Elizabeth line

In 2005, ahead of Crossrail's hybrid bill submission, a number of feeder routes were considered by CLRL west of Paddington and east of Liverpool Street. It was viewed, given the 24 trains-per-hour (tph) core frequency, that two feeder routes, each of 12 tph, could be taken forward.[7]

In the west, a route to Maidenhead (later extended to Reading) and Heathrow Airport was selected. In the east, routes to Abbey Wood (curtailed from Ebbsfleet to avoid conflicts with the North Kent lines) and Shenfield were selected.

The Crossrail Act 2008 authorising the construction project received royal assent on 22 July 2008.[8][9] In December 2008, TfL and the DfT announced that they had signed the "Crossrail Sponsors' Agreement". This committed them to financing the project, then projected to cost £15.9 billion, with further contributions from Network Rail, BAA,[10] and the City of London.[11]

Construction of Crossrail at Tottenham Court Road in September 2011

Work began on 15 May 2009, when piling works started at the future Canary Wharf station.[12]

Boring of the railway tunnels was officially completed in June 2015.[13] Installation of the track was completed in September 2017.[14] The European Train Control System (ETCS) signalling was scheduled to be tested in the Heathrow tunnels over the winter of 2017–2018.[15]

At the end of August 2018, four months before the scheduled opening of the core section of the line, it was announced that completion was delayed and that the line would not open before autumn 2019.[16] After multiple delays, in August 2020 Crossrail announced that the central section would be ready to open "in the first half of 2022".[17]

In May 2021, trial running commenced.[18]

On 17 May 2022, the line was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in honour of her Platinum Jubilee. She was not scheduled to attend the event, but decided to attend with her son, Prince Edward, to unveil the plaque commemorating the official opening.[19]

Though the main tunnels under central London had not yet been opened, passenger operations on the outer branches of the future Elizabeth line were transferred to TfL for inclusion in the concession – this took place over several stages beginning May 2015. During this initial phase of operation, services were operated by MTR under the TfL Rail brand. Following the practice adopted during the transfer of former Silverlink services to London Overground in 2007, TfL carried out a deep clean of stations and trains on the future Elizabeth line route, installed new ticket machines and barriers, introduced Oyster card and contactless payment, and ensured all stations were staffed. Existing rolling stock was rebranded with the TfL Rail identity.[20]

TfL Rail and Elizabeth line services

Stage	Map	Completion dates			Notes
		Schedule	Actual	Delay
0		May 2015[21]	31 May 2015[22]	—	Existing "metro" service between Liverpool Street (main line station) and Shenfield transferred from Abellio Greater Anglia to TfL Rail
1		May 2017[21]	22 Jun 2017[23]	1 month	Class 345 trains start running between Liverpool Street and Shenfield in reduced length format[24]
2a[25]		May 2018[21]	20 May 2018[26]	—	Existing service between Paddington (main line station) and Heathrow Terminal 4 transferred from Heathrow Connect Existing shuttle service between Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 and Heathrow Terminal 4 transferred from Heathrow Express, both to TfL Rail
5a[27]		—	15 Dec 2019[28]	—	Most stopping services between Paddington and Reading transferred from Great Western Railway to TfL Rail, operating up to 4 tph The first TfL trains in public service to Reading ran on 25 November 2019 as a soft launch of the service.[29]
2b[25]		May 2018[21]	30 July 2020[30]	2 years and 2 months	Class 345 trains start running between Paddington and Heathrow
4a[31]		—	26 May 2021[32]	—	Class 345 trains in full length format start running between Liverpool Street and Shenfield[32]
3		Dec 2018[21]	24 May 2022[33]	3 years and 5 months	Services between Paddington and Abbey Wood begin; this section and existing TfL Rail routes rebranded as the Elizabeth line, up to 12 tph
4b/5b		—	6 Nov 2022[34]	—	Services begin between Paddington and Shenfield; and between Reading and Abbey Wood; and between Heathrow and Abbey Wood. The services are operated in parallel, sharing the central tunnel.
5c		Dec 2019[21]	21 May 2023	3 years and 5 months	Full route opens, with services between Heathrow and both Abbey Wood and Shenfield; and between Reading and Abbey Wood.

Crossrail is the name of the construction project and of the limited company, wholly owned by TfL, that was formed to carry out construction works.[20][36]

The Elizabeth line is the name of the new service that is on signage throughout the stations. It is named in honour of Queen Elizabeth II.[37][38] The Elizabeth line roundel is coloured purple, with a superimposed blue bearing white text in the same style as for Underground lines. However, unlike Underground lines, the Elizabeth line roundel includes the word "line".

TfL Rail was an intermediate brand name which was introduced in May 2015 and discontinued in May 2022. It was used by TfL on services between Paddington and Heathrow Terminal 5 and Reading, as well as trains between Liverpool Street and Shenfield.[39]

Elizabeth line
All stations have step-free access
Reading Twyford Maidenhead River Thames Taplow Burnham Slough Heathrow T5 Langley Heathrow T4 Iver M25 motorway Heathrow T2&3 Greater London boundary West Drayton Heathrow Rail Link Great Western Main Line Hayes & Harlington Southall River Brent Hanwell West Ealing Ealing Broadway Acton Main Line Old Oak Common (under construction) Old Oak Common depot Crossrail Great Western Main Line Royal Oak portal Paddington London Paddington Bond Street Tottenham Ct Rd Farringdon Barbican Moorgate Liverpool St Whitechapel Crossrail Great Eastern Main Line Pudding Mill Lane portal[40] Canary Wharf Stratford Victoria Dock portal Maryland Custom House Forest Gate Connaught tunnel under Royal Docks Manor Park River Thames Ilford Woolwich Seven Kings Abbey Wood Goodmayes Safeguarded route to Gravesend Chadwell Heath Romford Control Centre and depot Romford Gidea Park Harold Wood Greater London boundary M25 motorway Brentwood Shenfield

Elizabeth line station information

Station	Image	Line section	TfL service began	Interchanges
Reading		Reading branch	15 December 2019 (2019-12-15)	CrossCountry Great Western South Western
Twyford				Great Western
Maidenhead				Great Western
Taplow
Burnham
Slough				Great Western
Langley
Iver
West Drayton
Heathrow Terminal 5		Heathrow branch	9 May 2020 (2020-05-09)	Heathrow Express Piccadilly line
Heathrow Terminal 4			20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3				Heathrow Express
Hayes & Harlington		Reading and Heathrow branches	20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)
Southall
Hanwell		Heathrow branch[lower-alpha 1]
West Ealing				Great Western
Ealing Broadway		Reading and Heathrow branches		Central line District line
Acton Main Line		Heathrow branch[lower-alpha 1]
Paddington[lower-alpha 2]		Core	24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)[lower-alpha 3]	Great Western Heathrow Express Bakerloo line[lower-alpha 4] Circle line[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5] District line[lower-alpha 4] Hammersmith & City line[lower-alpha 5]
Bond Street			24 October 2022 (2022-10-24)	Central line Jubilee line
Tottenham Court Road			24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)	Central line Northern line
Farringdon				Thameslink Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line
Liverpool Street[lower-alpha 6]			24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)[lower-alpha 7]	c2c[lower-alpha 8] Greater Anglia Great Northern[lower-alpha 9] Lea Valley lines Central line Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line Northern line[lower-alpha 9]
Whitechapel			24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)	East London line District line Hammersmith & City line
Canary Wharf		Abbey Wood branch	24 May 2022 (2022-05-24)	Jubilee line[lower-alpha 10] Docklands Light Railway[lower-alpha 11]
Custom House				Docklands Light Railway
Woolwich				Southeastern[lower-alpha 12] Thameslink[lower-alpha 12] Docklands Light Railway[lower-alpha 12]
Abbey Wood				Southeastern Thameslink
Stratford		Shenfield branch	31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)	c2c[lower-alpha 8] Greater Anglia North London line Central line Jubilee line Docklands Light Railway
Maryland
Forest Gate				Gospel Oak – Barking line[lower-alpha 13]
Manor Park
Ilford
Seven Kings
Goodmayes
Chadwell Heath
Romford				Greater Anglia Romford–Upminster line
Gidea Park
Harold Wood
Brentwood
Shenfield				Greater Anglia

The new platforms at Farringdon

Ten new stations have been built in the central and south east sections of the line, and 31 existing stations were upgraded and refurbished.[41] Nine of the ten new-build stations opened for revenue service on 24 May 2022; the remaining station – Bond Street – required additional finishing works before commissioning could proceed.[42][43] Trains passed through its platforms non-stop until it opened five months later on 24 October.[44][45] All stations are equipped with CCTV[46] and because of the length of trains, central stations have train indicators above the platform-edge doors.[47] All 41 stations are step-free, with 13 of these (the central and Heathrow stations) having level access between trains and platforms.[48]

Although the trains are 200 metres (660 feet) long, platforms at the new stations in the central core are built to enable 240-metre-long (790 ft) trains in case of possible future need. In the eastern section, Maryland and Manor Park have not had platform extensions, so trains use selective door opening instead.[49] At Maryland this is because of the prohibitive cost of extensions and the poor business case,[50] and at Manor Park it is due to the presence of a freight loop that would otherwise be cut off.[51]

Class 345 unit at Shenfield in 2017

Services on the Elizabeth line are operated exclusively by a fleet of nine-car Class 345 trains that was procured especially for this purpose.[54][33] The service specifications called for approximately 60 trains, each 200 metres (660 feet) long and capable of carrying up to 1,500 passengers, of which 57 would be in service at any one time.[55][56] In March 2011, Crossrail indicated that five bidders had been shortlisted as potential suppliers of both the new fleet and its depot facilities; Alstom, CAF, Siemens Mobility, Hitachi Rail, and Bombardier Transportation – although Alstom withdrew four months later.[55][56] Crossrail issued invitations to negotiate to the remaining bidders in March 2012, with submission of tenders expected between June and August.[56] It was stipulated that bidders should offer a fleet based on technology that was "already developed", with the expectation that an "evolutionary, not revolutionary" product would help to ensure "value for money" and "[the] utmost reliability from day one".[55][56] Siemens withdrew their rolling stock bid in July 2013, citing an increase in other business and a need to protect their "ability to deliver ... current customer commitments", which included the £1.6 billion Class 700 order for Thameslink. Their contract to supply Crossrail's signalling and control systems was unaffected.[57]

In December 2013, the European Investment Bank (EIB) agreed to provide TfL loans of up to £500 million to fund the rolling stock procurement, following TfL's decision in March of that year to abandon plans to cover most of the cost with private financing.[58]

TfL and the Department for Transport announced in early February 2014 that Bombardier's bid had been successful. The 32-year contract for the supply and maintenance of the trains and depot was valued at £1 billion. It included a firm order for 65 units from Bombardier's new Aventra family, plus an option for a further 18.[4][59] The trains have air-conditioning and are designed to be as accessible as possible, including wide aisles and gangways, dedicated areas for wheelchairs, audio and visual announcements, CCTV, and passenger intercoms connected to the driver for use in the event of emergency.[60] They will run at up to 90 mph (140 km/h) on certain parts of the route.[61]

Due to limited platform lengths at both Liverpool Street and Paddington National Rail stations, most Class 345 units were initially delivered as seven-car formations, then later extended to the intended nine.[62] The first unit entered service on 22 June 2017, between Liverpool Street and Shenfield.[63][64] TfL exercised an option to acquire a further five units in July 2017, bringing the total number on order to 70.[65]

A number of Class 315 units that had been operating with TfL Rail remained in use on Elizabeth line services between Liverpool Street's terminal platforms and Shenfield alongside Class 345 units while the introduction of the new fleet – including the extension to nine-car formations – was completed.[66] The Class 315 units, which had been built for British Rail in 1980–1981, could not be used in the line's core section. The final four were withdrawn from service on 9 December 2022.[67]

The Elizabeth line uses 25 kV, 50 Hz AC overhead lines, already in use on the Great Eastern and Great Western Main Lines.

The Heathrow branch started using the European Train Control System (ETCS) in 2020. The Automatic Warning System (AWS) and Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS) are used on the Great Western and Great Eastern Main Lines, with possible later upgrades to ETCS. Communications-based train control (CBTC) is installed in the central section and the Abbey Wood branch.[68][69][70]

The Elizabeth line has depots in west London at Old Oak Common TMD, in south-east London at Plumstead Depot, and in east London at Ilford EMU Depot.[71][72]

Upon opening, the line ran as three physically separate services: between Reading or Heathrow Airport and Paddington in the west; from Paddington via Liverpool Street to Abbey Wood in the centre; and between Liverpool Street and Shenfield in the east. To connect between services, a walk between the separate stations at Paddington or Liverpool Street was required. Operating hours were limited, as well as the service running Monday to Saturday only - allowing for further testing and software updates to take place.[73] When through-running began in November 2022, there were two main service groups, overlapping through the core section: from Reading or Heathrow Airport to Abbey Wood; and from Paddington to Shenfield.

As of 21 May 2023, the off-peak weekday service is as follows:[74]

Some early morning and late night services run into Paddington mainline terminus instead of going through central London. Likewise, some early, peak-direction, and late trains run between Liverpool Street mainline terminus and Gidea Park, bypassing Whitechapel.

When Old Oak Common opens, all trains will serve Old Oak Common, with those not serving the Reading or Heathrow branches reversing there.[52]

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Elizabeth line was predicted to carry over 200 million passengers annually immediately after opening;[80] this was expected to relieve pressure on London Underground's lines, especially the Central line.[81] Farringdon is expected to become one of the busiest stations in the UK, due to it being the key interchange station with Thameslink services.[82] In a business plan for the line published in January 2020, Transport for London predicted total annual revenues from the line of nearly £500 million per year in 2022/23 (its first full year of operation) and over £1 billion per year in 2024/25.[80] By the time the line opened, TfL had reduced their passenger forecasts because passenger travelling habits changed during the pandemic; the estimate was between 130 and 170 million passengers by 2026.[83] However, the Elizabeth line carried 62.2 million passengers in the last quarter of 2022 alone. That was one-sixth of the UK's total rail journeys, and double the number the line carried during the same period one year earlier.[84] TFL later stated the line had carried over 150 million passenges in its first year of operation.[85]