78K

78K is the trademark name of 16- and 8-bit microcontroller family[1]: 23-4–23-5 [2]: 78  manufactured by Renesas Electronics, originally developed by NEC[3][4]: 229  started in 1986.[5]: 7, line 2  The basis of 78K Family is an accumulator-based register-bank CISC architecture. 78K is a single-chip microcontroller, which usually integrates; program ROM, data RAM, serial interfaces, timers, I/O ports, an A/D converter, an interrupt controller, and a CPU core, on one die.[6][7]: 412 

78K Family microcontrollers
General information
Launched1986 (1986)
Discontinuedcurrent
Common manufacturer(s)
  • Renesas Electronics
    (formerly NEC)
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate32 kHz to 24 MHz
Data width16/8
Address width20(24)/16
Architecture and classification
ApplicationEmbedded
Instruction set78K Family
Physical specifications
Cores
  • 1
Products, models, variants
Variant(s)
  • 78K0R, 78K0S, 78K0,
    78K4, 78K6, 78K3,
    78K7,
    78K1, 78K2
History
Predecessor(s)87AD Family,
17K Family
Successor(s)RL78 Family
78K0/KX1+ board with in-circuit emulator; MINICUBE
78K0S/KA1+ Do It board
78K0R/KG3 Cool It board with in-circuit emulator; IECUBE (formerly, MINICUBE2)

Its application area is mainly simple mechanical system controls and man-machine interfaces.[8][9][10]

Regarding software development tools, C compilers and macro-assemblers are available.[11]: 99  As for development tool hardware, full probing-pod type and debug port type in-circuit emulators,[12][13] and flash ROM programmers[14]: 22–24  are available.

Historically, the family has 11 series with 9 instruction set architectures. As of 2018, 3 instruction set architectures, those are 8-bit 78K0, 8-bit 78K0S, and 16-/8-bit 78K0R, are still promoted for customers' new designs.[14] But in most of cases, migration to RL78 Family,[15] which is a successor of 78K0R and almost binary level compatible with 78K0R,[16]: 20  is recommended.[17]

Variants

78K0 Series

78K0 Series (also known as 78K/0) is a long-running 8-bit single chip microcontroller,[18] which is the basis of 78K0S and 78K0R Series. It contains 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. For 16-bit calculating instructions, it performs ALU operation twice. Each instructions are performed serially without instruction pipelining. It has 16-bit 64K Byte address space.[19] Some variants of 78K0 have affordable and compact type 8-bit R-2R D/A converter, which does not have monotonicity because it is not trimmed for adjustment nor followed by operational amplifier.

In its earlier stage, the Program Memory was one-time PROM (OTP), UV-EPROM, or mask ROM.[20] But with the times, it became flash memory.[21][22]

78K0S Series

78K0S Series (also known as 78K/0S) is a low-end version of 78K0.[23][24][25] It has 8× 8-bit registers, but without any banks. In addition, some instructions, such as multiplication and division, are removed from 78K0 instruction set architecture.[26]

78K0R Series

78K0R Series is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 3-stage instruction pipelining.[27] Its instruction set is similar to 78K0 and covers 16- and 8-bit operations. It has 20-bit 1M Byte address space.[28] 75 instructions out of 80 are identical with that of RL78 Family; its successor.[16]: 20 [15][29]

178K0 Series

178K0 Series (also known as 178K/0) is a successor of NEC's 17K Family 4-bit microcontroller for DTS (Digital Tuning Systems) and remote controls.[30] It integrates 17K family's peripheral functions with the 78K0 8-bit CPU core on a chip.[31]

178K0S Series

178K0S Series (also known as 178K/0S) is also a successor of 17K Family with the 78K0S CPU core.[32]

78K4 Series

78K4 Series (also known as 78K/4) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 16 and 8-bit operations.[33][34][35][36] It has 16× 8-bit registers ×4 banks, which can be also used for 8× 16-bit registers ×4 banks. Some of these registers can be also used as 24-bit extension for addressing modes.[37] It has 24-bit 16M Byte address space. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions.[38]: §23.8, 560–593 

78K7 Series

78K7 Series (also known as 78K/7) is a 32-bit single-chip microcontroller with 32, 16 and 8 bit operations. It has 8× 32-bit registers ×16 banks, which can be also used for 16× 16-bit registers ×16 banks and 16× 8-bit registers ×16 banks. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions. It has 24-bit 16M Byte linear address space. It is used for some Quantum Fireball products,[39]: Photo 2  but shortly replaced with V850 Family 32-bit RISC microcontrollers.

78K6 Series

78K6 Series (also known as 78K/6) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller. Its life-time was short, and less variants.

78K1 Series

78K1 Series (also known as 78K/1) is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. 78K1 series is targeted for servo controls of videocassette recorders. μPD78148 sub-series integrates 2 operational amplifiers.[40]

78K3 Series

78K3 Series (also known as 78K/3) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 16 and 8 bit operations. It has 16× 8-bit ×8 banks, which can be also used for 8× 16-bit registers ×8 banks. Its address space is 16-bit 64K Byte. It is developed as high-end series of 78K Family. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions.[41]: §13.4, 261–280 

This series is used for hard disk drives, especially Quantum Fireball Series.[42] μPD78364 sub-series is used for inverter compressor controls.[43] It is also used for traction control systems of some cars.

78K2 Series

78K2 Series (also known as 78K/2) is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. It is developed as general purpose series of 78K Family.[44]

Predecessors

87AD Family

87AD Family[4]: 229  is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. Its instruction set architecture became the basis of 78K.[45]

17K Family

17K Family[4]: 229  is a 4-bit single-chip microcontroller, especially dedicated for DTS (Digital Tuning Systems) and remote controls. It has 2 plane of 128× 4-bit register files, and sophisticated fully orthogonal instruction set. This instruction set is completely different from that of 78K Family.[30]

Table list of 78K Family
SeriesALURegistersInstructionsPipelineRemarkDocuments
RL78-S316-bit8× 8-bit ×4 banks81 (75+6)3-stageSuccessor of 78K0R[29]: 8 
RL78-S216-bit8× 8-bit ×4 banks753-stage
RL78-S18-bit8× 8-bit (no bank)74 (75-1)3-stage
78K0R16-bit8× 8-bit ×4 banks80 (75+5)3-stageExtended 78K/0[28]: 18 
78K0S8-bit8× 8-bit (no bank)47noneSimplified 78K/0[25]
78K08-bit8× 8-bit ×4 banks48noneBasic 78K/0 core[19]
178K0S8-bit8× 8-bit47none78K/0S for DTS;
Digital Tuning System		[25][32]
178K08-bit8× 8-bit ×4 banks48none78K/0 for DTS[19][31]
78K416-bit16× 8-bit ×4 banks113noneMacro service available[37]: 24, 128 
78K732-bit16× 16-bit ×16 banksnoneMacro service available[46]
78K616-bitMacro service available
78K18-bit8× 8-bit ×4 banks64noneFor VCR servo controls[40]: 3, 39 
78K316-bit16× 8-bit ×8 banks113–115noneMacro service available[47]: 3–28, 45 
78K28-bit8× 8-bit ×4 banks65noneGeneral purpose[44]: 16, 50 
87AD8-bit8× 8-bit ×2 banksCMOS: 159
NMOS: 158		nonePredecessor of 78K[45]: 21, 39 
(17K)4-bit128× 4-bit ×2 banks47nonePredecessor of 178K[30]

See also

References
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  2. Edwards, Lewin A. R. W. (2006). So, You Wanna be an Embedded Engineer: The Guide to Embedded Engineering, from Consultancy to the Corporate Ladder. Newnes. p. 78. ISBN 9780750679534. NEC 78K.
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  4. Parai, Manas Kumar; Das, Banasree; Das, Gautam (January 2013). "An Overview of Microcontroller Unit: From Proper Selection to Specific Application". International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE). 2 (6): 228–231. ISSN 2231-2307. S2CID 11529467.
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  8. "NEC Electronics Introduces 12 New 16-bit All Flash Microcontrollers with LCD Controller/Driver Circuit". Business Wire. 2009-01-16.
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  12. Electronic Specifier (2009-04-19). "NEC Electronics' new 78K Primer Kit". www.electronicspecifier.com.
  13. Bender, Klaus; Jack, Peter; Koç, Ali; Péter, Istvan; Megyeri, Gergely (2001). Qualitätssicherung eingebetteter Software : Methoden und Best-Practices : [FUSIM] (in German). München: Herbert Utz Verlag. ISBN 9783831600243.
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  15. Dean, Alexander G.; Conrad, James M. (2012). Creating Fast, Responsive and Energy-Efficient Embedded Systems using the Renesas RL78 Microcontroller (PDF). Weston, FL: Micrium Press. ISBN 9781935772989.
  16. Renesas official: Porting guide from 78K0R/FC3 to RL78/F14. Renesas Electronics.
  17. "Renesas Electronics Introduces the New RL78 Microcontroller Family to Deliver Solutions for Next-Generation 8-/16-bit Embedded Applications". Renesas Electronics.
  18. Hausmann, G.; Gebing, E. (1997). "The realisation of specific automotive applications with "Full" CAN functionality at "Basic" CAN cost on highly integrated 8-Bit microcontroller of NEC's 78K/0 family" (PDF). 4th International CAN Conference, ICC. 97: 4-02–11.
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  27. Kim, Dahoo; Hida, Itaru; Fukuda, Eric S.; Asai, Tetsuya; Motomura, Masato (November 2014). A Study of Transparent On-chip Instruction Cache for NV Microcontrollers. pp. 26–29. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.676.6935. ISBN 978-1-61208-379-7. ISSN 2308-426X. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
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    The 78K/IV has upward compatibility regarding the instruction sets of the existing 78K/0, 78K/II and 78K/III. Major features of the 78K/IV are: 1) linear addressing of 16 M bytes, 2) wide operative voltage = 2.7-6.0 V, 3) efficient power management, 4) instruction sets for C compiler. NEC has developed the 1st product "puPD784026 subseries" that has upward-compatible peripheral functions of the 78K/II series.
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