Hindolam

Hindolam scale with shadjam at C

Hindōḷaṃ is a symmetric rāgam that does not contain rishabham and panchamam. It is a pentatonic scale (audava-audava rāgam[1][2] in Carnatic music classification—audava means 'of 5'). Since pentatonic scales can be found in other world music such as Chinese music, shades of Mohanam and Hindōḷaṃ can sometimes be traced in Chinese and east Asian music. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):

• ārohaṇa : S G₂ M₁ D₁ N₂ Ṡ[lower-alpha 1]
• avarohaṇa : Ṡ N₂ D₁ M₁ G₂ S[lower-alpha 2]

This rāgam uses the swaras sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatam and kaisiki nishadam. Hindolam is not a melakarta rāgam, since it does not contain all the seven swaras.

Experts in Carnatic music hold differences of opinion on the janaka rāgams (rāgams of origin) that should be attributed to Hindolam. It is widely accepted that the 20th melakarta, Natabhairavi, is the parent rāgam of Hindolam, but some would like to associate it with the 8th melakarta, Hanumatodi.[1][2] It can be derived from both, by dropping the rishabham and panchamam.

Sāmajavara gamanā by the maestro Tyagaraja is one of the most popular compositions in Hindolam. Mamavatu śri Sarasvati by Mysore Vasudevachar is another popular composition. Here are some more kritis composed in Hindolam:

• Samajavaragamana, Manasulōni Marmamulu and Gōvardhana Giridhāri by Tyagaraja
• Madhukara Vritti, Yaare Rangana,[3] Avanavana Kayva, by Purandaradasa
• Dasa Dasara Maneya By Kanakadasa
• Guru Purandara Dasare, Uma Kathyayani By Vijaya Dasa
• Hari Sarvothama Vayu Jeevothama By Kamalesha Vittala Dasu
• Gōvardhana Girīśam Smarāmi, Neerajakshi Kamakshi and Saraswati Vidhiyuvathi by Muthuswami Dikshitar
• Padmanabha Pāhi by Swathi Thirunal
• Maa Ramanan, Sāma Gāna lolalane and Nambikettavar by Papanasam Sivan
• Sadanandamayi Chinmayi by Oothukadu Venkata Kavi
• Mamavatu Sri Saraswati by Mysore Vasudevacharya
• Chintayami Jagadamba by Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar
• Dēva Dēvaṃ Bhajē, Konḍalalō Nelakonna, Garuda Gamana, Narayana Ni Namame, Nigama Nigama Nigamandha by Annamacharya
• Ramanakku Mannan Mudi by Arunachala Kavi
• Mal Marugan (varnam) by Thanjavur Shankara Iyer
• Tillana (Dhim na naa tha dhirana) by Balamuralikrishna

Numerous bhajans, stotras, kritis and film music numbers also have been composed in the Hindolam rāgam.

This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Hindolam's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 4 other major pentatonic rāgams, namely, Mohanam, Shuddha Saveri, Udayaravichandrika (also known as Shuddha Dhanyasi) and Madhyamavati. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For more details and illustration of this concept refer Graha bhedam on Mohanam.