Historical Chinese anthems
Historical Chinese anthems comprise a number of official and unofficial national anthems of China composed during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China.
| National anthems of China | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
 | ||||
| Music of China | ||||
| General topics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genres | ||||
| Specific forms | ||||
| Media and performance | ||||
|
||||
| Nationalistic and patriotic songs | ||||
|
||||
| Regional music | ||||
"Chinese national anthem" may refer to:
"March of the Volunteers" of the People's Republic of China
"National Anthem of the Republic of China" of the Republic of China
Tune of Li Zhongtang
Quasi-official
In 1896, for purposes of diplomatic missions to Western Europe and Russia, Li Hongzhang (Zhongtang being a term of respect for a vizier or prime minister) employed in political lyrics combined with classical Chinese music to create a song later known as the "Tune of Li Zhongtang" (李中堂樂).
|
金殿當頭紫閣重， |
With a golden palace above his head, and fold upon fold of purple pavilions, |
Praise the Dragon Flag
Quasi-official
After the Department of the Army was established in 1906, Praise the Dragon Flag became the army song, and has been played at formal occasions overseas.
|
於斯萬年， |
Here for ten thousand years, |
¹ 兆 usually means one trillion (1012), but it could mean one million (106), and should have that value here in the song for factual accuracy. See Chinese numerals for details.
Cup of Solid Gold (1911–1912)
Official
The Cup of Solid Gold became the official national anthem of the Qing Empire in less than a week when the Wuchang Uprising occurred in 1911. It lasted for about one year until the end of the empire and the establishment of the Republic of China. It is in classical Chinese.
Song of Five Races Under One Union
Provisional
After the establishment of the provisional government in Nanjing, the Ministry of Education under Cai Yuanpei asked the public for possible anthems (as well as coats of arms), and "Song of Five Races under One Union" (五旗共和歌), with lyrics by Shen Enfu (沈恩孚) and music by Shen Pengnian (沈彭年), was released as a draft in the newspaper.
|
亞東開化中華早， 飄揚五色旗， 我同胞， |
Yà dōng kāihuà zhōnghuá zǎo, Piāoyáng wǔsè qí, Wǒ tóngbāo, |
China, earliest civilization of East Asia, The five-coloured flag flutters, My compatriots, |
How Great is Our China!
Unofficial
Also called "Patriotic Song" (愛國歌), "How Great is Our China!" (泱泱哉，我中華！) has lyrics written by Liang Qichao and music by overseas Chinese at Datong School (大同學校), Yokohama. Released in 1912, it became quite popular, especially among students.[1]
| Chinese | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 泱泱哉，我中華！ | Yāng yāng zāi, wǒ zhōng huá! | How great is our China! |
| 最大洲中最大國， | Zuì dà zhōu zhōng zuì dà guó, | The largest nation of the largest continent. |
| 廿二行省為一家， | niàn èr háng shěng wéi yī jiā, | Twenty-two administered provinces are one family. |
| 物產腴沃甲天地 | wù chǎn yú wò jiǎ tiāndì, | Rich products and fertile land are the first in the world. |
| 天府雄國言非誇。 | tiān fǔ xióng guó yán fēi kuā. | Calling this strong nation heaven on earth is not boasting. |
| 君不見英日區區三島尚掘起， | Jūn bù jiàn yīng rì qū qū sān dǎo shàng jué qǐ, | Don't you see: Britain and Japan, only three islands, still prosper. |
| 況乃堂堂我中華！ | kuàng nǎi táng táng wǒ zhōng huá! | How much more our great China? |
| 結成團體， | Jié chéng tuán tǐ, | Join as one body. |
| 振我精神， | zhèn wǒ jīng shén | Excite our spirit. |
| 二十世紀新世界， | èr shí shì jì xīn shì jiè, | In this new world of the twentieth century, |
| 雄飛宇內疇與倫？ | xióng fēi yǔ nèi chóu yǔ lún? | Strongly soar among fellow mankind of the universe. |
| 可愛哉，我國民！ | Kě'ài zāi, wǒ guó mín! | How lovely is our people! |
| 可愛哉，我國民！ | Kě'ài zāi, wǒ guó mín! | How lovely is our people! |
Song to the Auspicious Cloud (1913–1928)
Official
The Song to the Auspicious Cloud has two versions, one used in 1913 and another after 1920.
First version
On April 8, 1913, this national anthem was used in the opening ceremony of the 1st Regular Council; the last line was added by Wang Baorong (汪寶榮), with other lines from Shang Shu; it was set to music by Jeans Hautstont.
|
卿雲爛兮﹑ |
How bright is the Auspicious Cloud! |
Second version
In November 1919, Duan Qirui established the National Anthem Research Committee (國歌研究會), which adopted:
- The lyrics (1920) by Zhang Taiyan (章太炎) from the classic "The Song to the Auspicious Cloud" (卿雲歌) from the Book of Documents.
- The music (1921) by Beijing professor, Xiao Youmei (蕭友梅).
The anthem was released in July 1921 by the Department of National Affairs (國務院).
|
卿雲爛兮﹑ |
How bright is the Auspicious Cloud! |
¹糺 (jiū "collaborate") is sometimes written as 糾 (jiū "investigate") or 織 (zhī "to web")
China Heroically Stands in the Universe (1915–1921)
Official
After general Yuan Shikai became head of state, the Ritual Regulations Office (禮制館) issued the new official anthem, China Heroically Stands in the Universe (中國雄立宇宙間) in June 1915. Its lyrics were written by Yin Chang (廕昌) and music by Wang Lu (王露).[2]
|
中國雄立宇宙間﹐ |
China heroically stands in Universe, |
Song of the National Revolution
Provisional
Written by officers of the Whampoa Military Academy, the "Revolution of the Citizens" song (國民革命歌, Guomin Geming Ge), sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques (commonly known as "Two Tigers" in China)," was released on July 1, 1926.
|
打倒列強，打倒列強， 工農學兵，工農學兵， 打倒列強， 打倒列強， |
Dǎdǎo lièqiáng, dǎdǎo lièqiáng, Gōng nóngxué bīng, gōng nóngxué bīng, Dǎdǎo lièqiáng, dǎdǎo lièqiáng, |
Overthrow the foreign Powers, × 2 Laborers, farmers, students, and soldiers, × 2 Overthrow the foreign Powers, × 2 |
The Internationale
When the Chinese Soviet Republic was established in 1931, the Internationale in Chinese was decided to be its national anthem, since it followed the ideals of Communism, especially the Soviet Union.[4]
See also
References
- 藝文誌 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan: 藝文誌文化事業有限公司. 1976. p. 10.
- 上海文史 (in Chinese). Shanghai: 上海文史编委员. 1989. p. 279. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
- (in Chinese) Xinhua Net: Collections of military revolutionary songs
- (in Chinese) People's Daily: History of Chinese national anthems in a hundred years