← Polypodiales	Flora of New York — Pinales				→ Nymphaeales & magnoliids
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

This page contains the Gymnosperms of New York. This includes both the conifers (in the Pinales) and the seemingly dissimilar Ginkgo tree, the only extant member of the Ginkgoales.

Order	Family	Subfamily		Genera	Common names	#
Ginkgoales	Ginkgoaceae	—		Ginkgo	maidenhair tree, ginkgo	1
Pinales	Pinaceae	Pinoideae (or)	Pinoideae	Pinus subg. Strobus	soft pine	1
			Pinoideae	Pinus subg. Pinus	hard pines	8
			Piceoideae	Picea	spruce	5
			Laricoideae	Pseudotsuga	Douglas-fir	1
			Laricoideae	Larix	larch, tamarack	3
		Abietoideae		Tsuga	hemlock	1
		Abietoideae		Abies	fir (true firs)	4
	Cupressaceae	Taxodioideae		Taxodium	cypress	1
		Cupressoideae		Thuja	arborvitae, white-cedar	1
				Juniperus	juniper, red-cedar	4
				Chamaecyparis	cedar, false cypress	2
	Taxaceae	—		Taxus	yew	3

Order Ginkgoales

The order Ginkgoales contains a single existing species: Ginkgo biloba.

Family Ginkgoaceae

As the sole family of the Ginkgoales, Ginkgoaceae (the ginkgo family) contains Ginkgo biloba as the only extant species.^[1]

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba leaves

The ginkgo or maidenhair tree is widely planted worldwide, including New York state, but the dioecious tree rarely escapes cultivation, and is unlikely to reach maturity as a naturalized tree in this region. This tree has been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas.^[2]

↑ Ginkgoaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Ginkgo biloba excluded. 2017 New York Flora Atlas

Ginkgoales — Ginkgoaceae — Ginkgo
Ginkgo (excluded species)	Maidenhair tree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ginkgo biloba L. 1771. Ginkgo biloba L. 1797. Salisburia adiantifolia Sm. 1824. Salisburia biloba Hoffmanns. 1826. Salisburia ginkgo (L.) Rich. nom.illeg. 1866. Pterophyllus salisburiensis J.Nelson	Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree Noyer du Japon, Ginkgo biloba	Introduced from Asia, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp

Order Pinales

The order Pinales contains the conifers, or cone-bearing seed plants. In New York, this includes the three families Pinaceae (pine, fir, spruce, and larch), Cupressaceae (cypress, juniper, and arborviteae), and Taxaceae (yew).

Most of the Pinales are "evergreen," maintaining most of their foliage and its green color through the winter. The exception is the genus Larix (larch) in the Pinaceae. Larix trees are deciduous and lose their needle-like leaves in the winter. Most Pinales also have "needle-like" leaves, often referred to simply as needles. Though many are very flat needles, such as the yews, spruces, and firs. And most of the Cupressaceae leaves could be described as more "scale-like".

Family Pinaceae

The Pinaceae (pine family)...^[1]

↑ Pinaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Pinoideae

Pinus

Pinus subg. Strobus

Subgenus Strobus contains the soft pines, only one of which is found in New York.

Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae

Pinus strobus,
Five Ponds Wilderness Area

The only member of the Quinquefoliae (white-pines) found outside of cultivation in New York is Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), and it has been reported from every county in the state. The members of this section normally have their needle-like leaves grouped in bundles (fascicles) of five, though some may occasionally be found in bundles of three or four.

The oldest living eastern white pine on record dates to the mid 16th century, and was found in Nelson Swamp, Madison County, in 1997.^[1]^[2]

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae
Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae	Soft, white pines	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pinus strobus L. 1753. Pinus strobus L. 1903. Strobus strobus (L.) Small 1932. P. strobus fo. prostrata 1940. P. strobus var. chiapensis 1964. P. chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen	Eastern white pine, Northern white pine, Weymouth pine (UK), Soft pine Pin blanc, Pin strobus, Pin du Lord Weymouth	Native, C:3, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ FED Images, wsp Note: SNA

Pinus subg. Pinus

Subgenus Pinus contains the hard pines, and has two sections represented in New York.

Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Trifoliae

The Trifoliae contains most of the North American hard pines, four of which are native to New York.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Trifoliae
Pinus sect. Trifoliae subsect. Australes	Hard pines: southern yellow	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pinus rigida Mill. 1768. Pinus rigida Mill.	Pitch pine, Northern pitch pine, Torch pine, Sap pine Pin rigide, Pin à feuilles rigides	Native, C:8, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Pinus echinata Mill. 1768. Pinus echinata Mill.	Shortleaf pine, Short-leaved pine, Arkansas pine, Southern yellow pine	Native, C:10, Endangered Perennial, Tree			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Pinus sect. Trifoliae subsect. Contortae	Hard pines: scrub pines	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pinus banksiana Lamb. 1789. Pinus sylvestris var. divaricata 1803. Pinus banksiana Lamb. 1893. Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw.	Jack pine, Scrub pine, Banksian pine, Black pine, Gray pine, Hudson Bay pine Pin gris, Pin de Banks	Native, C:9, Rare FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp Note: SNA
Pinus virginiana Mill. 1768. Pinus virginiana Mill.	Virginia pine, Scrub pine, Jersey pine Pin de Virginie	Native, C:3, Endangered, NE-5^[1] Perennial, Tree			NYFA-1 USDA-NX ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp Note: SNA
↑ Category 5 Plants - native invasives - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service (doubtfully invasive in New York, where it is considered to be endangered)

Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus

Pinus resinosa plantation
North Elba in Essex County

Section Pinus contains mostly Old-World hard pines, but it also includes the commercially important red pine (Pinus resinosa), which is native to North America, including parts of New York.

The three other species of this section found in New York are non-native introductions. This group has needles in bundles of two.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus
Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus	Hard pines	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Pinus resinosa Aiton 1789. Pinus resinosa Aiton	Red pine, Norway pine^[1] Pin rouge, Pin résineux	Native, C:8, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp Note: SNA
Pinus sylvestris L. var. sylvestris 1753. Pinus sylvestris L.	Scots pine, Scotch pine, Caledonian pine Pin sylvestre, Pin d'Écosse^[2]	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, CP-5^[3] WW			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp Note: SNA
Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1785. Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1828. Pinus pallasiana Lamb. 1910. Pinus nigra var. austriaca Asch. & Graebn. 1914. Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana Holmboe	Austrian pine, European black pine Pin noir, Pin noir d'Autriche	Introduced, Eurasia native, N. Africa native			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Images, wsp Note: SNA
Pinus thunbergii Parl. 1868. Pinus thunbergii Parl. 1949. Pinus thunbergiana Franco	Japanese black pine	Introduced from Japan, South Korea, Invasive, NYIS: 59%^[4], NE-4^[5]			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT ARS ITIS Trop. BNA IPN Images, wsp Note: SNA
↑ Despite the fact that one of its vernacular names is "Norway pine," Pinus resinosa is native only to North America. ↑ Although "pin d'Écosse" is a literal translation of "Scots pine," "pin sylvestre" is more commonly used as the French vernacular name of Pinus sylvestris. ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Pinus thunbergii: Moderate (59). ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Picea

Picea rubens
red spruce cones

There are three spruce species that are native to New York State, but the two non-native species seem to be more well-known.

Spruce trees can be easily distinguished from other conifers by their needles, which

grow singly (unlike pine-needles, which grow in clusters),
are square or triangular in cross-section (unlike fir and hemlock needles, which are flatter),
are relatively hard with sharp points,
are attached to small woody projections that remain after needles fall.

Spruce cones are also papery, unlike most other conifers. However, it's usually more difficult to differentiate spruces trees from each other. Douglas fir can also be misidentified as a spruce because of their needles, which are also square in cross-section, but not as stiff.

Spruce species	Leaf length (inches)	Cone length (inches)	Height (feet)	Width (feet)	Growth form	Habitat	Twig color	Bark color
Red	1/2 - 5/8	1.0 - 1.5	60 - 80	15-20	pyramid	upland	orange-brown	gray-brown, red-brown
Black	1/4 - 1/2	0.75 - 1.5	40 - 50	15-20	slender	bog	brown	gray-brown, red-brown
White	1/3 - 3/4	1.5 - 2.5	40 - 90	10 - 20	conical	upland	light brown, pale	gray-brown
Norway	1/2 - 1	4 - 6	> 120		conical		orange-brown	red-brown, later gray
Blue	1/2 - 5/4	2 - 4	50 - 80		conical	upland

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Picea
Picea	Spruce	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Picea rubens Sarg. 1771. Pinus mariana var. rubra Du Roi 1831. Picea rubra Link 1879. Picea nigra var. rubra Engelm. 1898. Picea rubens Sarg. 1903. Picea australis Small	Red spruce Épinette rouge	Native, C:6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1768. Abies mariana Mill. 1770. Pinus abies var. mariana Münchh. 1785. Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1831. Picea nigra Link 1888. Picea mariana Britton, et al.	Black spruce, Bog spruce, Swamp spruce Épinette noire, Épinette à bière, Épicéa marial, Épicéa noir	Native, C:7, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 1768. Abies canadensis Mill. 1785. Pinus glauca Moench 1831. Picea alba (Aiton) Link 1897. Picea canadensis var. glauca Sudw. 1907. Picea glauca Voss	White spruce, Cat spruce, Black Hills spruce, Canadian spruce, Skunk spruce Épinette blanche, Épinette glauque, Épicéa blanc, Épicéa glauque	Native, C:8, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-4-5 USDA-NN NPT Can Trop. BNA LBJ FED Images, wsp
Picea abies (L.) Karst. 1753. Pinus abies L. 1779. Pinus excelsa Lamb. 1842. Picea excelsa (Lamb.) Link 1881. Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.	Norway spruce, White spruce Épinette de Norvège, Épicéa élevé, Épicéa commun	Introduced from Europe, Potentially invasive, CP-4^[1]^[2] Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Picea pungens Engelm. 1879. Picea pungens Engelm. 1883. Picea pungens var. glauca Regel 1897. Picea parryana Sarg.	Blue spruce, Colorado blue spruce, Colorado spruce, Silver spruce Épinette de Colorado, Épinette bleue, Épicéa de Colorado	Introduced from U.S. Rocky Mts., Probably not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-NX NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Alexey Zinovjev & Irina Kadis (2010) "Norway spruce: Yet another invasive tree in New England." Salicicola, Eastern Massachusetts Vascular Plants.

Pseudotsuga

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
Douglas-fir

Although commonly called Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga trees are not true firs. The genus name means "false hemlock," but phylogenetically, Douglas firs are more often grouped in the Pinoideae with the pines, spruces and larches than with either the firs or hemlocks, which are placed in the Abietoideae. Recent studies, in fact, place Douglas fir closer to the larches, in the subfamily Laricoideae.^[1]

Douglas-firs are often planted in New York but seldom if ever naturalize permanently.

↑ Lin, Ching-Ping et al. “Comparative Chloroplast Genomics Reveals the Evolution of Pinaceae Genera and Subfamilies.” Genome Biology and Evolution 2 (2010): 504–517. PMC. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pseudotsuga
Pseudotsuga	Douglas fir	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco 1884. Tsuga douglasii var. glauca Beissn. 1890. P. douglasii var. glauca Mayr 1897. P. taxifolia var. glauca Sudw. 1934. Pseudotsuga flahaultii Flous 1950. P. menziesii var. glauca Franco	Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Douglas-fir, Blue Douglas-fir, Colorado Douglas-fir, Inland Douglas-fir Douglas bleu, Douglas de Menzies bleu	Introduced, ¿Naturalized?			NYFA-X USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Larix

Larix laricina (Tamarack)
foliage & cones

The larches (Larix spp.) are deciduous conifers. Of the three species found in New York, only the American larch or tamarack is native to the state. The European and Japanese larches occasionally naturalize near plantations and individuals that have been planted.

Among the other words for tamarack is hackmatack, which means "wood used for snowshoes" in the Abenaki language.^[1]

↑ "An introduction to Tamarack Trees & Traditions", NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art, 1994-2000

Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Larix
Larix sect. Larix	Larch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Larix laricina (DuRoi) K.Koch 1771. Pinus laricina Du Roi 1803. Larix americana Michx. 1839. L. intermedia Lodd. ex J.Forbes 1873. L. laricina (Du Roi) K.Koch 1908. L. alaskensis W.Wight 1947. L. laricina var. alaskensis 2008. L. laricina ssp. alaskensis	Tamarack American larch Eastern larch Red larch Hackmatack Alaska larch Mélèze laricin Épinette rouge Fausse épinette rouge	Native, C:5, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can iNat ARS FNA Trop. LBJ Images, wsp
Larix decidua Mill. 1753. Pinus larix L. 1768. Larix decidua Mill. 1805. Larix europaea DC.	European larch	Introduced from Europe, Naturalized Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can iNat ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière 1856. Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière 1858. Larix leptolepis (Siebold & Zucc.) Gordon 1858. Pseudolarix kaempferi (Lamb.) Gordon	Japanese larch	Introduced from eastern Asia, Naturalized Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-XN ARS Images, wsp

Subfamily Abietoideae

Tsuga

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière
foliage and cones

Tsuga contains the hemlocks, of which, the only New York native is the eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Hemlocks in eastern North America are threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae).

Pinales — Pinaceae — Abietoideae — Tsuga
Tsuga	Hemlock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière 1763. Pinus canadensis L. 1842. Picea canadensis Link 1855. Tsuga canadensis Carrière 1862. Abies canadensis var. gracilis	Eastern hemlock, Canadian hemlock, Canada hemlock Pruche du Canada, Pruche de l'Est, Tsuga du Canada	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp

Abies

Abies balsamea
balsam fir

The genus Abies contains the "true" firs. It does not include the Douglas-firs of the genus Pseudotsuga.

Pinales — Pinaceae — Abietoideae — Abies
Abies	Fir	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. 1753. Pinus balsamea L. 1768. Abies balsamea Mill. 1770. Pinus abies var. balsamea 1810. Peuce balsamea Rich.	Balsam fir, Canada balsam Sapin baumier, Sapin	Native, C:6, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. 1833. Abies grandis (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl.	Grand fir, Lowland white fir	Introduced from western N.A., No specimens			NYFA-X0 USDA-NN ARS Images, wsp
Abies (excluded species)	Fir	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Abies magnifica A.Murray bis 1863. Abies magnifica A.Murray bis 1875. Picea magnifica Gordon 1876. Pseudotsuga magnifica W.R.McNab 1876. Pinus magnifica W.R.McNab	California red fir, Shasta red fir, Red fir	Introduced from western US, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Pinus fraseri Pursh Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.	Fraser fir	Introduced from western VA & NC, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Abies homolepis Siebold & Zucc. Abies homolepis Siebold & Zucc.	Nikko fir	Introduced from Asia, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 Images, wsp
Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. 1858. Picea concolor Gordon & Glend. 1861. Abies concolor Lindl. ex Hildebr.	White fir, Colorado white fir, Silver fir, Colorado fir, Rocky Mountain white fir	Introduced from western US, No specimens			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Family Cupressaceae

The Cupressaceae (cypress family)...^[1]

↑ Cupressaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Taxodioideae

The Taxodioideae contains the three genera: Cryptomeria (1 Japanese species), Glyptostrobus (1 Asian species), and Taxodium (1-3 North American species).

Taxodium

There are about three Taxodium taxa, all of which are native to southeastern North America. Of these, Taxodium distichum var. distichum has been reported in New York, mainly along the Hudson River and on Long Island. Whether it has truly naturalized in the state in uncertain.

Pinales — Cupressaceae — Taxodioideae — Taxodium
Taxodium	Cypress	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. var. distichum 1753. Cupressus disticha L. 1789. C. disticha var. nutans Aiton 1810. Taxodium distichum Rich. 1827. T. distichum var. nutans Sweet 1927. T. ascendens var. nutans Rehder	Baldcypress, Bald cypress, Swamp cypress	Introduced from southern US, N. America native OBL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Subfamily Cupressoideae

Most of the Cupressoideae in New York go by the common names "cedar" or "juniper." But there is some resistance to calling any of them "cedar," as this could be seen to imply that they are of the Eurasian genus Cedrus, which does not have any naturalized populations in New York, and is normally included in the Pinaceae, not Cupressoideae. Instead, many prefer the common names "arborvitae" or "whitecedar" for Thuja occidentalis, and "red juniper" or "redcedar" for Juniperus virginiana.

Thuja

Thuja occidentalis
northern whitecedar, arborvitae

Thuja (pronounced either thoo-juh or thoo-yuh) is Greek for juniper and other trees with aromatic wood. There are two North American Thuja species: T. occidentalis (eastern arborvitae or northern whitecedar) and T. plicata (western redcedar). There are also three asian Thuja species. Of the five Thuja species, only T. occidentalis is known to occur in New York.

Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Thuja
Thuja	Arborvitae	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Thuja occidentalis L. 1753. Thuja occidentalis L.	Eastern arborvitae, Eastern white cedar, Northern whitecedar, Swamp cedar Thuya occidental, Cèdre, Balai, Cèdre blanc	Native, C:6, Secure FACW-UPL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. ADF Images, wsp

Juniperus

Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Juniperus
Juniperus	Juniper	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana 1753. Juniperus virginiana L. 1857. Sabina virginiana var. virginiana	Eastern red cedar, Eastern redcedar, Pencil cedar, Virginia cedar, Eastern juniper, Red juniper Genévrier de Virginie, Genévrier rouge, Cèdre rouge	Native, C:3, Secure FAC-UPL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can FNA Trop. LBJ Images, wsp
Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh 1787. J. canadensis Lodd. ex Burgsd. 1814. J. communis var. depressa 1818. J. depressa Raf. 1838. J. communis var. canadensis 1962. J. communis ssp. depressa	American common juniper, Dwarf juniper, Prostrate juniper, Ground juniper Genévrier commun déprimé, Genévrier nain, Genévrier du Canada	Native, C:4, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun			NYFA-4 USDA-N NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. LBJ Images, wsp
Juniperus communis L. var. communis 1753. Juniperus communis L. 1768. J. suecica Mill. 1822. J. hemisphaerica C.Presl 1881. J. communis ssp. hemisphaerica 1887. J. communis fo. suecica	Eurasian ommon juniper, Common juniper Genévrier commun	Introduced from Eurasia, No specimens FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-0 NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Juniperus horizontalis Moench 1794. Juniperus horizontalis Moench 1807. J. prostrata Pers. 1814. J. sabina var. procumbens 1838. J. sabina var. humilis 1843. J. virginiana var. prostrata 1857. Sabina prostrata Antoine 1912. S. horizontalis Rydb.	Creeping juniper, Trailing juniper, Prostrate juniper, Horizontal juniper, Creeping savin Genévrier horizontal, Genévrier rampant, Savinier	Native, C:10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[1] FACU Perennial, Shrub, subshrub			NYFA-1 USDA-N NPT Can ARS FNA LBJ Images, wsp
Juniperus sabina L. 1753. Juniperus sabina L.	Savin Sabine	Introduced from Eurasia, Cultivated Perennial, Tree-shrub			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Juniperus horizontalis. Endangered, S1/G5.

Chamaecyparis

Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Chamaecyparis
Chamaecyparis	False cypress	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1753. Cupressus thyoides L. 1888. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1962. Ch. henryae H.L.Li 1966. Ch. thyoides var. henryae	Atlantic white cedar, Southern white cedar, Atlantic white cypress	Native, C:10, Threatened OBL Perennial, Tree, Part shade			NYFA-2 USDA-N NPT Can-0 ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1844. Retinispora squarrosa Zucc. 1847. Ch. pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1867. Ch. obtusa fo. plumosa	Sawara false cypress Sawara-cypress	Introduced from Japan, Not naturalized			NYFA-Xm USDA-W0 ARS Images, wsp
Chamaecyparis (excluded taxa)	False cypress	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1844. Retinospora obtusa Siebold & Zucc. 1847. Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1871. Cupressus obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) F. Muell.	Hinoki false cypress	Introduced from Taiwan & Japan, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X NEW-0 Can-0 ARS FoC Images, wsp

Family Taxaceae

The Taxaceae (yew family)...^[1]

Taxus

The American yew (Taxus canadensis) is the only Taxus species native to New York. The Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata) and the English yew (Taxus baccata) are widely cultivated in New York and occasionally escape. The Japanese yew has been found to naturalize and has become common in the forests of some New York counties. Its invasive tendencies deserve monitoring.

↑ Taxaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Pinales — Taxaceae — Taxus
Taxus	Yew	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Taxus canadensis Marshall 1785. Taxus canadensis Marshall 1803. Taxus baccata var. minor Michx. 1856. Taxus baccata var. canadensis A.Gray 1894. Taxus minor Britton 1903. Taxus baccata ssp. canadensis Pilg. 2007. Taxus canadensis var. minor Spjut	American yew, Canada yew, Ground hemlock, Shinwood Buis de sapin, L'if du Canada, Sapin trainard	Native, C:9, Secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp Note: WBA
Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 1846. Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 1867. Taxus baccata var. cuspidata 1903. Taxus baccata ssp. cuspidata auct. Taxus baccata non L.	Japanese yew, Rigid branched yew	Introduced from eastern Asia, Potentially invasive, CP-5^[1] NE-4,^[2], WW			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT Can-0 ARS BNA Images, wsp
Taxus baccata L. 1753. Taxus baccata L. 1829. Taxus fastigiata Lindl.	English yew, European yew, Common yew L'if commun	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Rare escape			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT Can-0 ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Taxus × media Rehder Taxus baccata × Taxus cuspidata 1923. Taxus × media Rehder	Anglo-Japanese yew, Anglojap yew, Hybrid of English yew & Japanese yew	Introduced, No specimens, IO			USDA-00 ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Taxus × hunnewelliana Rehder Taxus canadensis × Taxus cuspidata 1925. Taxus × hunnewelliana Rehder	Hunnewell yew, Hybrid of American yew & Japanese yew	Introduced, No specimens, Cultivated			ARS Images, wsp
↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Taxus species differentiation

Character^[1]	Taxus canadensis American yew	Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew	Taxus baccata English yew
Habit	low, straggling, diffusely branched, spreading to prostrate	upright	upright
Mature height (m)	2	up to 16	10 - 20(-40)
Mature dbh (m)			4
Winter bud scales	sharply pointed to cuspidate, keeled or folded	sharply pointed to cuspidate, keeled or folded	blunt at the apex, slightly keeled
Leaf blade taper to apex	abrupt	abrupt	gradual
Leaf blade width (mm)	1 – 2.4	2 - 3	2 - 3
Leaf blade length (mm)	10 - 25	15 - 25	10 - 40
Leaf upper (dorsal) surface	dark green to yellow-green	dark green, prominent midrib when dry	dark green
Leaf lower (ventral) surface	pale green, mostly without cuticular papillae along stomatal bands	2 wide tawny stomatal bands	dark green
Number of cells from margin to stomata band	(8-) 16 - 18 (-22)	11 - 13	4 - 7
Stomata rows per band	(4-) 5 - 7 (-11)	7 - 15 (-19)	8 – 10
Petiole	gradually curved or abrupt bend near the junction of the branch, not clasping the branchlet	abrupt bend near the junction of the blade, clasping the branchlet
Seed shape near apex	round or somewhat compressed	4- or 5-angled
Bark	reddish, very thin		brown, thin, scaly
Cone (aril) all red when ripe
↑ Christopher J. Earle (2015) The Gymnosperm Database Taxus: Go Botany (2.2), New England Wild Flower Society, 2015 Dennis Collins, Robert R. Mill & Michael Möller (2002). "Species separation of Taxus baccata, T. canadensis, and T. cuspidata (Taxaceae) and origins of their reputed hybrids inferred from RAPD and cpDNA data." Am. J. Bot. February 2003 vol. 90 no. 2 175-182. Richard W. Spjut (2010). "Overview of the Genus Taxus (Taxaceae): The Species, Their Classification, and Female Reproductive Morphology." The World Botanical Associates, Inc.

← Polypodiales	Flora of New York — Pinales				→ Nymphaeales & magnoliids
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

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[1] Ginkgoaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[2] Ginkgo biloba excluded. 2017 New York Flora Atlas

[3] Pinaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[4] William Kates (1997). "Eastern white pine outside Syracuse discovered to be oldest one on record." The Associated Press via The Daily Gazette, Saratoga, NY, 25-Apr-1997.

[5] "ESF Dendrologist Honored by SUNY," SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF), Office of Communications, 11-Jun-1998

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