Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup B-M60.
Haplogroup B
Possible time of origin50,000 YBP
Possible place of originSouth Asia
AncestorR11'B
DescendantsB4, B5, B7
Defining mutations8281-8289d[1]

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.

The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.[2]

Distribution

Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.[3]

Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,[4] as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.

A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.

Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia.[5] However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks.[6] This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran,[6] Iraq,[7] Japan, Korea, Laos,[8] Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.[9][10]

Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%).[11][12][13] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar),[14] Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),[15] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),[10] Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan),[14] and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).[16]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B
Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Carolinian (Saipan)1.00017B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2
Hawaiians0.994160[17]B4a1a1, B4a1a1a1, B4a1a1a3
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.60010B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.48127B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.42935B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1
Filipino0.42264[11]B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.39041B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.37524B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.369168[18]B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.36819B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.367177[11]B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.33339B5a=8, B4a=5
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.32128B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1
Kinh (Vietnamese)0.317139B4=24, B5=19, B6=1
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.31332B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.30040B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.29341B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.28025B4a=5, B5a=2
Filipino (Visayas)0.277112[11]B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1
Laos0.262214[8]B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.25831B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.25032B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.25032B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3
Filipino (Mindanao)0.24370[11]B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.23842B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Han (Taiwan)0.234111B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21119B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Taipei, Taiwan)0.20991B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.206102B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1
Korean (South Korea)0.204103[6]B4=13, B5=8
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.20055B5=6, B4=5
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.20015B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Han (Southern California)0.192390B=75
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.19021B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.190137B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.18864B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.184103B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18233B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.18211B4a=1, B4b1=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.180261B(xB5)=32, B5=15
Han (Taiwan)0.1791117B=200
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado)0.17873B4=12, B5=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.17845B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.17540B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.17229B4b=3, B5a=2
Thailand0.171105B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.17135B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16050B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.156160B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.15645B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.155633B=98
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947[6]B4=5, B5=2
Korean (South Korea)0.148203B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6
Korean (South Korea)0.146185[10]B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1
Vietnamese0.14342[10]B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1
Okinawa0.141326B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.140121B4=14, B5=3
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.136118B4=11, B5=5
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.13330B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.129217B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5
Japanese (Tōkai)0.124282B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9
Japanese (Gifu)0.1211617B=196
Negidal0.12133[14]B5b2=4
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.119336B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1
Korean (northern China)0.11851[10]B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.11371[6]B4=8
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.11118B4a=1, B5a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.11154B4a=5, B5b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.109256B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1
Japanese0.109211B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.10647B4b=4, B5b=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.10448B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.10448B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Beijing)0.10040[10]B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.10030B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Thai0.10040[10]B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.09731B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.090100[15]B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.08857[6]B4=5
Han (Xinjiang)0.08547B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan)0.08547B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.08547[10]B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1
Tuvan0.08495[14]B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.08324B=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.081149[16]B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota)0.076105B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1
Manchurian0.07540[10]B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540B=3
Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.07355B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1
Buryat0.071126B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.07199[6]B4=5, B5=2
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316B=1
Persian (eastern Iran)0.06182[6]B4=4, B5=1
Nogai (Dagestan)0.06133B=2
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.05735B=2
Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.05555B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.05437B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.053133B5a=7
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.05258B4b1=2, B4c=1
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1
Filipino (Palawan)0.05020B4a1a=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast)0.04982[6]B4=4
Va (Simao, Yunnan)0.04522B4(xB4a)=1
Altai Kizhi0.04490[6]B4=3, B5=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.04468B5a=2, B4b1=1
Tofalar0.04346[14]B4a1c2=2
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan)0.04248B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1
Tubalar0.04272[14]B4b1a=3
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)0.04173[6]B4=3
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.04198[16]B5b2=3, B4c1b=1
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast)0.04025[14]B4d1a=1
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.03853B4a=2
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast)0.03853[6]B4=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.036110[6]B4=3, B5=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.03429B4a=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.034295[6]B4=9, B5=1
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.02935B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.02836B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)0.02836B5a=1
Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836[6]B4=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.02540B5a=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.02540B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.02344B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.02147B(xB4, B5, B6)=1
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.02049B4b1=1
Ainu0.02051B4f1=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.019105[6]B4=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.01856B4a=1
Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia)0.015206B=3
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.01474B4a=1
Yakut0.012423B4(xB4b1)=3
B4b1=1
B5b2=1
Bashkir0.009221B=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015[6]–
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00016–
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024–
Nganasan0.00024[14]–
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024–
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025[6]–
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029–
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.00029–
Batak (Palawan)0.00031–
Ket0.00038[14]–
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044[6]–
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.00044–
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045[6]–
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)0.00046[14]–
Itelmen0.00047[14]–
Chuvash0.00055–
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056[14]–
Komi-Zyryans0.00062–
Mansi0.00063–
Chukchi0.00066[14]–
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan)0.00071[14]–
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.00071–
Komi-Permyaks0.00074–
Siberian Eskimo0.00079[14]–
Ulchi0.00087[14]–
Mansi0.00098[14]–
Udmurt0.000101–
Mordvinian0.000102–
Khanty0.000106–
Yakut0.000117–
Tatar (Buinsk)0.000126–
Mari0.000136–
Koryak0.000155[14]–
Tatar0.000228–

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

  • B'R11'R24
    • B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
      • B4
        • B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
        • B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
          • B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province[19]), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
          • B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh[20])
            • B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp[21])
              • B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp[21])
                • B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
                • B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)[22] the Polynesian motif,[23][24][25][26] or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
                  • B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
                    • B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
                        • B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
                      • B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                      • B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
                      • B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
                    • B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                    • B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
                    • B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
                    • B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
                    • B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
                    • B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
                    • B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
                    • B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
                      • B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
                    • B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
                    • B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
                    • B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
                    • B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
                  • B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
                  • B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
                  • B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
                  • B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
                  • B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
                  • B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
                  • B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                  • B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
                  • B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
                  • B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
                  • B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                • B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
                  • B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
                    • B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
                      • B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
                • B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
                  • B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
                • B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
                  • B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
                • B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
              • B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp[21])
                • B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
                • B4a1b – Korea, Japan
                  • B4a1b1 – Korea, Japan
                    • B4a1b1a – Korea, Japan
                • B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province,[19] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[27])
              • B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Korea, Japan
                • B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
                  • B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
                    • B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
                • B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
                  • B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
                  • B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province[19])
                  • B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
                • B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp[21])
                  • B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic[28]), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan[29])
                  • B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China
              • B4a1d – Vietnam
            • B4a2 – Japan
              • B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
                • B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
                • B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
                • B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
              • B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
                • B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
                  • B4a2b1a – Japan
            • B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Japan
            • B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
              • B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
              • B4a4b - China
              • B4a4c - Thailand
                • B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
              • B4a4d - China
              • B4a4e - China
                • B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
              • B4a4f - Japan
                • B4a4f1 - China
            • B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
          • B4g
            • B4g1 – Thailand
              • B4g1a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces,[19] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province[19]), Vietnam (Thái, Nùng, etc.), China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.)
              • B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
            • B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province,[19] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,[19] Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province,[19] Htin in Phayao Province[19])
          • B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province[19])
            • B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Japan
          • B4i – China
            • B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
        • B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
          • B4b – Canada
            • B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
              • B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
                • B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
                  • B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
                    • B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
                  • B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
                • B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
                • B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
                • B2a4
                  • B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
                    • B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
                • B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
              • B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
                • B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
                • B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
                  • B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
                • B2b3 – Yanomama
                  • B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
                • B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
              • B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada
                • B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
                • B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
                  • B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
              • B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
              • B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
              • B2f – USA (Mexican)
              • B2g
                • B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
                • B2g2
              • B2h – Ache
              • B2i
                • B2i1 – Kayapo
                • B2i2 – Chile
                  • B2i2a – Mapuche
                    • B2i2a1 – Chile
                      • B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
                      • B2i2a1b – Chile
                  • B2i2b – Chile
                    • B2i2b1 – Chile
              • B2j
              • B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
              • B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
              • B2m
              • B2n
              • B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
                • B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
                  • B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
              • B2p – USA (Mexican)
              • B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
              • B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
              • B2s – USA (Mexican)
              • B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
              • B2u
              • B2v
              • B2w
              • B2x
              • B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
                • B2y1 – USA
            • B4b1
              • B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province),[19] Korea, Japan
              • B4b1a
                • B4b1a* – China, Tubalar,[14] Philippines, Indonesia
                • B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp[21]) – Japan
                  • B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp[21]) – Japan
                    • B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
                    • B4b1a1b – Japan
                    • B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
                  • B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[19]), India
                    • B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province[19]), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
                    • B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
                      • B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
                      • B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
                    • B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
                    • B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
                    • B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
                    • B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
                    • B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
                      • B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
                    • B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
                    • B4b1a2i
                      • B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)
                      • B4b1a2i1
                        • B4b1a2i1*
                        • B4b1a2i1a
                          • B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
                            • B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
                      • B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000] ybp[21]) – Han Chinese (Denver)
                    • B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)[30]
                    • B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900] ybp[21])
                    • B4b1a3b
                      • B4b1a3b* – Buryat[16]
                      • B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
              • B4b1b'c
                • B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou[32]), Vietnam
                • B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
                  • B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
                  • B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
          • B4d
            • B4d1'2'3
              • B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat[14]), China (Oroqen,[30] Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
              • B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,[32] Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)[33]
                • B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)[16]
              • B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
              • B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
                • B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
                  • B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea[34]
            • B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
          • B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,[19] Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province[19]), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[19]), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
          • B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan[16]
        • B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
        • B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama[39])
          • B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
          • B4f1 - Barghut,[16] Korea[34]
            • B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
      • B5
        • B5* – China
        • B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
          • B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province[19]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
            • B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,[19] Thailand,[19] Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
              • B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
            • B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran[40]
              • B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane[19]), China, Korea
            • B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Guyana
              • B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang[19])
                • B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
                  • B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
              • B5a1c2 – China (Han)
            • B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
          • B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
            • B5a2a
              • B5a2a1
                • B5a2a1a – China
                • B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
              • B5a2a2
                • B5a2a2* – China
                • B5a2a2a
                  • B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
                  • B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
                • B5a2a2b
                  • B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
                    • B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
                  • B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
        • B5b – Korea,[34] China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
          • B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province[19]), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
            • B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province[19])
              • B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
              • B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
                • B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
            • B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
              • B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
                • B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
          • B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi,[41] Altaian Kazakh[16]), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut[16]), Japan, Philippines
            • B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
              • B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
              • B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea,[34] China (Tianjin[21]), Buryat, Hezhen
                • B5b2a2a
                  • B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
                  • B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak),[20] Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
            • B5b2b – Yakut
            • B5b2-C204T! - China (Han), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh)
              • B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
                • B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
          • B5b3
          • B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
          • B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
    • R11'B6
      • R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
      • B6
        • B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19])
          • B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province[19]), Philippines
            • B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[19]), Malaysia (Temuan)
    • R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
      • R24a – Philippines

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup B (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References
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