← Ericales	Flora of New York — Gentianales				→ Solanales
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Order Garryales

The order Garryales...^[1]

↑ P.F. Stevens (2001-2015). "Garryales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, Sep. 2013.

Family Eucommiaceae

The Eucommiaceae (hard rubber tree family) contains a single living species.^[1]

↑ Eucommiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Eucommia

Although a number of extinct Eucommia species were native to North America, the only living species, Eucommia ulmoides, is native to central China but has been planted worldwide. It is known for being a very cold-tolerant rubber-producing tree. It has been reported as naturalized in Indiana and Ohio, but not in New York State.^[1]

↑ BONAP county-level map for Eucommia ulmoides

Garryales — Eucommiaceae — Eucommia
Eucommia	hard rubber tree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Eucommia ulmoides 1890. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.	Hardy rubber tree Hard rubber tree Chinese rubber tree Gutta-percha tree	Introduced, Not naturalized Deciduous, Tree			NYFA-Xm BNA Red Images, wsp

Order Gentianales

The order Gentianales...^[1]

↑ P.F. Stevens (2001-2015). "Gentianales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, Sep. 2013.

Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Subtribe	Genera	G	T
Gentianales	Rubiaceae	Cinchonoideae	Naucleeae	—	Cephalanthus (button bush)	1	1
		Rubioideae	Morindeae	—	Mitchella (partridge berry)	1	1
			Spermacoceae	—	Diodia (buttonweed) Houstonia (bluet) Oldenlandia (clustered bluets)	3	6
			Rubieae	—	Rubia (madder) Sherardia (field-madder) Asperula (woodruff) Cruciata (bedstraw) Galium (bedstraw, wild-licorice, cleavers)	5	29
	Loganiaceae	—	—	—	Spigelia (Indian pink, pinkroot)	1	1
	Gentianaceae	—	Chironieae	—	Centaurium (centaury) Sabatia (rose gentian, pink)	2	6
			Gentianeae	Gentianinae	Gentiana (gentian)	1	5
			Gentianeae	Swertiinae	Bartonia (screwstem) Frasera (green-gentian) Gentianella (dwarf gentian) Gentianopsis (fringed-gentian) Halenia (spurred-gentian)	5	7
	Apocynaceae	Rauvolfioideae	Vinceae	Vincinae	Vinca (periwinkle)	1	2
		Rauvolfioideae	Amsonieae	—	Amsonia (bluestar)	1	3
		Apocynoideae	Apocyneae	—	Apocynum (dogbane)	1	3
		Periplocoideae	—	—	Periploca (silk vine)	1	1
		Asclepiadoideae	Asclepiadeae	Asclepiadinae	Asclepias (milkweed)	1	12
				Cynanchinae	Cynanchum (honeyvine)	1	1
				Tylophorinae	Vincetoxicum (swallow-wort)	1	3

Family Rubiaceae

The Rubiaceae (coffee or madder family).^[1]^[2]

↑ Rubiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Rubiaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Subfamily Cinchonoideae

Tribe Naucleeae

Cephalanthus

Cephalanthus occidentalis
buttonbush

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Cinchonoideae — Naucleeae — Cephalanthus
Cephalanthus	Buttonbush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. 1753. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. 1828. C. occidentalis var. pubescens 1849. C. occidentalis var. californicus 1917. C. berlandieri Wernham	Buttonbush, Common buttonbush, Eastern buttonbush, Button willow, Honey bells Céphalanthe occidental, Céphalante occidental, Bois-bouton, Bois-noir	Native, C:7, Secure OBL Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. LBJ Images, wsp

Subfamily Rubioideae

Tribe Morindeae

Mitchella

Mitchella repens L.
partridgeberry

Mitchella consists of just two species, one from eastern Asia and the other, Mitchella repens (partridgeberry), is native to eastern North America.

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Morindeae — Mitchella
Mitchella	Mitchella	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Mitchella repens L. 1753. Mitchella repens L. 1862. Perdicesca repens (L.) Prov.	Partridgeberry, Partridge-berry, Two-eyed berry, Twinberry, Squaw vine Pain-de-perdrix	Native, C:6, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Part shade - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp

Tribe Spermacoceae

Diodia

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Diodia
Diodia	Buttonweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Diodia teres Walter 1788. Diodia teres Walter 1913. Diodella teres (Walter) Small 2014. Hexasepalum teres (Walter) J.H.Kirkbr.	Rough buttonweed, Buttonweed, Poorjoe	Native, C:0, Secure FACU-UPL Annual, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT ARS LBJ Images, wsp

Houstonia

Houstonia caerulea
bluets

The genus Houstonia contains about 20 species, generally known as Bluets. All are North American natives. Three are considered to be native to New York State.

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Houstonia
Houstonia	Bluet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Houstonia caerulea L. 1753. Houstonia caerulea L. 1833. Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook. 1834. Anotis coerulea (L.) G.Don 1856. Oldenlandia caerulea (L.) A.Gray 1907. Houstonia caerulea var. faxonorum	Common bluets Quaker ladies Little bluet Azure bluet Bluets	Native, C:1, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn.	Long-leaved bluets Longleaf summer bluet Houstonie à longues feuilles	Native, C:8, Secure Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ITIS Images, wsp
Houstonia purpurea L. var. calycosa A.Gray 1813. Hedyotis lanceolata Poir. 1830. Anotis lanceolata (Poir.) DC. 1884. Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa 1901. Houstonia calycosa (A. Gray) C. Mohr 1901. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton 1954. Hedyotis purpurea var. calycosa	Midwestern purple bluet, Purple bluet, Venus' pride	Native, Endangered			NYFA-Z1 USDA-N0 ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Houstonia purpurea L. var. purpurea Hedyotis purpurea	Purple bluet	Native, Endangered			NYFA-Z Images, wsp
Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. 1818. Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. 1941. Hedyotis canadensis (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Fosberg	Canada bluets Canadian summer bluet	Native, C:7, Unranked Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-U USDA-N0 Trop. Images, wsp

Oldenlandia

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Oldenlandia
Oldenlandia	Oldenlandia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Oldenlandia uniflora L.	Clustered bluets, Clustered mille graines	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 Images, wsp

Tribe Rubieae

Galium

There are about 24 species of Galium or bedstraw in New York State.^[1]^[2]

Galium sect. Platygalium

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Platygalium
Galium sect. Platygalium	Bedstraw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galium boreale L. 1753. Galium boreale L. 1800. G. hyssopifolium Hoffm. 1818. G. septentrionale Roem.& Schult. 1819. G. strictum Torr. 1830. G. boreale var. hyssopifolium 1830. G. boreale var. intermedium	Northern bedstraw, Boreal bedstraw, Crosswort Gaillet boréal	Native, C:6, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. NSE BNA IPN Images, wsp
Galium lanceolatum (Torr.) Torr. 1819. G. circaezans var. lanceolatum 1824. G. lanceolatum (Torr.) Torr.	Lanceleaf wild licorice, Lanceleaf licorice bedstraw, Torrey's wild licorice, Spear wild licorice Gaillet lancéolé	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium circaezans Michx. var. circaezans G. bermudense G. circaeoides G. rotundifolium var. circaezans	Licorice bedstraw, Wild licorice	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA- NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp Note: IWF
Galium circaezans Michx. var. hypomalacum	Licorice bedstraw, Forest bedstraw, Wild licorice	Native, C:7, Vulnerable			NYFA-3 USDA- NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium pilosum Aiton ssp. pilosum	Hairy bedstraw	Native, C:6, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium pilosum Aiton ssp. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & A.Gray 1788. Galium purpureum Walter 1791. Galium walteri J.F.Gmel. 1803. Galium puncticulosum Michx. 1805. Galium punctatum Pers. 1841. Galium pilosum var. puncticulosum Torr.& A.Gray	Hairy bedstraw	Native, No records			NYFA-D USDA-N0 NPT Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium kamtschaticum Steller ex Schult. & Schult.f	Boreal bedstraw	Native, C:10?, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium concinnum Torrey & A.Gray	Shining bedstraw	Native, C:10?, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[1]			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NEW-0 NSE BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Galium concinnum. Endangered, S1/G5.

Galium sect. Aparinoides

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Aparinoides
Galium sect. Aparinoides	Bedstraw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galium asprellum Michx.	Rough bedstraw, Kidney-vine, Pointed cleavers	Native, C:6, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium palustre L.	Common marsh bedstraw, Marsh bedstraw	Native, C:3, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium tinctorium L.	Stiff marsh bedstraw, Stiff three-petal bedstraw	Native, C:5, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum G. brandegeei A.Gray p.p.	Three-petal bedstraw	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium obtusum Bigelow 1824 ssp. obtusum G. trifidum var. latifolium Torr. G. obtusum var. ramosum Gleason	Bluntleaf bedstraw, Blunt-leaved bedstraw	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ITIS NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg. G. tinctorium var. labradoricum	Bog bedstraw, Northern bog bedstraw	Native, C:8, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium brevipes Fernald & Wiegand G. trifidum ssp. brevipes	Limestone swamp bedstraw	Native, C:10?, Likely extirpated			NYFA-Z USDA-NN NPT NSE BNA Images, wsp

Galium sect. Kolgyda

Note that BONAP lists most Galium species, including Galium aparine as noxious weeds in New York, Pennsylvania and New England. This is likely based on prohibited-seed lists that don't distinguish between Galium species.

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Kolgyda
Galium sect. Kolgyda	Bedstraw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galium aparine L. 1753	Cleavers, Catchweed bedstraw, Stickywilly, Scratch bedstraw	Native, C:0, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NX? NPT ARS NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium tricornutum Dandy Galium tricorne Stokes p.p.	Rough-fruited corn bedstraw, Roughfruit corn bedstraw	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NSE BNA Images, wsp

Galium sect. Hylaea

Galium triflorum Michx.
three-flowered bedstraw

Note that BONAP lists most Galium species, including Galium triflorum as noxious weeds in New York, Pennsylvania and New England. This is likely based on prohibited-seed lists that don't distinguish between Galium species.

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Hylaea
Galium sect. Hylaea	Bedstraw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galium triflorum Michx. 1803. Galium triflorum Michx. 1803. Galium jalapense Schltdl. 1935. Galium triflorum var. asprelliforme Fernald	Sweet-scented bedstraw, Three-flowered bedstraw, Fragrant bedstraw Gaillet à trois fleurs, Gaillet odorant	Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-vine			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Asperula odorata	Sweet bedstraw, Sweetscented bedstraw, Sweet woodruff	Introduced from temperate Eurasia, Somewhat invasive, NYIS: 48%^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS NSE BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Galium odoratum: Low (48).

Galium sect. Leiogalium

Galium album Mill.
hedge bedstraw

Although most sources show the hedge bedstraw species Galium mollugo as being widepread in the Northeast and the similar Galium album being less common, if not rare,^[1] the New York Flora Atlas now excludes Galium mollugo from New York State and shows Galium album as common, having moved its Galium mollugo records to Galium album. Other sources, such as VASCAN^[2] show G. album as a synonym of G. molluglo. See D. Mersereau and A. DiTommaso (2001).^[3]

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Leiogalium
Galium sect. Leiogalium	Bedstraw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galium album Mill. 1753. Galium mollugo L. misapplied 1762. Galium erectum Huds. 1768. Galium album Mill. Galium mollugo ssp. erectum 1926. Galium mollugo var. erectum Galium album var. erectum	Hedge bedstraw White bedstraw False baby's breath Whorled bedstraw Wild madder Gaillet mollugine, Caille-lait blanc	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Potentially invasive, IO, NE-3^[1]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA IPN Images, wsp
Galium sylvaticum L. 1762. Galium sylvaticum L.	Scotch-mist, Wood bedstraw, Baby's breath Gaillet des bois, Gaillet des forêts	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Galium (excluded taxa)	Bedstraw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galium mollugo L. 1753. Galium mollugo L. 1880. Rubia mollugo (L.) Baill.	False baby's breath Smooth bedstraw	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA IPN Images, wsp
Galium aristatum L. 1762. Galium aristatum L.	Awned bedstraw	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA- NEW-0 ITIS BNA IPN Images, wsp
↑ Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Galium sect. Galium

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Galium
Galium sect. Galium	Bedstraw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galium verum L. ssp. verum 1753. Galium verum L. 1879. G. verum var. verum 1885. G. verum ssp. verum	Lady's bedstraw, Yellow bedstraw, Yellow Spring bedstraw	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Trop. Images, wsp
Galium verum L. ssp. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz) Oborný 1854. Galium wirtgenii F.W.Schultz 1879. G. verum var. wirtgenii 1885. G. verum ssp. wirtgenii	Wirtgen's bedstraw	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Trop. Images, wsp
Galium × pomeranicum Retz. Galium mollugo × Galium verum 1795. Galium × pomeranicum Retz. 1804. Galium × ochroleucum Wolf ex Schweigg. 1850. Galium × ambiguum Gren. & Godr. 1903. G. × ochroleucum var. ambiguum	Pale yellow bedstraw	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-XN Trop. Images, wsp

Galium sect. Asperula

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Asperula
Galium sect. Asperula	Woodruff	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	n NPT
Galium arvense (L.) F. Herm. 1753. Asperula arvensis L. 1844. Asperula setosa Jaub. & Spach 1904. G. sherardiiflorum (L.) E.H.L.Krause 1844. Asperula arvensis var. setosa 1956. G. arvense (L.) F. Herm.	Blue woodruff	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XW ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp

Galium sect. Cruciata

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Cruciata
Galium sect. Cruciata	Bedstraw	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	n NPT
Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. 1789. Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All. 1788. Vaillantia pedemontana Bellardi 1961. Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend.	Piedmont bedstraw, Yellow bedstraw, Piedmont Crosswort	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA- Trop. Images, wsp
Cruciata laevipes Opiz 1771. Galium cruciata (L.) Scop. 1852. Cruciata laevipes Opiz 1958. Cruciata chersonensis Ehrend.	Smooth bedstraw	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-X0 Trop. Images, wsp

Sherardia

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Sherardia
Sherardia	Field madder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sherardia arvensis L.	Blue field madder, Blue fieldmadder, Cultivated field madder	Introduced			NYFA-X USDA-XX Images, wsp

Rubia

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Rubia
Rubia	Rubia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Rubia tinctorum L. Rubia tinctoria L. orth. var.	Dyer's madder, Indian madder, Madder	Introduced, Impersistent			NYFA-Xm USDA-X0 Images, wsp

Family Loganiaceae

The Loganiaceae is a mostly-tropical family with no members that are native to or reported to have naturalized in New York.

Spigelia

Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.
Indian pink

Spigelia marilandica, a native of the southeastern U.S., has been propagated in New York and sold in the "native" plant trade. According to the Agriculture Research Service, it is only considered native as far north as southern Indiana and Maryland.

Gentianales — Loganiaceae — Spigelia
Spigelia	Pinkroot	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. 1753. Lonicera marilandica L. 1767. Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.	Indian pink, Woodland pinkroot	N. America native southern US, No specimens, Cultivated Perennial, Forb-herb			NYFA-0 USDA-N0 ARS NSE BNA Images, wsp

Family Gentianaceae

The Gentianaceae (gentian family).^[1]^[2]

Tribe Chironieae

Centaurium

Centaurium erythraea
common centaury

↑ Gentianaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Gentianaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Chironieae — Centaurium
Centaurium	Centaury	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurium erythraea Rafn 1782. Centaurium umbellatum Gilib. inval. 1800. Centaurium erythraea Rafn auct. Centaurium minus non Moench, rej. auct. Erythraea centaurium	Common centaury, European centaury	Introduced FAC			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce	Branched centaury, Branching centaury-plant, Lesser centaury	Introduced FAC			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Images, wsp

Sabatia

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Chironieae — Sabatia
Sabatia	Rose-gentian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sabatia stellaris Pursh S. maculata (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f. S. palmeri A.Gray S. purpusii Brandegee S. simulata Britton	Sea pink, Marsh pink, Rose of Plymouth, Saltmarsh rosegentian	Native, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[1]			NYFA-2 USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh 1753. Chironia angularis L. 1814. Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh	Square-stemmed rose pink, Rose pink, Bitterbloom	Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[2]			NYFA-1 USDA-NN Images, wsp
Sabatia campanulata (L.) Torr. Sabatia gracilis (Michx.) Salisb.	Slender marsh pink, Slender rose gentian	Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[3]			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Sabatia dodecandra (L.) BSP. var. dodecandra Chironia dodecandra L. Sabatia chloroides (Michx.) Pursh	Large marsh pink, Marsh rose gentian	Native, Extirpated			NYFA-Z USDA-N0 Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia stellaris. Threatened, S2/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia angularis. Endangered, S1/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia campanulata. Endangered, S1/G5.

Tribe Gentianeae

Subtribe Gentianinae

Gentiana

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Gentiana
Gentiana	Gentian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Gentiana andrewsii Griseb.	Fringe-topped bottle gentian	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT LBJ Images, wsp
Gentiana clausa Raf.	Bottle gentian, Closed gentian	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT LBJ Images, wsp
Gentiana linearis Froel.	Narrow-leaved gentian	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3-4 USDA-NN NPT LBJ Images, wsp
Gentiana saponaria L.	Soapwort gentian, Soap gentian, Harvestbells	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 NPT LBJ Images, wsp
Gentiana puberulenta Pringle	Downy gentian	Native, Likely extirpated			NYFA-Z USDA-NN NPT LBJ Images, wsp

Subtribe Swertiinae

Bartonia

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Bartonia
Bartonia	Screwstem	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Bartonia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1753. Sagina virginica L. 1801. Bartonia tenella Willd. 1888. Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP 1895. Bartonia moseri B.L.Rob.	Yellow screwstem, Virginia screwstem, Yellow bartonia Bartonie de Virginie	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can Trop. IPN Images, wsp
Bartonia paniculata ssp. paniculata	Twining screwstem	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 Images, wsp

Frasera

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Frasera
Frasera	Green-gentian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Frasera caroliniensis Frasera officinalis Frasera verticillata Frasera walteri Swertia caroliniensis	Columbo American columbo Green gentian Yellow gentian Carolina gentian	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2 USDA-NN Images, wsp

Gentianella

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Gentianella
Gentianella	Dwarf-gentian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small ssp. quinquefolia	Agueweed, Gall-of-the-earth, Stiff gentian	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT LBJ Images, wsp

Gentianopsis

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Gentianopsis
Gentianopsis	Fringed-gentian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma	Greater fringed gentian	Native, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT LBJ Images, wsp
Gentianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub	Lesser fringed gentian	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN NPT LBJ Images, wsp

Halenia

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Halenia
Halenia	Spurred-gentian	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb.	Spurred gentian	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1 USDA-NN Images, wsp

Family Apocynaceae

The Apocynaceae (dogbane or periwinkle family).^[1]^[2]^[3]

↑ Apocynaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Apocynaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).
↑ Endress, M.E., Liede-Schumann, S. & Meve, U. 2014. An updated classification for Apocynaceae. Phytotaxa 159 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press. Full text PDF from ResearchGate

Subfamily Rauvolfioideae

Tribe Vinceae

A very common New York ground cover, both cultivated and naturalized is Vinca minor, known commonly as periwinkle or myrtle. It is often found in wooded areas were old homesteads once stood and along ditches and stream banks where floodwaters have carried the rhizomes downstream from their previous location.

Subtribe Vincinae

Vinca

While Vinca minor is very common outside of cultivation and is considered to be moderately invasive, Vinca major rarely naturalizes in New York State.

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Rauvolfioideae — Vinceae — Vinca
Vinca	Periwinkle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vinca minor L. 1753. Vinca minor L.	Lesser periwinkle, Common periwinkle, Myrtle, Running-myrtle Petite pervenche, Pervenche mineure	Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 57%^[1], CP-3^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Images, wsp
Vinca major L. 1753. Vinca major L.	Greater periwinkle, Bigleaf periwinkle, Large-leaved periwinkle Grande pervenche	Introduced from Eurasia, Rarely naturalizing			NYFA-X USDA- NPT Can ARS Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Vinca minor: Moderate (57). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009)

Tribe Amsonieae

Amsonia

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Rauvolfioideae — Vinceae — Amsonia
Amsonia	Bluestar	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter var. tabernaemontana 1762. Tabernaemontana amsonia L. 1788. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter 1894. Amsonia amsonia (L.) Britton	Eastern bluestar, Texas-star	Introduced from southern US, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT ARS Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter var. salicifolia (Pursh) Woodson 1814. Amsonia salicifolia Pursh 1838. Ansonia salicifolia (Pursh) Raf. 1928. A. tabernaemontana var. salicifolia (Pursh) Woodson	Eastern bluestar, Willowleaf Bluestar	Introduced from southern US, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT ARS Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Amsonia illustris Woodson	Bluestar, Ozark bluestar	Introduced, N. America native			NYFA-X USDA-N0 Images, wsp

Subfamily Apocynoideae

Tribe Apocyneae

Apocynum

Apocynum cannabinum
hemp dogbane

Apocynum, or dogbane, is generally considered to be a weedy native genus.

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Apocynoideae — Apocyneae — Apocynum
Apocynum	Dogbane	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Apocynum cannabinum L. 1753. Apocynum cannabinum L. 1770. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. 1789. Apocynum hypericifolium Aiton 1902. Apocynum suksdorfii Greene 1912. Apocynum ithacense Greene	Hemp dogbane, Clasping-leaved dogbane, Indian hemp, American-hemp Apocyn chanvrin, Apocyn à feuilles de millepertuis	Native, C:2, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Apocynum androsaemifolium 1753. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. 1894. Apocynum pumilum (A.Gray) Greene 1901. Apocynum ambigens Greene 1906. Apocynum scopulorum Greene	Spreading dogbane, Bitter-root, Common dogbane, Creeping dogbane Apocyn à feuilles d'androsème, Herbe à la puce	Native, C:2, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Apocynum × floribundum Greene (pro sp.) Apocynum androsaemifolium × Apocynum cannabinum 1893. Apocynum × floribundum Greene 1897. Apocynum × medium Greene 1901. Apocynum × milleri Britton 1930. Apocynum × jonesii Woodson	Intermediate dogbane, Jones' dogbane, Hybrid of hemp dogbane & spreading dogbane Apocyn moyen	Native, C:x, Secure			NYFA-4 USDA-N Can Trop. Images, wsp

Subfamily Periplocoideae

Periploca

Silkvine (Periploca graeca) is native to eastern Europe and is listed as invasive in Northeastern Spain. It is capable of rooting vegetatively from small pieces of stem.^[1]

↑ J. A. Conesa, D. Mercadal, J. Pedrol, J. Recasens (2009). "Invasive behavior of Periploca graeca in alluvial forests of Segre river (Catalonia, NE Spain)." CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International).

Vouchered plant specimens have been collected from Erie and Monroe counties, but it is not thought to have naturalized there.^[1] It has also been reported along roadsides in Suffolk County, NY, and Fairfield County, CT, but it is uncertain whether those plants were cultivated or naturalized.^[2]

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Periplocoideae — Periploca
Periploca Tourn. ex. L.	Silk-vine	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Periploca graeca L. 1753. Periploca graeca L. 1820. Periploca graeca Schult.	Silkvine, Silk vine, Grecian silkvine Bourreau des arbres	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive Perennial, Woody vine			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT ARS Trop. NSE BNA IPN Images, wsp

Subfamily Asclepiadoideae

The New York Flora Atlas includes Asclepias, Cynanchum, and Periploca in Asclepiadaceae. It includes the three Vincetoxicum species as Cynanchum.^[1]

↑ Asclepiadaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Tribe Asclepiadeae

Subtribe Asclepiadinae

Asclepias

The milkweed genus Asclepias is here separated into two clades according to Fishbein, et. al. (2011).^[1] Each of these clades contains milkweeds that support monarch butterfly developmemt. In New York, these are:

common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa)
whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata)
poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata)

Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) also supports monarchs west of the Mississippi, where it is native, but the benefit of planting it in New York for this purpose could be questioned.

↑ Mark Fishbein, et. al. (2011) "Phylogenetic Relationships of Asclepias (Apocynaceae) Inferred from Non-Coding Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 36(4):1008-1023. 2011.

Asclepias clade incarnata/verticillata

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Asclepiadinae — Asclepias
Asclepias	Milkweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Asclepias incarnata L. ssp. incarnata 1753. Asclepias incarnata L.	Western swamp milkweed, Swamp milkweed, Rose milkweed Asclépiade incarnate, Asclépiade rouge	Native, C:4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias incarnata L. ssp. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Woodson 1798. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. ex Willd. 1840. Asclepias maritima Raf. non Jacq. 1921. A. incarnata var. neoscotica 1954. A. incarnata var. pulchra	Eastern swamp milkweed, Swamp milkweed	Native, C:4, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-3? USDA-N0 NPT ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias verticillata L. 1753. Asclepias verticillata L.	Whorled milkweed, Eastern whorled milkweed, Horsetail milkweed	Native, C:9, Threatened, NYNHP: S2^[1] FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS NSE BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York Rare Plant Status Lists, March 2019, Compiled by Stephen M. Young, New York Natural Heritage Program.

Asclepias clade syriaca/speciosa

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Asclepiadinae — Asclepias
Asclepias	Milkweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Asclepias syriaca L. 1762. Asclepias syriaca L. 1840. A. serica Raf. 1844. A. cornuti Decne. 1904. A. kansana Vail 1935. A. syriaca var. kansana	Common milkweed, Kansas milkweed, Silkweed, Virginia silk Asclépiade commune, Cochons de lait, Herbe à coton	Native, C:0, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. 1767. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. 1818. A. vanilla Raf. 1840. A. quadrifolia var. oppositifolia	Fourleaf milkweed, Four-leaved milkweed, Whorled milkweed Asclépiade à quatre feuilles	Native, C:7, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias tuberosa L. 1753. Asclepias tuberosa L. 1753. Asclepias decumbens L.	Butterfly-weed, Butterfly milkweed, Orange milkweed, Pleurisy root Asclépiade tubéreuse, Asclépiade de l'intérieur	Native, C:2, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. 1797. A. amplexicaulis Sm. 1803. A. obtusifolia Michx. 1832. A. rotundifolia Raf. 1930. A. gladewitzii Farw.	Clasping milkweed, Blunt-leaved milkweed	Native, C:2, Likely secure			NYFA-4 USDA-N NPT ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias exaltata L. 1756. Asclepias exaltata L. 1762. A. syriaca var. exaltata 1788. A. polystachya Walter 1814. A. phytolaccoides G.F. Lyon ex Pursh 1904. A. bicknellii Vail	Poke milkweed, Tall milkweed Asclépiade très grande, Grande asclépiade	Native, C:6, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Asclepias purpurascens L. 1753. Asclepias purpurascens L. 1753. A. amoena L. 1794. A. compressa Moench 1832. A. dasypus Raf. 1840. A. gonalis Raf.	Purple milkweed, Eastern purple milkweed Asclépiade pourprée	Native, C:2, Threatened, USFS-CA, NYNHP: 2^[1] FACU Perennial, Herb-forb			NYFA-2-3 USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias viridiflora Raf. 1808. Asclepias viridiflora Raf. 1819. As. lanceolata E.Ives (i) 1824. As. viridiflora var. lanceolata 1829. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Pursh ex Eaton 1841. Acerates lanceolata Steud. 1946. As. viridiflora var. linearis	Green milkweed, Green comet milkweed, Short green milkweed, Green-flowered milkweed Asclépiade à fleurs vertes	Native, C:10, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[2]			NYFA-2 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Asclepias variegata	White milkweed, Redring milkweed	Native, C:10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[3]			NYFA-1 USDA-N NPT BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias rubra L. 1753. Asclepias rubra L. 1788. A. cordata Walter (i) 1803. A. laurifolia Michx. 1814. A. acuminata Pursh 1818. A. periplocaefolia Nutt. 1903. A. rubra var. laurifolia	Red milkweed, Tall pink bog milkweed	Native, C:10, No recent reports OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade			NYFA-Z USDA-N NEW-0 Can-0 ITIS BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Asclepias × intermedia Vail Asclepias amplexicaulis × Asclepias syriaca 1904. Asclepias intermedia Vail	Intermediate milkweed, Hybrid of clasping milkweed & common milkweed	Native, Unranked			NYFA-? USDA-NN BNA Images, wsp
Asclepias speciosa Torr. 1827. Asclepias speciosa Torr. 1837. Asclepias douglasii Hook. 1931. Asclepias giffordii Eastw.	Showy milkweed, Greek milkweed Belle asclépiade	Introduced from w. North America, N. America native, No reports			NYFA-P USDA-NN Can ARS ITIS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
A. speciosa × syriaca Asclepias speciosa × Asclepias syriaca	Hybrid Showy milkweed & Common milkweed	Native, Introduced, No reports			BNA Images, wsp Note: ^[4]
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias purpurascens. Threatened, S2S3/G5?. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias viridiflora. Threatened, S2/Gx. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias variegata. Endangered, S1/G5. ↑ David Werier (2014) "New York Vascular Plant Desiderata List" ver. 15 May 2014

Subtribe Cynanchinae

Many sources, including the New York Flora Atlas still include the Vincetoxicum species in Cynanchum.

Cynanchum

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Cynanchinae — Cynanchum
Cynanchum L.	Swallow-wort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. 1803. Gonolobus laevis Michx. 1805. Cynanchum laeve Pers. 1818. Enslenia albida Nutt. 1894. Ampelamus albidus Britton 2001. Ampelamus laevis Krings	Honeyvine, Smooth swallowwort, Climbing milkweed Dompte-venin glabre	Introduced, US South native			NYFA-X USDA-NX Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp

Subtribe Tylophorinae

Vincetoxicum

Vincetoxicum includes the two very highly invasive alien vines black swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum nigrum) and pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum), also known as dog-strangling vines, which are both well-established in parts of New York State. Aside from their general invasiveness and the subsequent loss of habitat for native plants, these milkweed relatives have been implicated in luring monarch butterflies away from native milkweed as a place to lay eggs. Because only milkweed can supprort monarch larvae, those that hatch from eggs laid on the swallow-wort cannot survive.

As with some other invasive plants, when swallow-wort is first introduced in an area, its rate of spread is fairly slow, so the rate of future spread and the difficulty of controlling it is often underestimated. A phenomenon called the Allee effect is responsible for increasing the growth rate of individual swallow-wort plants as their population increases and the population of competing plants declines, up to a limit of course.^[1] The root cause of this effect is not certain, but a likely contributor is allelopathy on the part of the invasive swallow-worts, which both produce the phytotoxin -(-) antofine.

↑ Naomi Cappuccino (2004). "Allee effect in an invisive alien plant, pale swallow-wort Vincetoxicum rossicum (Asclepiadaceae)." OIKOS 106: 3-8, 2004.

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Tylophorinae — Vincetoxicum
Vincetoxicum	Swallow-wort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench 1753. Asclepias nigra L. 1802. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench 1805. Cynanchum nigrum Pers. nom. illeg. 1991. Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & …	Black swallow-wort, Black dog-strangling vine, Climbing poison, Louise's swallow-wort Dompte-venin noir, Cynaque noir, Cynanche noire	Introduced from southern Europe, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 90%^[1], Prohibited^[2], CP-2^[3] Perennial, Forb-herb, vine			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS BNA Images, wsp
Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. 1929. Cynanchum rossicum Kleopow 1950. Vincetoxicum rossicum Barbar. 1952. Antitoxicum rossicum Pobed. auct. Cynanchum medium non R.Br. auct. Vincetoxicum medium non Dcne.	Pale swallow-wort, European swallow-wort, Dog-strangling vine (DSV) Dompte-venin de Russie	Introduced from eastern Europe, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 88%^[4], Prohibited^[2], CP-3^[5] Perennial, Forb-herb, vine			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS BNA Images, wsp
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. 1753. Asclepias vincetoxicum L. 1790. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. 1794. Vincetoxicum officinale Moench 1805. Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. 1883. Vincetoxicum vincetoxicum H.Karst. 1961. Alexitoxicon vincetoxicum H.P.Fuchs	White swallow-wort, Pale swallow-wort, White dog-strangling vine, Poison-rope swallowwort Dompte-venin officinal	Introduced, Questionable^[6] Perennial, Forb-herb, vine			NYFA-X USDA-XX Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cynanchum louiseae: Very high (90). 1 2 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cynanchum rossicum: Very high (88). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Vincetoxicum hirundinaria is not thought to be widely naturalized in North America. New York specimens may be a whiter shade of Vincetoxicum rossicum

← Ericales	Flora of New York — Gentianales				→ Solanales
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

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[1] P.F. Stevens (2001-2015). "Garryales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, Sep. 2013.

[2] Eucommiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[3] BONAP county-level map for Eucommia ulmoides

[4] P.F. Stevens (2001-2015). "Gentianales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, Sep. 2013.

[5] Rubiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[6] Rubiaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

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