry Alsberg, Alexander Berkman, and Emma Goldman, travels through the Ukraine (July 15-August 6). The events are recounted by Berkman in The Bolshevik Myth. (pictured)
• 1927 - Julien Content (b. 1892) dies. Crippled in a car accident in 1926, today he commits suicide.
• 1994 - Anarcho-punks from the north & north-east hold a conference at the University of Ceara, 15 - 17th July. The meeting brings together individuals & groups from five separate states to discuss various themes.
• 1998 - Vicente Ruiz (b. 1913) dies in Melbourne, Australia after a long illness.

Edit July 15 anniversaries

• 1898 - Pierre Desgranges (aka Granges) (b. 1865) dies. Anarchist militant, like his father, & brother Victor.
• 1903 - Premier issue of Il Libertario, La Spezia, Italy.
• 1912 - Her lecture circuit completed, Emma Goldman stops at the German Waldheim Cemetery in Chicago to visit the grave of anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre.
• 1936 - In Barcelona, Spain, the anarcho-trade unionists of the powerful Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) urge, without success, Luis Companys, president of the Generalitat (governing Catalonia), distributing weapons to the workers, to counter the imminent threat of a rightwing military coup d'etat.

Edit July 16 anniversaries

Carlo Cafiero

• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: The Canton of Valencia is proclaimed.
• 1883 - Barthélemy De Ligt born.
• 1892 - Carlo Cafiero (b. 1846) dies, in a section of Nocera’s asylum. (pictured)
• 1917 - Alexander Berkman is wrongly indicted in absentia in San Francisco for complicity in three murders stemming from the Preparedness Day Bombing.
• 1936 - A military uprising in Spain begins the Spanish Civil War.
• 1951 - Charles Desplanques (b. 1877) dies.
• 1997 - Police raid anarchist centers & homes across Italy. The Italian Anarchist Federation denounces the raids.

Edit July 17 anniversaries

• 1881 - Jules Sellenet, known as Francis Boudoux, (d. 1941) born, St Etienne.
• 1887 - Ettore Mattei founds "La Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistancia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos," the first organized workers' resistance society, in Buenos-Aires, Argentina. Errico Malatesta, in Argentina at the time, authors its statutes.
• 1894 - Fauset MacDonald delivers an address on "The Anarchists Plan of Campaign", at a meeting of anarchist-communists at Leicester, England.
• 1934 - The American Mercury accepts Emma Goldman's article, "Communism: Bolshevist & Anarchist, A Comparison," which it publishes in a truncated form as "There is No Communism in Russia" in April 1935.

Edit July 18 anniversaries

• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: Cantons are proclaimed in Almansa, Cádiz, Seville, Tarifa and Torrevieja.
• 1907 - José Xena Torrent born (d. 1988).
• 1915 - Vernon Richards born (d. 2001). Companion to Marie Louise Berneri until her death during childbirth in 1949.
• 1926 - Henri Gauche (aka René or Henri Chaughi) dies. Longtime contributor to Les Temps Nouveaux. Gauche originally agreed with "Manifesto of the Sixteen", & went to the front during WWI to fight — though by 1916 he concluded he was wrong.
• 1933 - The Council of War in Brussels, Belgium, condemns two anarchist conscientious objectors: Hem Day and Léo Campion.
• 1936 - The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) call a general strike in response to the military coup, beginning the Spanish Revolution. The military uprising in Barcelona is defeated by republican forces, including the confederal militias.
• 1943 - During WWII, an anarchist congress meets clandestinely near Toulouse (19-20th), at the farm of Alphonse Tricheux & Paule Tricheux, to assess the political situation & attempt to reorganize the anarchist movement. Among those attending are André Arru, Voline, Maurice Laisant & Charles Laisant, etc.
• 1951 - César Saborit Carrelero, anarchist guerrilla & member of action group of José Lluis Facieras, is killed by two police officers of the "Brigada politico-social" at Barcelona, Spain.
• 1990 - Ruth Bösiger dies, companion of André Bösiger.
• 2012 - Syrian civil war: The People's Protection Units (YPG) capture the city of Kobanî, beginning the Rojava Revolution in North and East Syria.

Edit July 19 anniversaries

• 1868 - Georges Yvetot born (d. 1942).
• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: Cantons are proclaimed in Alicante and Granada.
• 1901 - Ida Mett born (d. 1973).
• 1920 - Spartaco Stagnetti is attacked & wounded by a gang of nationalist & fascist thugs in Italy. A general strike begins against these violent provocations.
• 1921 - Jacques Long (aka Jacklon; b. 1890) dies, a suicide.
• 1936 - Francisco Ascaso (b. 1901; pictured) killed during the anarchist raid on the Ataranzas barracks in Barcelona, Spain.
• 1942 - Paolo Antonini dies in prison in Casablanca, victim of ill treatment by French jailers.
• 1996 - Albert Meltzer's (1920-1996) ashes are scattered in the CNT section of Montjuich cemetery in Barcelona.
• 2001 - Police kill anarchist Carlo Giuliani at protest against G8 meeting in Genoa, Italy.

Edit July 20 anniversaries

• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: Cantons are proclaimed in Castellón and Málaga, but the Canton of Almansa is dissolved.
• 1905 - The Armenian Revolutionary Federation attempts to assassinate Abdul Hamid II in Istanbul.
• 1930 - 24 hour general strike in Montevideo, Uruguay, protesting Uruguay protesting imprisonment of anarchists.
• 1936 - Spanish Revolution: The Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia is established, beginning the creation of an anarcho-syndicalist society in Catalonia.
• 1964 - IWW blueberry protest picker's strike brgins, Grand Junction, MI. United States.

Edit July 21 anniversaries

• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: Cantons are proclaimed in Algeciras, Andújar, Bailén, Béjar and Motril.
• 1916 - A bomb explodes during a demonstration by the Preparedness Movement in San Francisco, killing ten and wounding forty more.
• 1932 - Errico Malatesta, Italian anarchist, dies after 6 years of fascist house arrest.
• 1936 - Spanish Revolution:
  • The Popular Executive Committee of Valencia is established by Valencian republicans, appointing Juan López Sánchez as Minister of Propaganda, Press and Communications and José Prost as Minister of Transport.
  • The Málaga Public Health Committee is established by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT).

Edit July 22 anniversaries

• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: Cantons are proclaimed in Córdoba and Gualchos, but the Canton of Alicante is dissolved.
• 1892 - Alexander Berkman attempts to assassinate Henry Clay Frick in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Edit July 23 anniversaries

• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: The Canton of Salamanca is proclaimed and the Canton of Córdoba is dissolved.
• 1893 - Christian anarchist Ammon Hennacy was born.
• 1936 - Spanish Civil War: The Durruti Column and South Ebro Column leave Barcelona, as the first two of the confederal militias headed for the Aragon front.
• 1936 - Spanish Revolution: 40,000 gather in Barcelona to mock religious icons and exhumed bodies.
• 2017 - Syrian Civil War: The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army (TQILA) is established in Rojava to combat the persecution of LGBT people by ISIL.

Edit July 24 anniversaries

Henry David Thoreau

• 1846 - Henry David Thoreau (pictured)refuses to pay the local tax collector and spends a night in jail, a formative experience.
• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: The Cantons of Motril and Torrevieja are dissolved.
• 1909 - "Tragic Week", a series of bloody clashes between the Spanish army and the working classes of Catalonian cities, begins.
• 1936 - Spanish Civil War: The Ascaso Column leaves Barcelona, as the third of the confederal militias headed for the Aragon front.

Edit July 25 anniversaries

• 1873 - Cantonal rebellion: The Canton of Castellón is dissolved.
• 1909 - Spain: Beginning of the Tragic Week (la Semana Tragica), in Barcelona.
• 1924 - Emma Goldman leaves Berlin for the Netherlands; speaks at the celebration organized by Dutch anti-militarist & anarchist Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis for the 20th anniversary of the International Anti-Militarist Association.
• 1937 - Hélio Oiticica (1937-1980) lives. Brazilian painter, performance artist, & anarquista. Grandson of José Oiticica.
• 1948 - Spain: Raul Carballeira commits suicide rather than be captured in Montjuich during an encounter with hundreds of killers operating under Qrlintela, head of the Social Brigade, plus Guardia Civil & police.
• 1985 - Fredy Perlman dies in Detroit, Michigan.
• 1985 - French anarchiste Roger Monclin dies, St Laurent-du-Var. Pacifist & anarchist propagandist, orator & writer.

Edit July 26 anniversaries

• 1894 - France: Théodule Meunier is sentenced to "life" in prison in Cayenne. Practitioner of "propaganda by the deed."
• 1921 - France: Léon Prouvost (the "Libertarian Philanthropist") is raided. A few days from now he ends his life, a suicide, after having bequeathed part of his fortune to his fellow publisher André Lorulot.
• 1924 - Holland: 20th anniversary of the creation of the A.I.A. (Association Internationale Antimilitariste). Many well-known militants attend, such as Rudolf Rocker, Emma Goldman, Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Barthélemy de Ligt, & Pierre Ramus.
• 1936 - Spanish Revolution:
  • In Catalonia, the New Unified School Council is founded, based & run upon the "Modern School" principles of Francisco Ferrer.
  • In Cantabria, the Santander Defence Council is established by republican forces.
• 1949 - France: Jean Roumilhac dies in car accident. Fought in the Spanish Revolution. First president of the French section of the S.I.A. (International Solidarity Antifascist). In the 1940s Roumilhac created an agricultural company in the Rhone delta, enabling Spanish anarchist refugees to obtain legal residence permits.
• 1970 - Netherlands: Albert de Jong dies the evening of the 27/28th, Heemstede. Militant anarcho-syndicalist & antimilitarist writer & speaker.
• 2002 - Russia: Bakunin Celebration Readings, Priamukhino, Tver.
• 2004 - The Bl(A)ck Tea Society organizes its largest event, a Really Really Democratic Bazaar during the 2004 Democratic National Convention.
• 2005 - Arsonists identifying themselves as the Earth Liberation Front damage two homes under construction in Whatcom County, Washington.

Edit July 27 anniversaries

• 1862 - Emile Maurin (1862-1913) (aka Elie Murmain) lives. French anarchiste militant & photographer.
• 1869 -: Emile Masson lives (1869-1923), in Brest, France. Breton militant, professor, writer & libertarian socialist propagandist.
• 1892 - "In the far right-hand corner of the second room, near a dusty, cobwebbed window, sat a woman. Alone in that gathering of hard-faced, half clad men, enveloped in a dense atmosphere of choking smoke, she reclined placidly in a barroom chair, reading..." — excerpt, interview with Emma Goldman, "New York World," July 28, 1892
• 1894 - The last of the lois scélérates was passed, condemning any individual or publication using anarchist propaganda.
• 1907 - France: In Raon-l'Etape the forces of "order" open fire on peaceful strikers, killing two workers. Barricades now appear high in the streets & the black flag is raised.
• 1920 - Argentina & Uruguay: Congress of the Operários Chapeleiros Sul-Americano (South American hat-makers), held this month. Anarcho-syndicalist participation is evident.
• 1920 - Pasquale Binazzi is arrested in Spezio, Italy, charged with forming an armed gang during social disturbances in the city last month. Binazzi, as a trade union militant & director of the anarchist magazine "Il Libertario", is often the target of exercised authorities. In response to his arrest workers initiate a General Strike.
• 1958 - Saxe Commins (1892-1958) dies, New York. An anarchist activist, a speaker, & Emma Goldman's nephew (Stella Ballantine's brother); his activities in his early years included collaborating on & editing Emma Goldman's newspaper, Mother Earth. Became a longtime was senior editor at Random House publishers.
• 2002 - A No Borders camp organized by Autonomes in Strasbourg to protest against anti-immigration policies closes.
• 2006 - Illustrator Richard Mock dies, Brooklyn, New York. Best known for his linocut illustrations on the Op-Ed page of The New York Times from 1980 through 1996. Mock's art frequently appeared on the covers of the magazines Fifth Estate, Alternative Press Review & Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed. His work has been cited as an influence by a number of contemporary American printmakers.

Edit July 28 anniversaries

• 1900 - Gaetano Bresci assassinates Italian King Umberto I in Monza, Italy.
• 1976 - Anarcho-capitalist and seasteading pioneer Patri Friedman is born.
• 2000 - The Direct Action Network stages a protest at the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, United States.

Edit July 29 anniversaries

• 1898 - Italian anarchist Amilcare Cipriani (pictured) was imprisoned in Italy.
• 2006 - Murray Bookchin, one-time anarchist and theorist of social ecology, dies of heart failure.

Edit July 30 anniversaries

• 1857 - Adolphe Willette, French anarchist and anti-Semite politician, is born in Chalons-sur-Marne.
• 1864 - Fabio Luz, leading Brazilian anarchist, is born in Valença, Bahia.
• 1881 - Anna Mahe, French individualist anarchist and advocate of free love, is born in Bourgneuf-in-Retz.
• 1963 - Spanish anarchists Francisco Granados and Joaquín Delgado are arrested for crimes they did not commit, and later executed.

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Edit July 31 anniversaries