← Cucurbitales |
Flora of New York — Fagales | → Geraniales | |||
Table of contents |
Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||
The order Fagales is part of the nitrogen-fixing clade:
nitrogen‑fixing clade |
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However, the vast majority of species able to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules are in the Fabaceae (legume family). In the Fagales, only the Myricaceae (bayberry family) and Alnus (alder) species are able to fix nitrogen.
Fagales species primarily take the form of trees. They have also been placed in the Juglandales. |
Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Common names | # | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fagales | Fagaceae | Quercoideae | Querceae | Quercus | oak | white oak | 15 |
red oak | 16 | ||||||
Castaneeae | Castanea | chestnut | 4 | ||||
Fagoideae | — | Fagus | beech | 2 | |||
Myricaceae | — | — | Comptonia | sweetfern | 1 | ||
Myrica | sweetgale | 1 | |||||
Morella | bayberry | 2 | |||||
Juglandaceae | Juglandoideae | Juglandeae | Juglans | walnut, butternut | 3 | ||
Caryeae | Carya | hickory | 8 | ||||
Betulaceae | Betuloideae | — | Alnus | alder | 5 | ||
Betula | birch | 15 | |||||
Coryloideae | Carpineae | Carpinus | hornbeam | 3 | |||
Ostrya | hop hornbean | 1 | |||||
Coryleae | Corylus | hazelnut | 3 |
Family Fagaceae
The Fagaceae (beech family) contains the oaks (Quercus), chestnuts (Castanea), and beeches (Fagus).[1][2]
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Subfamily Quercoideae
The Quercoideae, as organized here, includes the oaks and the chestnuts.
Tribe Querceae
Querceae currently comprises only genus Quercus. In previous schemes, the tribe also included upgraded Quercus subgenera, including Macrobalanus (large-fruited white oaks) and Erythrobalanus (red and black oaks).[1][2]
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Quercus
The genus Quercus contains the oaks, which comprise about 30 taxa of trees and shrubs in New York. Two sections of oaks in the subgenus Quercus are found in the state: sect. Quercus (white oaks) and sect. Lobate (red oaks). They commonly hybridized only within their own section.[1]
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Quercus sect. Quercus
![]() Quercus montana chestnut oak |
Quercus sect. Quercus | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Quercus alba L.
|
White oak, Eastern white oak, Stave oak Chêne blanc |
Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp |
Willd. 1783. Q. prinus var. platanoides
1801. Q. bicolor Willd.
1842. Q. prinus var. bicolor
1864. Q. bicolor var. platanoides
1886. Q. discolor var. bicolor
1892. Q. platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.
|
Swamp white oak Chêne bicolore, Chêne bleu |
Native, C:7, Secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp |
Willd. 1753. Q. prinus L. (i)
1805. Q. montana Willd.
|
Chestnut oak, Mountain chestnut oak, Rock chestnut oak |
Native, C:8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp |
Willd. 1801. Q. prinoides Willd.
|
Dwarf chinquapin oak, Scrub chestnut oak |
Native, C:8, Secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree-shrub |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp |
Michx. 1801. Q. macrocarpa Michx.
1812. Q. olivaeformis F.Michx.
1838. Cerris macrocarpa (Michx.) Raf.
1838. Cerris oliviformis (F.Michx.) Raf.
1856. Q. macrocarpa var. oliviformis
1876. Q. macrocarpa var. depressa
1924. Q. macrocarpa fo. oliviformis
1931. Q. mandanensis Rydb.
1935. Q. macrocarpa ssp. oliviformis
|
Bur oak, Burr oak, Mossy-cup oak, Blue oak Chêne à gros fruits |
Native, C:6, Likely secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree-shrub |
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NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp |
Engelm. 1803. Q. prinus var. acuminata
1877. Q. muehlenbergii Engelm.
1884. Q. rubra var. muehlenbergii
1895. Q. acuminata Sarg. (i)
1901. Q. brayi Small
|
Chinkapin oak, Chinquapin oak, Yellow chestnut oak Chêne jaune, Chêne de Mühlenberg |
Native, C:8, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp |
Wangenh. 1787. Q. stellata Wangenh.
1803. Q. obtusiloba Michx.
1918. Q. minor (Marshall) Sarg.
1918. Q. stellata var. attenuata
1918. Q. stellata var. parviloba
|
Post oak Chêne étoilé, Chêne à étoilé |
Native, C:9, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-4 USDA-N0 NPT ARS FNA BNA Images, wsp |
L. 1753. Q. robur L.
1790. Q. pedunculata Ehrh.
|
English oak, Pedunculate oak, European oak Chêne pédonculé |
Introduced from Eurasia, Cultivated, Rarely naturalizes Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS Images, wsp |
Quercus sect. Quercus (excluded taxa) | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Nutt. 1818. Q. michauxii Nutt.
|
Swamp chestnut oak, Basket oak, Cow oak |
N. America native southeastern U.S., N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 ARS Trop. Images, wsp |
(Ashe) Small 1894. Q. minor var. margarettae
1903. Q. margaretta (Ashe) Small
1913. Q. stellata var. margarettae
1983. Q. stellata ssp. margarettae
|
Sand post oak, Runner oak, Dwarf post oak |
N. America native, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp |
Quercus sect. Quercus hybrids
These are the naturally-occurring white oak hybrids found in New York State.
|
Quercus sect. Quercus | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
C.K.Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus montana |
Saul's oak, Hybrid of white oak & chestnut oak |
Native, Vulnerable |
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NYFA-3? USDA-N0 NPT ITIS Images, wsp |
Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus bicolor |
Jack's oak, Hybrid of white oak & swamp-white oak Chêne de Jack |
Native, Endangered |
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NYFA-1? USDA-NN NPT Can Images, wsp |
Trel. Quercus alba × Quercus prinoides |
Faxon's oak, Hybrid of white oak & dwarf chinkapin oak |
Native, Endangered |
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NYFA-1? USDA-N0 NPT Images, wsp |
Trel. Quercus alba × Quercus stellata |
Fernow's oak, Hybrid of white oak & post oak |
Native, Endangered, Impersistent |
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NYFA-1? USDA-N0 NPT Images, wsp |
Trel. Quercus bicolor × Quercus macrocarpa Quercus × hillii Trel. |
Schuette's oak, Hybrid of swamp white oak & burr oak Chêne de Schuette |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT Can Images, wsp |
C.K.Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus macrocarpa |
Bebb's oak, Hybrid of white oak & burr oak Chêne de Bebb |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT Can Images, wsp |
Trel. 1917. Quercus × deamii Trel. 1948. Quercus × fallax E.J.Palmer |
Deam's oak, Hybrid of burr oak & chinkapin oak Chêne de Deam |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS Images, wsp |
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Quercus sect. Lobatae
![]() Red oak The Quercus section Lobatae (∼ sect. Erythrobalanus) contains the red oak group, most members of which have leaves with pointed or spiny lobes. Red oaks produce acorns that require two seasons (18 months) to mature and are relatively bitter. Note that Quercus lobata (a California native) is a member of sect. Querca, not sect. Lobatae, as might be inferred from its name. |
Quercus sect. Lobatae | Red oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Quercus rubra L.
1817. Quercus borealis Michx.
1916. Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe
1916. Quercus borealis var. maxima (i)
1916. Quercus borealis var. maxima
|
Red oak, Northern red oak Chêne rouge |
Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - part shade |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp |
Lam. 1785. Quercus velutina Lam. 1908. Q. velutina var. missouriensis 1917. Quercus missouriensis Ashe |
Black oak, Eastern black oak |
Native, C:7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp |
Wangenh. 1785. Quercus rubra var. nana Marshall 1787. Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. 1895. Quercus nana (Marshall) Sarg. (i) |
Scrub oak, Bear oak Chêne à feuilles de houx, Chêne de Banister |
Native, C:7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, shrub |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp |
Münchh. 1770. Quercus coccinea Münchh. 1789. Quercus rubra var. coccinea 1918. Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata |
Scarlet oak | Native, C:8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, Sun |
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NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp |
Münchh. 1770. Quercus palustris Münchh.
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Pin oak | Native, C:7, Likely secure FACW Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade |
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NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. LBJ FED Images, wsp |
Münchh. var. marilandica 1753. Quercus nigra var. marilandica 1770. Quercus marilandica Münchh. |
Blackjack oak | Native, C:7, Rare UPL Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-3 USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA LBJ Images, wsp |
L. 1753. Quercus phellos L. |
Willow oak | Native, C:8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-1 USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA LBJ Images, wsp |
Buckley 1860. Quercus shumardii Buckley |
Shumard('s) oak, Shumard red oak, Southern red oak, Swamp red oak |
Native, C:8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub |
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NYFA-1 USDA-NN ARS ITIS LBJ Images, wsp |
Michx. 1801. Quercus imbricaria Michx. 1842. Quercus phellos var. imbricaria 1936. Erythrobalanus imbricaria (Michx.) O.Schwarz |
Shingle oak, Laurel oak |
Introduced from midwestern US, Midwest native, Not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT ARS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp |
Quercus sect. Lobatae (excluded taxa) | Red oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Michx. 1801. Quercus falcata Michx.
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Southern red oak, Spanish oak |
N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 FNA Trop. BBG Images, wsp Note: [1] |
Raf. 1824. Q. falcata var. pagodifolia
1838. Q. pagoda Raf.
1896. Q. pagodifolia (Elliott) Ashe
1917. Q. rubra var. leucophylla
1918. Q. rubra var. pagodifolia
1935. Q. falcata var. leucophylla
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Cherrybark oak, Cherry-bark oak |
N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 ARS Trop. Images, wsp |
Quercus sect. Lobatae hybrids
These are the naturally-occurring red oak hybrids found in New York State.
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Quercus sect. Lobatae | Red oak hybrids | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Sarg. Quercus marilandica × Quercus velutina |
Bush's oak, Hybrid of blackjack oak & black oak |
Native, Threatened, Impersistent |
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NYFA-2 USDA-N0 Images, wsp |
W.T. Davis (pro sp.) Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus marilandica |
Britton's oak, Hybrid of scrub oak & blackjack oak |
Native, Endangered |
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NYFA-1? Images, wsp |
Trel. Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus velutina |
Rehder's oak, Hybrid of scrub oak & black oak |
Native, Endangered |
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NYFA-1? USDA-N0 Images, wsp |
Sudw. Quercus rubra × Quercus velutina Quercus × hawkinsi Sudw. Quercus × hawkinsii Sudw. Quercus × porteri Trelease illeg. |
Hawkins' oak, Hybrid of red oak & black oak Chêne de Hawkins |
Native, Endangered |
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NYFA-1? USDA-NN Can ITIS Images, wsp |
Britton (pro sp.) Quercus marilandica × Quercus phellos Quercus × dubia Ashe |
Rudkin's oak, Hybrid of blackjack oak & willow oak |
Native, Endangered |
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ITIS Images, wsp |
Little Quercus phellos × Quercus velutina |
Varileaf oak, Hybrid of willow oak & black oak |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-U USDA-N0 Images, wsp |
Michx.f. Quercus phellos × Quercus rubra Quercus × hollickii Schneid. |
Variable-leaved oak, Hybrid of willow oak & red oak |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-U USDA-N0 Images, wsp |
Quercus sect. Cerris
The potentially invasive Asian sawtooth oak has not been listed as naturalized in New York, but it is distributed as a "conservation" tree in the state, and has been listed as naturalized in Pennsylvania. It is reported as invasive in Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Georgia.
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Quercus sect. Cerris | Turkish oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Carruth. |
Sawtooth oak
Sawhorn oak
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Introduced from Asia, Potentially invasive, Cultivated, Not naturalized, NPS IPA |
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NYFA-0 USDA-X0 ARS BNA Images, wsp |
Tribe Castaneeae
Castanea
![]() Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American chestnut |
Castanea | Chestnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Marsh.) Borkh. 1785. Fagus dentata Marshall (i) 1800. C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh. 1803. C. vesca var. americana 1817. C. americana (Michx.) Raf. |
American chestnut, Chestnut Châtaignier d'Amérique |
Native, C:6, Likely secure UPL Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp Note: [1] |
(L.) Mill. 1768. Fagus pumila L. 1768. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. 1818. Castanea alnifolia Nutt |
Chinquapin
Chinkapin
Dwarf chestnut
Allegheny chinquapin
|
N. America native, Unranked UPL |
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NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp |
Siebold & Zucc. |
Japanese chestnut
Korean chestnut
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Introduced, Unk. naturalization |
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NYFA-Xu USDA-X0 BBG Images, wsp |
Mill. Castanea vesca Castanea vulgaris |
European chestnut | Introduced from Europe, Impersistent, Not naturalized |
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NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT Images, wsp |
Castanea (excluded taxa) | Chestnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Blume |
Chinese chestnut
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Introduced, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 NPT Images, wsp |
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Subfamily Fagoideae
Fagus
![]() American beech (Fagus grandifolia)
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Fagus | Beech | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Ehrh. 1788. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
1789. Fagus ferruginea Aiton
1826. Fagus americana Sweet
1907. Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana
1940. Fagus grandifolia ssp. heterophylla
|
American beech Hêtre américain |
Native, Secure |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. Images, wsp |
L. 1753. Fagus sylvatica L.
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European beech | Introduced from Eurasia |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS Trop. Images, wsp |
Family Myricaceae
The Myricaceae Blume 1829 (bayberry family) contains the bayberry, sweetgale, and sweet-fern species.[1]
Robert L. Wilbur (1994) recommended splitting Myrica (bayberry and sweetgale), moving most of the bayberry species to Morella and leaving sweetgale in Myrica. He also expressed doubt about whether the two eastern North American bayberry species, M. pensylvanica and M. caroliniensis, were distinct enough to be considered separate species.[2] In 2002, Wilbur made the recommendation that the two eastern North American bayberry species should be treated as a single species, Morella caroliniensis.[3]
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Comptonia
Comptonia L’Hér. 1789 | Sweet-fern | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) J.M.Coult. 1753. Liquidambar peregrina L. 1753. Myrica aspleniifolia L. 1763. Liquidambar aspleniifolia (L.) L. 1789. Comptonia aspleniifolia (L.) L’Hér. 1891. Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze 1894. Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult. |
Sweet fern, Fern gale Comptonie voyageuse, Comptonie à feuilles d'asplénie |
Native, C:6, Secure Perennial, Shrub, subshrub |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp |
Myrica
Myrica L. 1754 | Sweetgale | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Myrica gale L. 1889. Gale palustris Chev. |
Sweet bayberry, Bog-myrtle, Sweet gale, Meadow-fern Myrique baumier, Bois-sent-bon |
Native, Secure, Circumoreal OBL Perennial, Shrub |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp |
Morella
Some sources, including the New York Flora Atlas, treat northern and southern bayberry as a single species. Other sources treat them separately. If treated as two distinct species, only northern baberry (Morella pensylvanica) is thought to be native or naturalized in New York. If treated as as single species, Morella caroliniensis would have priority as the species name.
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Morella Lour. 1790 | Bayberry | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Mirb.) Kartesz 1804. Myrica pensylvanica Mirb.
1919. Myrica macfarlanei Youngken
1937. Cerothamnus pensylvanicus Moldenke
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Northern bayberry, Candleberry, Waxberry, Tallow bayberry, Tallowshrub, Swamp candleberry, Candlewood Cirier de Pennsylvanie, Myrique de Pennsylvanie |
Native, C:7, Likely secure FAC Perennial, Shrub |
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NYFA-4 USDA-NN Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ MBG Images, wsp |
(Mill.) Small 1768. Myrica caroliniensis Mill. 1838. Myrica heterophylla Raf. 1903. Morella caroliniensis Small 1910. Cerothamnus caroliniensis Tidestr. |
Southern bayberry, Evergreen bayberry, Wax-myrtle, Small bayberry |
N. America native | ![]() |
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NYFA-4 USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA MBG Images, wsp |
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Family Juglandaceae
The New York members of the Juglandaceae (walnut family) include about ten reported native walnut and hickory species, and a single non-native walnut species.[1] These trees are valuable both for their timber and nut production.
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Subfamily Juglandoideae
Both of the New York Juglandaceae tribes are placed in the Juglandoideae. Their fruits are similar in that they are composed of a nut surrounded by a fleshy outer covering so that they somewhat resemble a drupe
such as a peach or plum.
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Tribe Juglandeae
The Juglandeae in New York consist of the relatively common native black walnut and butternut (or white walnut) trees.
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Juglans
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) may not be native to all parts of New York. It was once a dominant tree in the midwest and southeast, and was probably cultivated by Native Americans in parts of the state where it didn't occur naturally.
Most butternut (Juglans cinerea) trees in the state appear to have been infected by the butternut canker (the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum) . Some naturalized "English" and possibly "Japanese" walnut trees have also been found in the southeastern part of the state. |
Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon | Black walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Juglans nigra L. 1861. Wallia nigra (L.) Alef. |
Black walnut, American walnut Noyer noir, Noyer noir d'Amérique |
Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp |
Juglans sect. Trachycaryon | White walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1759. Juglans cinerea L. 1861. Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef. |
Butternut, White walnut Noyer cendré, Arbre à noix longues, Noix tendre |
Native, Likely secure FACU |
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NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp |
Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon | Asian walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Carrière 1872. Juglans sieboldiana Maxim. 1878. Juglans ailantifolia Carrière |
Japanese walnut, Siebold walnut, Onigurumi, Heartnut Noyer du Japon |
Introduced from temperate Asia, No specimens |
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NYFA-X0 USDA-X NPT Can ARS ITIS Images, wsp |
Juglans | Hybrid walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Rehder Juglans ailantifolia × Juglans cinerea 1921. Juglans × bixbyi Rehder |
Bixby's walnut, Buart, Buartnut, Hybrid of butternut & Japanese walnut |
Introduced, No specimens |
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NYFA-X0 USDA-X0 NPT ITIS Trop. Images, wsp |
Juglans sect. Juglans (excluded taxa) | Eurasian walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Juglans regia L. 1906. Juglans duclouxiana Dode 1906. Juglans falax Dode 1906. Juglans sinensis (C.DC.) Dode 1906. Juglans kamaonica (C.DC.) Dode 1906. Juglans orientis Dode |
English walnut, Persian walnut, Common walnut, Black sea walnut, Madeira-nut Noyer commun |
Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp |
Tribe Caryeae
Carya
North American hickories (Carya) are often divided into two groups: the true hickories (sect. Carya) and the pecan hickories (sect. Apocarya). Section Apocarya contains the pecan hickories, including pecan (Carya illinoinensis), water hickory (C. aquatica), and nutmeg hickory (C. myristiciformis). The wood of the trees in this section is generally considered to be a bit less dense and softer than that of the true hickories.[1] The only member of sect. Apocarya found in New York is bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). Section Carya contains the true hickories.
Recent molecular data does not strictly support using those two groupss[2]
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Carya sect. Apocarya | Pecan hickories | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Wangenh.) K. Koch (1869) 1787. Juglans cordiformis 1869. Carya cordiformis Hicoria cordiformis Hicoria minima |
Bitternut hickory, Swamp hickory Caryer cordiforme, Caryer amer |
Native, Secure FAC-FACU |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Images, wsp |
Carya sect. Carya | True hickories | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Mill.) K.Koch var. ovata 1768. Juglans ovata Miller 1869. Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch Hicoria alba p.p. 1888. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton |
Shagbark hickory, Shellbark hickory, Upland hickory Caryer ovale |
Native, Secure FACU-FACU |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp |
(Mill.) Sweet 1768. Juglans glabra Mill.
1787. Juglans ovalis Wangenh.
1813. Juglans pyriformis Muhl., nom. nud.
1826. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet
1913. Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg.
1969. Carya glabra var. odorata
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Pignut hickory
Sweet pignut
Red hickory
False shagbark
Small pignut
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Native, Secure FACU-FACU |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp |
(Poir.) Nutt. 1753. Juglans alba L. p.p. 1798. Juglans tomentosa Poir. in Lam. 1818. Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. 1818. Carya alba (L.) Nutt 1838. Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf. 1869. Carya alba (L.) K. Koch 1888. Hicorius alba Britton |
Mockernut hickory, Big-bud hickory, White-heart hickory, White hickory, Square-nut hickory |
Native, Secure |
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NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp Note: [1] |
(Michx. f.) G. Don Hicoria laciniosa |
Shellbark hickory, Kingnut, Big shellbark hickory, Shagbark hickory |
Native, Threatened FACW-FAC |
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NYFA-2 USDA-NN ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp |
Sarg. Carya laciniosa × Carya ovata 1922. Carya × dunbarii Sarg. |
Dunbar's hickory, Hybrid of Shellbark hickory & Shagbark hickory |
Native, Unranked Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-U USDA-N0 ARS Images, wsp |
Sarg. Carya cordiformis × Carya ovata 1913. Carya × Laneyi Sarg. |
Laney's hickory, Hybrid of Bitternut hickory & Shagbark hickory |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-U USDA-NN ARS ITIS Images, wsp |
Carya cordiformis × laciniosa Carya cordiformis × Carya laciniosa |
Hybrid of Bitternut hickory & Shellbark hickory |
N. America native, No reports |
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Images, wsp |
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Family Betulaceae
The Betulaceae (birch family) contains the alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), hornbeam (Carpinus), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya), and hazel (Corylus) trees and shrubs.[1]
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Subfamily Betuloideae
The Betuloideae contains the alders and birches.
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Alnus
![]() Alnus incana speckled alder |
Alnus | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T.Clausen 1771. Betula alnus var. rugosa Du Roi 1784. Betula rugosa (Du Roi) Ehrh. 1826. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. 1861. Alnus incana var. americana 1945. Alnus rugosa var. americana 1949. Alnus incana ssp. rugosa 1955. Alnus americana (Regel) Czerep. |
Speckled alder, Tag alder, Swamp alder Aulne blanchâtre |
Native, C:5, Secure FACW-FACU Perennial, Shrub-tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS FNA Images, wsp |
(Aiton) Willd. 1789. Betula serrulata Aiton 1805. Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. 1904. Alnus noveboracensis Britton 1945. Alnus serrulata var. subelliptica 1967. Alnus incana var. serrulata auct. Alnus rubra non (DuRoi) Spreng |
Smooth alder, Hazel alder, Brookside alder, Brook-side alder Aulne tendre, Aulne blanc, Aulne serrulé |
Native, C:6, Secure OBL Perennial, Shrub-tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp |
(Ehrh.) K. Koch ssp. crispa (Aiton) Raus 1789. Betula crispa Aiton
1813. Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh
1904. Alnus alnobetula var. crispa
1962. Alnus viridis ssp. crispa
1964. Duschekia crispa (Aiton) Pouzar
2011. Alnus alnobetula ssp. crispa
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Green alder, Mountain alder, American green alder Aulne vert crispé, Aulne crispé, Aulne tardif |
Native, C:9, Vulnerable FAC Perennial, Shrub-tree |
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NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp |
Callier Alnus incana ssp. rungosa × Alnus serrulata 1911. Alnus × fallacina Callier
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Deceptive alder, Hybrid of speckled alder & smooth alder |
Native, Endangered |
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NYFA-1? USDA-N0 NPT ITIS Trop. Images, wsp |
(L.) Gaertn. 1753. Betula alnus L. 1753. Betula alnus var. glutinosa L. 1757. Alnus vulgaris Hill 1790. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 1913. Alnus alnus (L.) Britton nom. illeg. |
European alder, Black alder, European black alder Aulne glutineux, Aulne noir |
Introduced from Eurasia, n. Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 64%[1], CP-3[2] |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS FNA Images, wsp |
Alnus (potential hybrids) | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Alnus glutinosa × serrulata |
Hybrid of European alder & smooth alder |
Introduced, No specimens |
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NPT Images, wsp |
Alnus (excluded taxa) | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Moench ssp. incana 1794. Alnus incana (L.) Moench p.p.
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Gray alder | Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-EXCLD ARS Images, wsp |
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Betula
Betula (ˈbech-ə-lə) in New York consists of about nine native species of birch trees, at least two native hybrids, and a single non-native, naturalized species.
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Betula subg. Betulenta
![]() Palustrine forest of hemlocks, sweet birches (Betula lenta), and yellow birches (Betula alleghaniensis) along Fall Creek, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. |
Betula L. 1753 subg. Betulenta | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Britton 1811. Betula lutea F.Michx. nom. illeg. 1904. Betula alleghaniensis Britton 1922. B. lutea var. macrolepis 1949. B. lutea var. alleghaniensis 1966. B. alleghaniensis var. fallax 1966. B. alleghaniensis var. macrolepis |
Yellow birch Bouleau jaune, Bouleau des Alléghanys, Merisier |
Native, C:7, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp |
L. 1753. Betula lenta L. |
Black birch, Sweet birch, Cherry birch Bouleau flexible, Merisier rouge |
Native, C:6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS LBJ Images, wsp |
Betula subg. Betula
![]() Betula populifolia gray birch |
Betula L. 1753 subg. Betula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Marshall 1785. Betula populifolia Marshall |
Gray birch, White birch, Fire birch Bouleau à feuilles de peuplier, Bouleau gris |
Native, C:4, Secure Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT FNA Trop. Images, wsp |
Marshall 1785. Betula papyrifera Marshall
1789. B. papyracea Aiton
1841. B. alba var. papyrifera
1919. B. papyrifera var. elobata
1945. B. papyrifera var. commutata
1945. B. papyrifera var. pensilis |
Paper birch, Canoe birch, White birch |
Native, C:5, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Trop. Images, wsp |
Regel 1861. Betula cordifolia Regel
1901. B. papyrifera var. cordifolia [1]
1902. B. alba var. cordifolia
1982. B. papyrifera ssp. cordifolia |
Mountain paper birch, Mountain white birch, Heart-leaved birch, Heart-leaved paper birch |
Native, C:7, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT Can FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp |
Blanch. (pro sp.) Betula cordifolia × Betula populifolia 1904. Betula caerulea-grandis Blanch. 1904. Betula caerulea Blanch. |
Blue birch, Hybrid of Mountain paper birch & Gray birch Bouleau bleu |
Native, Endangered |
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NYFA-1? USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp Note: [2] |
Roth 1788. Betula pendula Roth 1789. Betula alba var. pendula 1790. Betula verrucosa Ehrh. |
Weeping birch, Silver birch, European white birch, European weeping birch Bouleau verruqueux, Bouleau pendant, Bouleau pleureur, Bouleau blanc d'Europe |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Canada & Alaska??, Naturalized FACU Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp |
Betula subg. Betula (excluded taxa) | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Betula nana L.
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Alpine birch, Dwarf birch, Arctic dwarf birch |
N. America native Canada & Alaska, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD ARS Images, wsp |
Ehrh. ssp. pubescens Betula alba |
Downy birch | Introduced, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Images, wsp |
Sukaczev Betula latifolia |
Asian white birch | Introduced, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-X Images, wsp |
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Betula subg. Neurobetula
Although somewhat rare in New York and native to bottomlands, especially in the Hudson Valley, river birch is also planted as a popular landscape tree in other parts of the state.
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Betula L. 1753 subg. Neurobetula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Betula nigra L. 1812. Betula rubra F.Michx. |
River birch, Red birch, Black birch |
Native, C:8, Rare FACW Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-3 USDA-N0 NPT FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp |
Betula subg. Chamaebetula
![]() Betula pumila bog birch |
Betula L. 1753 subg. Chamaebetula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1767. Betula pumila L. 1902. B. hallii Howell 1909. B. glandulifera (Regel) E. J. Butler |
Bog birch, Dwarf birch, Low birch, Swamp birch |
Native, C:9, Threatened, NYNHP: 2[1] OBL Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-2 USDA-NN ARS Images, wsp |
Michx. 1803. Betula glandulosa Michx. 1911. B. exilis Sukaczev |
Alpine birch, Tundra dwarf birch, Dwarf birch, Resin birch Bouleau glanduleux |
Native, C:10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[2] OBL Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-1 USDA-NN ARS FNA Images, wsp |
(Tuck.) Fernald 1843. Betula papyracea var. minor 1890. B. papyrifera var. minor 1902. B. alba var. minor 1945. B. minor Fernald 1966. B. pubescens ssp. minor 1976. B. saxophila Lepage |
Dwarf white birch, Dwarf birch Bouleau mineur |
Native, C:10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[3] Perennial, Tree |
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NYFA-1 USDA-NN FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp | |
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Betula inter-subgeneric hybrids
Betula L. 1753 | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Britton (pro sp.) Betula papyrifera × Betula pumila 1904. Betula sandbergii Britton 1957. Betula × neoborealis Lepage |
Sandberg's birch, Northern birch, Hybrid of Paper birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Sandberg |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp |
Betula L. 1753 (excluded taxa) | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
C.K.Schneid. Betula alleghaniensis × Betula pumila 1904. Betula purpusii C.K.Schneid. 1904. Betula purpusii var. typica nom. inval. |
Purpus' birch, Hybrid of Yellow birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Purpus |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-U USDA-NN Can ARS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp |
Lepage Betula glandulosa × Betula minor 1952. Betula × dutillyi Lepage |
Dutilly's birch, Hybrid of Tundra dwarf birch & Dwarf white birch Bouleau de Dutilly |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-D USDA-0N Can Images, wsp |
Lepage Betula populifolia × Betula pumila 1957. Betula × raymundii Lepage |
Raymund's birch, Hybrid of Gray birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Raymund |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-D USDA-0N Can Trop. IPN Images, wsp |
Betula alleghaniensis × papyrifera Betula alleghaniensis × Betula papyrifera |
Un-named, Hybrid of Yellow brirch & Paper birch |
Native, Unranked |
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NYFA-D Images, wsp |
Subfamily Coryloideae
The Coryloideae subfamily of the birch family generally includes the hornbeam (Carpineae) and hazel (Coryleae) tribes.
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Tribe Carpineae
The Carpineae comprise the hornbeams (Carpinus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya). A single species of each is native to New York.
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Ostrya
![]() Ostrya virginiana American hophornbeam
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Ostrya | Hop-hornbean | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Mill.) K.Koch 1768. Carpinus virginiana Mill. 1873. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch |
Eastern hop-hornbeam, American hophornbeam, Ironwood Ostryer de Virginie, Bois de fer |
Native, Secure |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS Images, wsp |
Carpinus
![]() Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam |
Carpinus | Hornbeam | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Walter ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow 1785. C. betulus var. virginiana
1893. C. virginiana Sudw. non Miller 1768
1935. C. caroliniana var. virginiana
1987. C. caroliniana ssp. virginiana
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American hornbeam, Musclewood, Blue beech, Muscle tree, Ironwood Charme de Virginie, Bois de fer |
Native, Secure |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp |
L. 1753. C. betulus L.
1940. C. caucasica Grossh.
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European hornbeam | Introduced from Eurasia, Unk. naturalization |
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NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS Images, wsp |
Carpinus (excluded taxa) | Hornbeam | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Walter ssp. caroliniana 1788. C. caroliniana Walter
1803. C. americana Michx.
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American hornbeam, Blue beech, Musclewood, Ironwood Charme de Caroline |
N. America native southern US, N.Y. excluded |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp |
Tribe Coryleae
Corylus
Corylus contains the hazelnut shrubs and trees, which are not at all closely related to witchhazel.
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Corylus | Hazelnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Marshall ssp. cornuta 1785. Corylus cornuta Marshall 1789. Corylus rostrata Aiton 1940. C. cornuta var. megaphylla |
Beaked hazelnut, Beaked hazel, Beaked filbert Noisetier à long bec, Coudrier à long bec |
Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp |
Walter 1788. Corylus americana Walter 1864. C. americana var. missouriensis 1916. C. americana var. altior 1935. C. americana var. indehiscens |
American hazelnut, American hazel, American filbert Noisetier d'Amérique |
Native, C:6, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade |
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NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. LBJ Images, wsp |
Corylus (excluded taxa) | Hazelnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Corylus avellana L. |
European hazelnut, European hazel, Common filbert Noisetier commun, Coudrier, Avelline |
Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded FACU Perennial, Shrub |
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NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Can ARS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp |
← Cucurbitales |
Flora of New York — Fagales | → Geraniales | |||
Table of contents |
Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||