• has additional meanings in the language of about 250 million native speakers of Russian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘congratulatory letter’ is shared by R. адрес, поздравительное послание.
• The meaning ‘address’ (адреса) is attested in R. адрес.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 323.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Slovak;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘whiteness’ is shared by R. белизна, Cr. bjelina, Bo. bjelina, Sb. белина, Mk. белина, Bg. белина.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘linen, laundry’ is shared by Blr. бялізна, Pol. bielizna, Slk. bielizeň.

• is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Bulgarian;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 258 million speakers of Russian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘defect, flaw’ is shared by R. брак, Pol. brak.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘rejects, refuse, waste’ is shared by R. брак, Pol. brak, Bg. брак.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘lack, want, shortage’ is shared by Pol. brak.
• The meaning ‘marriage’ (шлюб) is attested in R. брак, Cr. brak, Bo. brak, Sb. брак, Mk. брак, Bg. брак.

• is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 296 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘roll, white bread’ is shared by R. булка, Blr. булка, Pol. bułka.
• The meaning ‘bride’ (наречена) is attested in Bg. булка.
• The meaning ‘young woman’ (молодиця) is attested in Bg. булка.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 16 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak;
• is a true friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘exit’ is shared by R. выход, Blr. выхад, Cz. východ, Slk. východ.
• The meaning ‘east’ (схід) is attested in Cz. východ, Slk. východ.

• is a complete false friend for about 35.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian;
• is a true friend for about 304 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘enemy’ is shared by R. враг, Blr. вораг, Pol. wróg, Mk. враг, Bg. враг.
• The meaning ‘devil, demon’ (чорт) is attested in Sln. vrag, Cr. vrag, Bo. vrag, Sb. враг, Mk. враг.
• The meaning ‘murderer’ (вбивця) is attested in Cz. vrah, Slk. vrah.
• The meaning ‘slyboots, smartie’ (хитрун) is attested in Mk. враг.

• is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian;
• is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘crop’ (

) is shared by Pol.  .

• The Ukrainian meaning ‘beauty’ is shared by Pol. uroda.
• The meaning ‘malformed person’ (виродок) is attested in R. урод.
• The meaning ‘monster’ (потвора) is attested in R. урод.

• is a complete false friend for about 288 million native speakers of Russian, Polish;
• is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘pumpkin’ is shared by Blr. гарбуз.
• The meaning ‘watermelon’ (кавун) is attested in R. арбуз, Pol. arbuz.

• is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 266 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘dialect’ is shared by R. говор, Blr. гаворка, Bg. говор.
• The meaning ‘talking’ (поголос) is attested in R. говор, Blr. гаворка.
• The meaning ‘speech’ (мова, промова) is attested in Cr. govor, Bo. govor, Sb. говор, Bg. говор.
• The meaning ‘noise’ (шум, галас) is attested in Pol. gwar.

• is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian;
• is a true friend for about 62 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘hour’ is shared by Blr. гадзіна, Pol. godzina, Cz. hodina, Slk. hodina.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘time, hour (poet.)’ (година, час) is shared by R. година, Blr. гадзіна, час, Pol. godzina, czas, Cz. hodina, čas, Slk. hodina, čas.
• The meaning ‘year’ (рік) is attested in Cr. godina, Bo. godina, Sb. година, Mk. година, Bg. година.

• is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 6 million native speakers of Slovak;
• is a true friend for about 325.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Macedonian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘mountain’ is shared by R. гора, Blr. гара, Pol. góra, Cz. hora, Slk. hora, Sln. gora, Cr. gora, Bo. gora, Sb. гора.
• The meaning ‘forest’ (ліс) is attested in Slk. hora, Bg. гора.

• is a complete false friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘vegetable garden’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘town’ (місто) is attested in R. город, Blr. горад.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 335.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 35.5 million speakers of Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘to play (a game)’ is shared by R. играть, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati, Cr. igrati, Bo. igrati, Sb. играти, Mk. игра, Bg. играя.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘to play (music)’ is shared by R. играть, Blr. іграць, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati.
• The meaning ‘to play (theatre)’ (виконувати роль) is attested in R. играть, Blr. іграць, Pol. grać, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati, Mk. игра, Bg. играя.
• The meaning ‘to dance’ (танцювати) is attested in Blr. іграць, Pol. grać, Bo. igrati, Sb. играти, Mk. игра, Bg. играя.

• is a complete false friend for about 285.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Slovak.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘railway station’ is shared by Pol. dworzec.
• The meaning ‘palace’ (палац) is attested in R. дворец, Blr. дварэц, Cr. dvorac, Bo. dvorac, Sb. дворац, Mk. дворец, Bg. дворец.

• is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Polish, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 271.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘sweet melon’ is shared by R. дыня, Sln. dinja, Cr. dinja, Bo. dinja, Sb. диња, Mk. диња.
• The meaning ‘watermelon’ (кавун) is attested in Bg. диня.
• The meaning ‘pumpkin’ (гарбуз) is attested in Pol. dynia.

• is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘positive’ is shared by Blr. дадатны, Pol. dodatni.
• The meaning ‘additional’ (додатковий) is attested in Cr. dodatni, Bo. dodatni, Sb. додатни.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 38 million speakers of Polish;
• is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘doctor, physician’ is shared by R. доктор, врач, Pol. doktor.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘habilitated doctor’ is shared by R. доктор наук.
• The meaning ‘PhD, DSc’ (кандидат наук) is attested in Pol. doktor.

• is a complete false friend for about 46 million native speakers of Polish, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘thought’ is shared by R. дума (arch.), мысль, Blr. думка, дума.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘East Slavonic folk song’ is shared by R. дума, Blr. дума.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘parliament’ is shared by R. дума, Blr. дума.
• The meaning ‘word’ (слово) is attested in Bg. дума.
• The meaning ‘pride’ (гордість) is attested in Pol. duma.

• is a complete false friend for about 43.5 million native speakers of Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 296 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish;
• is a true friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘belly, body’ is shared by R. живот, Blr. жывот, Pol. brzuch, żywot, Sln. život.
• The meaning ‘life’ (життя) is attested in R. живот (arch.), жизнь, Blr. жывот (arch.), жыццё, Pol. żywot, życie, Ka. żëwot, żëcé, Cz. život, Slk. život, Cr. život, Bo. život, Sb. живот, Mk. живот, Bg. живот.

• is a complete false friend for about 277.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 6 million native speakers of Slovak;
• is a true friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘rye’ is shared by Pol. żyto, Cz. žito, Slk. žito, raž.
• The meaning ‘grain, cereals, (Br.) corn’ (збіжжя) is attested in R. жито, Sln. žito, Cr. žito, Bo. žito, Sb. жито.
• The meaning ‘wheat’ (пшениця) is attested in Slk. pšenica, žito, Bg. жито.

• is a complete false friend for about 296 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 45.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘woman’ is shared by Cz. žena, Slk. žena, Sln. žena, ženska, Cr. žena, Bo. žena, Sb. жена, Mk. жена, Bg. жена.
• The meaning ‘wife’ (дружина) is attested in R. жена, Blr. жонка, Pol. żona, Cz. žena, Slk. žena, Sln. žena, Cr. žena, Bo. žena, Sb. жена, Mk. жена, Bg. жена.

• is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘woman’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘little woman’ (жіночка) is attested in Cz. žínka.
• The meaning ‘washrag’ (ганчірка) is attested in Cz. žínka.

• is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘to hit into’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘to forget’ (забути) is attested in R. забыть.

• is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘delight’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘conquest, capture’ (загарбання) is attested in R. захват.

• is a complete false friend for about 260 million native speakers of Russian, Czech;
• is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘April’ is shared by Pol. kwiecień.
• The meaning ‘pollen’ (пилок) is attested in R. цветень.
• The meaning ‘May’ (травень) is attested in Cz. květen.

• is a complete false friend for about 288 million native speakers of Russian, Polish.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘cat’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘whale’ (кит) is attested in R. кит.
• The meaning ‘putty, cement’ (замазка) is attested in Pol. kit.

• is a complete false friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech;
• is a true friend for about 275.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘prince, duke’ is shared by R. князь, Blr. князь, Cr. knez, Bo. knez, Sb. кнез.
• The meaning ‘priest’ (священник, піп) is attested in Pol. ksiądz, Cz. kněz.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 341.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘country’ is shared by Pol. kraj.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘edge’ is shared by R. край, Blr. край, Cz. kraj, Slk. kraj, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Bg. край.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘end’ is shared by Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Mk. крај, Bg. край.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘region’ is shared by R. край, Blr. край, Cz. kraj, Slk. kraj, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Mk. крај, Bg. край.

• is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian;
• is a true friend for about 274 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘armchair’ is shared by R. кресло, Blr. крэсла, Cz. křeslo, Slk. kreslo, Bg. кресло.
• The meaning ‘chair’ (стілець) is attested in Blr. крэсла, Pol. krzesło.

• is a complete false friend for about 6 million native speakers of Croatian;
• is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘July’ is shared by Blr. ліпень, Pol. lipiec.
• The meaning ‘June’ (червень) is attested in Cr. lipanj.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 327.5 million speakers of Russian, Polish, Kashubian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 14 million native speakers of Belarusian, Slovak.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘letter’ is shared by Blr. ліст, пісьмо, Pol. list, Ka. lëst, Slk. list.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘sheet of paper’ is shared by R. лист, Blr. ліст, аркуш, Cz. list, Slk. list, Sln. list, Cr. list, Bo. list, Sb. лист, Mk. лист, Bg. лист.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘leaf’ is shared by R. лист, Blr. ліст, Ka. lëst, Cz. list, Slk. list, Sln. list, Cr. list, Bo. list, Sb. лист, Mk. лист, Bg. лист.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 6 million native speakers of Croatian;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 283.5 million speakers of Russian, Upper Sorbian, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 58 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovenian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘November’ is shared by Blr. лістапад, Pol. listopad, USo. listopad, Cz. listopad, Sln. listopad.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘falling of leaves’ is shared by R. листопад, Blr. лістапад, Pol. listopad, Cz. listopad, Slk. listopad, Sln. listopad, Cr. listopad, Bo. listopad, Sb. листопад, Mk. листопад, Bg. листопад.
• The meaning ‘October’ (жовтень) is attested in Cr. listopad.

• is a complete false friend for about 18 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘hospital’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘chemist’s, pharmacy’ (аптека) is attested in Cz. lékárna, Slk. lekáreň, Sln. lekarna.

• is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 304 million native speakers of Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak;
• is a true friend for about 35.5 million native speakers of Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘summer’ is shared by R. лето, Blr. лета, Pol. lato, Cz. léto, Slk. leto, Cr. ljeto, Bo. ljeto, Sb. лето, Mk. лето, Bg. лято.
• The meaning ‘year (in the sg.)’ (рік) is attested in Sln. leto.
• The meaning ‘year (in the plural), e.g. 30 years’ (рік (30 років)) is attested in R. лето (30 лет), Pol. lato (30 lat), Cz. léto (30 lét), Slk. leto (30 let), Sln. leto (30 let).

• has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• is a true friend for about 288 million native speakers of Polish, Russian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘to like’ is shared by R. любить, Pol. lubić, Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘to love’ is shared by R. любить, Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити.
• The meaning ‘to kiss’ (цілувати) is attested in Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 10 million native speakers of Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 331.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘mass’ is shared by R. масса, Blr. маса, Pol. masa, Cz. masa, Slk. masa, Sln. masa, Cr. masa, Bo. masa, Sb. маса, Mk. маса, Bg. маса.
• The meaning ‘table’ (стіл) is attested in Mk. маса, Bg. маса.

• is a complete false friend for about 54 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian;
• is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘womb, uterus’ is shared by R. матка, Blr. матка, Mk. матка, Bg. матка.
• The meaning ‘mother’ (мати) is attested in Blr. матка, Pol. matka, Cz. matka, Slk. matka.
• The meaning ‘dam, female animal’ (самиця) is attested in R. матка, Blr. матка, Pol. matka.
• The meaning ‘nut (to screw on a bolt)’ (гайка) is attested in Cz. matka.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘honey’ is shared by R. мёд, Bg. мед.
• The meaning ‘copper’ (мідь) is attested in Bg. мед.

• is a complete false friend for about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian;
• is a true friend for about 276 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Czech, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘sword’ is shared by R. меч, Blr. меч, Cz. meč, Mk. меч, Bg. меч.
• The meaning ‘match, game’ (матч) is attested in Pol. mecz, Cr. meč, Bo. meč, Sb. меч, Mk. меч.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 313.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• is a true friend for about 28 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘man’ is shared by Cz. muž, Slk. muž, Sln. mož, moški, Mk. маж, Bg. мъж.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘husband’ (муж, чоловік) is shared by R. муж, Blr. муж, Pol. mąż, Cz. muž, Slk. muž, Sln. mož, Cr. muž, Bo. muž, Sb. муж, Mk. маж, Bg. мъж.

• is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 25.5 million native speakers of Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 339.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘sudden’ is shared by Blr. наглы (reg.), раптоўны, Pol. nagły, Cz. náhlý, Slk. náhly, Sln. nagel, Cr. nagao, Bo. nagao, Sb. нагао.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘naughty’ (нахабний, наглий) is shared by R. наглый, Bg. нагъл.
• The meaning ‘fast, quick’ (швидкий, бистрий) is attested in Sln. nagel.
• The meaning ‘vehement, hasty’ (різкий, поспішний) is attested in Slk. náhly, Sln. nagel, Cr. nagao, Bo. nagao, Sb. нагао, Mk. нагло.

• is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 312.0 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Kashu-bian, Czech, Slovak;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘to the right’ is shared by R. направо, Blr. направа, Pol. na prawo, Ka. w prawo, w prawą, Cz. napravo, Slk. napravo.
• The meaning ‘straight on’ (прямо) is attested in Cr. pravo, Bo. pravo, Sb. право, Mk. (на)право, Bg. (на) право.

• is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 23.5 million native speakers of Czech, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian;
• is a true friend for about 68 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘Sunday’ is shared by Blr. нядзеля, Pol. niedziela, Cz. neděle, Slk. nedeľa, Sln. nedelja, Cr. nedjelja, Bo. nedjelja, Sb. недеља, Mk. недела, Bg. неделя.
• The meaning ‘week’ (тиждень) is attested in R. неделя, Cz. týden, neděle, Bo. nedjelja, sedmica, Sb. недеља, седмица, Mk. недела.

• is a complete false friend for about 71.5 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘vegetables’ is shared by R. овощи.
• The meaning ‘fruits’ (фрукти) is attested in Pol. owoce, Cz. ovoce, Slk. ovocie, Cr. voće, Bo. voće, Sb. воће.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 250 million native speakers of Russian;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 288 million speakers of Russian, Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘volunteer’ is shared by R. охотник (редко), доброволец, Pol. ochotnik.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘amateur’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘hunter’ (мисливець) is attested in R. охотник.

• is a complete false friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 50,000 native speakers of Kashubian;
• is a true friend for about 264 million native speakers of Russian, Slovak, Bulgarian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘monument’ is shared by R. памятник, Ka. pamiãtnik, pomnik, Slk. pamätník, Bg. паметник.
• The meaning ‘diary’ (щоденник) is attested in Pol. pamiętnik, Ka. dniewnik, wspomnik, pamiãtnik.

• is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 55.5 million native speakers of Polish, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘bye-bye!’ (папа!) is shared by Pol. papa!, Cr. papa!, Bo. papa!, Sb. папа!.
• The meaning ‘dad’ (тато, тата) is attested in R. папа, Pol. papa.
• The meaning ‘the Pope’ (?) is attested in R. папа римский, Cr. papa, Bo. papa, Sb. папа.
• The meaning ‘cardboard, pasteboard’ (папка, тека) is attested in Pol. papa.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 295.5 million speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘pair’ is shared by R. пара, Blr. пара, Pol. para.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘a couple of, some’ is shared by R. пара, Blr. пара, Pol. parę.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘steam’ is shared by Blr. пара, Pol. para, Cz. pára, Slk. para, Sln. para, Cr. para, Bo. para, Sb. пара, Mk. пара, Bg. пара.

• is a complete false friend for about 295.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 46.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Kashubian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘south’ is shared by Blr. поўдзень, Pol. południe, Ka. pôłnié.
• The meaning ‘noon’ (полудень) is attested in R. полдень, Blr. поўдзень, Pol. południe, Ka. pôłnié, Cz. poledne, Slk. poludnie, Sln. poldan, Cr. podne, Bo. podne, Sb. подне, Mk. пладне, Bg. пладне.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 295.5 million speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘north’ is shared by Blr. поўнач, Pol. północ.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘midnight’ is shared by R. полночь, Blr. поўнач, Pol. północ, Cz. půlnoc, Slk. polnoc, Sln. polnoč, Cr. ponoć, Bo. ponoć, Sb. поноћ, Mk. полноќ, Bg. полунощ.

• is a complete false friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Serbian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘novel’ is shared by Pol. powieść.
• The meaning ‘novelette’ (коротка повість) is attested in R. повесть, Blr. аповесць, Mk. повест, Bg. повест.
• The meaning ‘history’ (історія) is attested in Cr. povijest, Bo. povijest.
• The meaning ‘fame, reputation’ (пошана, репутація) is attested in Cz. pověst, Slk. povesť.
• The meaning ‘legend’ (оповідання) is attested in Cz. pověst, Slk. povesť, Sln. povest.

• is a complete false friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Bulgarian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Macedonian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘surname’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘nickname’ (прізвисько) is attested in R. прозвище, Bg. прозвище.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 295.5 million speakers of Russian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘simple, simply’ is shared by R. просто, Blr. проста, Pol. prosto, Ka. prosto, Cz. prostě, Slk. proste, Sln. prosto, Cr. prosto, Bo. prosto, Sb. просто, Mk. просто, Bg. просто.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘straight on’ is shared by Blr. проста, прамо, наўпрост, Pol. prosto.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘professor’ is shared by R. профессор, Cr. profesor, Bo. profesor, Sb. професор.
• The meaning ‘university teacher’ (викладач) is attested in Cr. profesor, Bo. profesor, Sb. професор.
• The meaning ‘secondary school teacher ’ (викладач) is attested in Cr. profesor, Bo. profesor, Sb. професор.

• is a complete false friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 48 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Slovenian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘matter’ is shared by Blr. рэч, Pol. rzecz, Sln. reč.
• The meaning ‘word’ (слово) is attested in Cr. riječ, Bo. riječ, Sb. реч.
• The meaning ‘speech’ (мова) is attested in R. речь, Cz. řeč, Slk. reč, Mk. реч, Bg. реч.

• is a complete false friend for about 287.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 54 million native speakers of Polish, Czech, Slovak.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘family’ is shared by Pol. rodzina, Cz. rodina, Slk. rodina.
• The meaning ‘motherland, home region’ (батьківщина) is attested in R. родина, Blr. радзіна, Bg. родина.
• The meaning ‘relations’ (рідня) is attested in Sln. rodbina, Cr. rodbina, Bo. rodbina, Sb. родбина, Mk. родбина.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian;
• is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Croatian, Bosnian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘Russian (of the people or the language)’ is shared by Blr. расейскі, рускі, Pol. rosyjski.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘Russian (of the country or the state)’ is shared by R. российский, Blr. расейскі, рускі, Pol. rosyjski.

• is a complete false friend for about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian;
• is a true friend for about 38 million native speakers of Polish.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘Ruthenian, East Slavic’ is shared by Blr. рускі, усходнеславянскі, Pol. ruski.
• The meaning ‘Russian’ (російський) is attested in R. русский, Blr. рускі, расейскі, Cr. ruski, Bo. ruski, Sb. руски.

• is a complete false friend for about 6 million native speakers of Croatian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian;
• is a true friend for about 48 million native speakers of Polish, Czech;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Belarusian, Slovak, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘August’ is shared by Pol. sierpień, Cz. srpen, Sln. veliki srpen.
• The meaning ‘July’ (липень) is attested in Sln. mali srpen, Cr. srpanj.

• is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 38 million native speakers of Polish;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 288 million speakers of Russian, Polish.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘storehouse’ is shared by R. склад, Pol. skład.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘composition’ is shared by Pol. skład.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘turn, habit, mentality’ is shared by R. склад.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘body, constitution’ is shared by R. склад.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘syllable’ is shared by R. склад (устар.), слог.
• The meaning ‘shop, store’ (крамниця, магазин) is attested in Pol. skład.
• The meaning ‘harmony’ (згода, гармонія) is attested in Cr. sklad, Bo. sklad, Sb. склад.

• is a complete false friend for about 40 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian;
• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 260 million speakers of Russian, Czech;
• is a true friend for about 50,000 native speakers of Kashubian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘cellar’ is shared by Ka. sklep, Cz. sklep.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘tomb, vault’ is shared by R. склеп, Ka. sklep.
• The meaning ‘decision’ (вирішення) is attested in Sln. sklep.
• The meaning ‘shop’ (крамниця, магазин) is attested in Pol. sklep.

• is a complete false friend for about 28 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Macedonian;
• is a true friend for about 313.6 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Kashu-bian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘Slovenian’ is shared by R. словенский, Blr. славенскі, Pol. słoweński, Ka. słowensczi, LSo. słowjeński, USo. słowjenski, Sln. slovenski, Cr. slovenski, Bo. slovenski, Bg. словенски.
• The meaning ‘Slovak’ (словацький) is attested in Cz. slovenský, Slk. slovenský.
• The meaning ‘Slavonic’ (слов’янський) is attested in Sb. словенски, Mk. словенски.

• is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• is a true friend for about 320 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Macedonian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘word’ is shared by R. слово, Blr. слова, Pol. słowo, Cz. slovo, Slk. slovo, Bg. слово.
• The meaning ‘letter (of the alphabet)’ (буква, літера) is attested in Cr. slovo, Bo. slovo, Sb. слово.
• The meaning ‘leave-taking, farewell’ (прощання) is attested in Sln. slovo.

• is a complete false friend for about 40 million native speakers of Polish, Slovenian;
• is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘sour cream’ is shared by R. сметана.
• The meaning ‘cream’ (вершки) is attested in Pol. śmietana, Sln. smetana.

• is a complete false friend for about 12 million native speakers of Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 329.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘table’ is shared by R. стол, Blr. стол, Pol. stół, Cz. stůl, Slk. stôl, Cr. stol, Bo. sto, Sb. сто.
• The meaning ‘chair’ (стілець) is attested in Sln. stol, Mk. стол, Bg. стол.
• The meaning ‘canteen’ (їдальня) is attested in Bg. стол.

• has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian;
• is a true friend for about 324 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘a hundred’ is shared by R. сто, Blr. сто, Pol. sto, Cz. sto, Slk. sto, Sln. sto, Cr. sto, Bo. sto, Sb. сто, Mk. сто, Bg. сто.
• The meaning ‘table’ (стіл) is attested in Cr. sto, Bo. sto, Sb. сто.

• is a complete false friend for about 37.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian;
• is a true friend for about 304.0 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Kashu-bian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘capital’ is shared by R. столица, Blr. сталіца, Pol. stolica, Ka. stolëca, Bg. столица.
• The meaning ‘chair’ (стілець) is attested in Cz. stolice, Slk. stolica, Cr. stolica, Bo. stolica, Sb. столица, Mk. столица.
• The meaning ‘professorship’ (кафедра) is attested in Sln. stolica.

• is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 45.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 38.0 million native speakers of Polish, Kashubian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘side’ is shared by Pol. strona, Ka. strona, Cz. strana, Slk. strana, Sln. stran, Cr. strana, Bo. strana, Sb. страна, Mk. страна, Bg. страна.
• The meaning ‘country’ (країна) is attested in R. страна, Bg. страна.
• The meaning ‘cheek’ (щока) is attested in Bg. страна.
• The meaning ‘page’ (сторінка) is attested in Cz. strana, Slk. strana, Sln. stran, Cr. strana, Bo. strana, Sb. страна, Mk. страна.
• The meaning ‘political party’ (партія) is attested in Cz. strana, Slk. strana.

• is a complete false friend for about 6 million native speakers of Croatian;
• has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘May’ is shared by Sln. veliki traven.
• The meaning ‘April’ (квітень) is attested in Sln. mali traven, Cr. travanj.

• is a complete false friend for about 271.5 million native speakers of Russian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• is a true friend for about 64 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘time’ is shared by Blr. час, Pol. czas, Cz. čas, Slk. čas, Sln. čas.
• The meaning ‘hour’ (година) is attested in R. час, Bo. čas, Sb. час, Mk. час, Bg. час.

• is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech;
• is a true friend for about 46 million native speakers of Belarusian, Polish;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘June’ is shared by Blr. чэрвень, Pol. czerwiec.
• The meaning ‘July’ (липень) is attested in Cz. červenec.

• is a complete false friend for about 252 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘husband’ is unique.
• The meaning ‘man, human being’ (людина) is attested in R. человек, Sln. človek.

• does not have all its Ukrainian meanings in the mother tongue of about 323.5 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Polish, Kashubian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian;
• does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Slovak, Slovenian.

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• The Ukrainian meaning ‘tyre’ is shared by R. шина, Blr. шына, Bg. шина.
• The Ukrainian meaning ‘rail’ is shared by Pol. szyna, Ka. szina, Cr. šina, Bo. šina, Sb. шина, Mk. шина.

There is no Ukrainian word like Blr. зрок, Cz. zrak, Slk. zrak, Sln. zrak, Cr. zrak, Bo. zrak, Sb. зрак, Mk. зрак.

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There is no Ukrainian word like Cr. šuma, Bo. šuma, Sb. шума, Mk. шума, Bg. шума.

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There is no Ukrainian word like Ka. rujan, Cz. říjen, Cr. rujan.

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There is no Ukrainian word like Pol. doba, Cz. doba, Slk. doba, Sln. doba, Cr. doba, Bo. doba, Sb. доба, Bg. доба.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. тыква, Cz. tykev, Sln. tikva, Cr. tikva, Bo. tikva, Sb. тиква, Mk. тиква, Bg. тиква.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. студень, Blr. студзень, Cr. studeni.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. вещь, Pol. wiec, Cz. věc, Slk. vec, Sln. več, Cr. već, Bo. već, Sb. већ, Bg. вещ.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. стул, Pol. stół, Cz. stůl.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. вредный, Pol. wredny, Sln. vreden, Cr. vrijedan, Bo. vrijedan, Sb. вредан, Mk. вреден, Bg. вреден.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. запомнить, Blr. запомніць, Pol. zapomnieć, Cz. zapomenout, Sln. zapomniti, Mk. запомни, Bg. запомня.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. майка, Blr. майка, Cr. majka, Bo. majka, Sb. мајка, Mk. мајка, Bg. майка.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. вещь, Pol. wieść, Cz. věc, Slk. vec, Sln. vešč, Cr. vješt, Bo. vješt, Sb. вешт, Mk. вешт, Bg. вещ.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. диван, Blr. дыван, Pol. dywan, Cz. divan, Slk. diván, Sln. divan, Cr. divan, Bo. divan, Sb. диван.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. покой, Blr. пакой, Pol. pokój, Ka. pòkùj, Cz. pokoj, Slk. pokoj, Sln. pokoj, Sb. покој, Mk. покој, Bg. покой.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. мрак, Cz. mrak, Slk. mrak, Cr. mrak, Bo. mrak, Sb. мрак.

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There is no Ukrainian word like R. существовать, Cr. suučestvovati, Bg. съществувам.

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More Ukrainian-Slavonic false friends:

• Михайло Петрович Кочерган. Словарь русско-украинских межъязыковых омонимов ("ложные друзья переводчика") - Словник російсько-українських міжмовних омонімів ("фальшиві друзі перекладача"). Київ 1997.

For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.

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