Whale Cove, Nunavut
Whale Cove (ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔪᐊᖅ in Inuktitut syllabics) (Tikiraqjuaq, meaning "long point"), is a hamlet located 74 km (46 mi) south southwest of Rankin Inlet, 145 km (90 mi) northeast of Arviat, in the Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada, on the western shore of Hudson Bay.
Whale Cove
ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔪᐊᖅ Tikirarjuaq | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Whale Cove  Whale Cove | |
| Coordinates: 62°10′15″N 092°34′40″W[1] | |
| Country | Canada |
| Territory | Nunavut |
| Region | Kivalliq |
| Electoral district | Arviat North-Whale Cove |
| Government | |
| • Type | Hamlet Council |
| • Mayor | Percy Kabloona |
| • Senior Administrative Officer | Brian Fleming |
| • MLA | John Main |
| Area (2021)[5] | |
| • Total | 273.89 km2 (105.75 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 40 m (130 ft) |
| Population (2021)[5] | |
| • Total | 470 |
| • Density | 1.7/km2 (4/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−06:00 (CST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−05:00 (CDT) |
| Canadian Postal code | |
| Area code | 867 |
| Website | http://www.whalecove.ca/ |
The community is named for the many beluga whales which congregate off the coast. Many of the inhabitants hunt these whales every fall and use their by-products for their oil and food. Whale Cove, initially settled by three distinct Inuit groups (one inland and two coastal), is a relatively traditional community: 95% Inuit,[7] who wear fur, hunt, fish, eat raw meat and fish. Several bowhead whales may appear in the area as well.[8] Whale Cove is on the polar bear migration route.
Local Inuit regularly travel by snowmobile in the winter or by boat in summer months between the hamlet of Rankin Inlet and Whale Cove, a distance of 100 km (62 mi). The terrain is Arctic tundra, this consists mostly of rocks, mosses and lichens.
History
Inuit in the Whale Cove area traded whale oil, baleen, furs, leather and walrus tusks with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) since the mid-18th century when the HBC established their trading post at Churchill, Manitoba.[9]
Relocations 1950s
In the 1950s and 1960s Inuit were relocated in a series of moves from one hamlet to another, some of them arriving in Whale Cove, a hamlet created by the federal government for these Inuit groups. Some came from Ennadai Lake via Arviat to Whale Cove, other came from Back River via Garry Lake then the Baker Lake area to Whale Cove. By the 1970s Inuit living in Whale Cove represented both coastal Inuit from Rankin Inlet and Arviat and different Caribou Inuit, hunters of barren-ground caribou from the Barren Grounds west of Hudson Bay, including the Ahiarmiut ("the out-of-the-way dwellers") or Ihalmiut ("people from beyond"), or on the banks of the Kazan River, Ennadai Lake, Little Dubawnt Lake (Kamilikuak), and north of Kugjuaq (officially Thlewiaza;[10] "Big River"), had been relocated in the 1950s Whale Cove and Henik Lake.[11][12][13][14][15] by the Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources (now Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada). Their hunting experience was based almost entirely on "inland caribou herds that had thinned by the 1950s and left many families hungry. Coastal dwelling Inuit from Rankin Inlet and Arviat were relocated to Whale Cove from nearby coastal communities in order to aid the inlanders in adapting to a marine subsistence economy."[16]
Ennadai Lake relocations 1950–1960s
In the late 1960s a famine swept the land. Inuit were forced to walk towards places like Arviat to escape the desperation. Survivors who couldn't walk were airlifted to Whale Cove, Baker Lake and Rankin Inlet.[17]
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1976 | 179 | — |
| 1981 | 188 | +5.0% |
| 1986 | 210 | +11.7% |
| 1991 | 235 | +11.9% |
| 1996 | 301 | +28.1% |
| 2001 | 305 | +1.3% |
| 2006 | 353 | +15.7% |
| 2011 | 407 | +15.3% |
| 2016 | 435 | +6.9% |
| 2021 | 470 | +8.0% |
| Source: Statistics Canada [5][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] | ||
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Whale Cove had a population of 470 living in 116 of its 128 total private dwellings, a change of 8% from its 2016 population of 435. With a land area of 273.89 km2 (105.75 sq mi), it had a population density of 1.7/km2 (4.4/sq mi) in 2021.[5]
Self-government
In 1973, the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (now Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami) initiated the Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project and anthropologist David Hoffman conducted fieldwork in Whale Cove as part of a team of experts contributing to this project.[27] The project under Milton Freeman,[28] documented the total Inuit land use area of the Northwest Territories, then stretching from the Mackenzie River to east Baffin Island, to provide information in support of the fact that Inuit have used and occupied this vast northern land since time immemorial and that they still use and occupy it to this day.
Economic development
Whale Cove companies and organizations, community and government services, the Kivalliq Inuit Association, Issatik Co-op, Nunavut Arctic College, Calm Air, Nolinor Aviation, Service Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Sakku Development Corp., Nunavut Development Corp, Agnico Eagle, The North West Company, Kivalliq Partners in Development and ED&T. made presentations at the first Economic Development Day held at the Inuglak School gymnasium, in Whale Cove on 20 September 2011.[29]
According to the Nunavut Planning Commission Whale Cove region's potential non-renewable resources include: "gold, diamonds, uranium, base metals, and nickel-copper platinum group elements (PGEs)".[30]
Broadband communications
The community has been served by the Qiniq network since 2005. Qiniq is a fixed wireless service to homes and businesses, connecting to the outside world via a satellite backbone. The Qiniq network is designed and operated by SSi Canada. In 2017, the network was upgraded to 4G LTE technology, and 2G-GSM for mobile voice. In September 2019, Bell Mobility established a data tower and provides high-speed mobile and internet connectivity within the community. Telus users will also receive coverage due to the Bell/TELUS cellular partnership.
Climate
Whale Cove features a cold tundra climate (“ET”), a polar climate sub-type under the Köppen climate classification; unlike most of southern Nunavut (most of which is usually a subarctic climate); with cold winters averaging around −23 °C (−9 °F), and cool, very wet and rainy summers averaging around 6.8 °C (44.2 °F); but temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) or above are possible. Winters run from October/November until April/May with temperatures averaging between −14.6 and −30.6 °C (5.7 and −23.1 °F). Summers run from June to September, and average temperatures range from 3.5 to 9.8 °C (38.3 to 49.6 °F). Summers are usually cool, wet, and rainy, but can be warm, with a record high of 29.0 °C (84.2 °F). Summers typically last four months.
| Climate data for Whale Cove (Whale Cove Airport) Climate ID: 2303986 coordinates 62°14′24″N 92°35′53″W; elevation: 12.2 m (40 ft); 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1985-2007 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | −5.9 | −6.3 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 14.4 | 23.3 | 28.4 | 27.5 | 21.5 | 7.1 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 28.4 |
| Record high °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
10.5 (50.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −27.1 (−16.8) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
13.5 (56.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −30.6 (−23.1) |
−29.3 (−20.7) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
4.3 (39.7) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −34.1 (−29.4) |
−33.0 (−27.4) |
−28.2 (−18.8) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
0.4 (32.7) |
5.9 (42.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−27.7 (−17.9) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.0 (−47.2) |
−47.5 (−53.5) |
−43.0 (−45.4) |
−36.0 (−32.8) |
−25.5 (−13.9) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−24.5 (−12.1) |
−34.0 (−29.2) |
−43.5 (−46.3) |
−47.5 (−53.5) |
| Record low wind chill | −63.8 | −68.9 | −61.1 | −48.4 | −34.7 | −16.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −16.9 | −39.6 | −53.6 | −59.3 | −68.9 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.1 (0.59) |
11.7 (0.46) |
17.2 (0.68) |
20.9 (0.82) |
16.9 (0.67) |
32.6 (1.28) |
39.0 (1.54) |
62.4 (2.46) |
51.6 (2.03) |
32.5 (1.28) |
29.6 (1.17) |
21.3 (0.84) |
350.6 (13.80) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (0.02) |
5.9 (0.23) |
25.2 (0.99) |
39.0 (1.54) |
62.4 (2.46) |
45.7 (1.80) |
9.1 (0.36) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
187.7 (7.39) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 16.0 (6.3) |
11.8 (4.6) |
18.0 (7.1) |
20.7 (8.1) |
11.0 (4.3) |
7.4 (2.9) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
6.0 (2.4) |
23.4 (9.2) |
30.6 (12.0) |
22.6 (8.9) |
167.5 (65.9) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 8.8 | 6.6 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 13.0 | 10.6 | 8.1 | 116.1 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 7.2 | 10.3 | 14.7 | 11.8 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 49.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 8.7 | 6.7 | 8.4 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 8.4 | 68.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 64.3 | 67.8 | 70.0 | 80.2 | 84.7 | 75.2 | 73.8 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 86.4 | 79.6 | 71.9 | 75.3 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010[31] | |||||||||||||
Notable people from Whale Cove
John Adjuk (1913 Back River -2006 Whale Cove) moved with his family to Whale Cove in March 1964 from the Baker Lake area. Originally from the Back River area (Chantrey Inlet) north of Baker Lake, living the traditional way of life on the land, he moved to the Garry Lake area. Following famine in the Garry Lake area, he was evacuated to Baker (Lake Qamanittuaq) in 1955. In 1955 they returned to Garry Lake but in early 1958 the family of five was evacuated to the community of Baker Lake when famine struck the land. The Hanningajurmiut, or Hanningaruqmiut, or Hanningajulinmiut ("the people of the place that lies across") lived at Garry Lake, south of the Utkuhiksalingmiut. Many Hanningajurmiut starved in 1958 when the caribou bypassed their traditional hunting grounds, but the 31 who survived were relocated to Baker. Most never returned permanently to Garry Lake.[32][Notes 1] In March, 1964, the Adjuk family, which now included six daughters, moved to Whale Cove because it was thought the hunting and fishing was better.[33]
Education
Nunavut Arctic College has a branch in Whale Cove.
Notes
- First generation Inuit artists such as Jessie Oonark, Marion Tuu'luq and camp leader Luke Anguhadluq (1895-1982) were also born in the Back River area of Nunavut and were evacuated to Baker Lake because of starvation in 1967.
Citations
- "Whale Cove". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- "Whale Cove". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- "Municipal Election Results 2019-2020" (PDF). Elections Nunavut. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- "2021 General Election" (PDF). Elections Nunavut. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nunavut". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- Elevation at airport. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
- "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table - Whale Cove, Hamlet (HAM), Nunavut, [Census subdivision]". 6 December 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- Cosens & Innes 2000.
- Welch & Payne 2012.
- "Thlewiaza River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- Mowat 2001, p. .
- Mowat 2005, p. 24.
- Madsen, Kirsten. "Project Caribou" (PDF). Whitehorse, Yukon Territory: Yukon Department of Environment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- "Remembering Kikkik". Nunatsiaq News. 21 June 2002. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
- Layman, Bill. "Nu-thel-tin-tu-eh and the Thlewiaza River". Horizons Unlimited. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
- Argetsinger 2009, p. 24.
- Steenhoven 1968.
- "1976 Census of Canada: Population - Geographic Distributions" (PDF). Statistics Canada. June 1977. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- "1981 Census of Canada: Census subdivisions in decreasing population order" (PDF). Statistics Canada. May 1992. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- "1986 Census: Population - Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions" (PDF). Statistics Canada. September 1987. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- "91 Census: Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions - Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 1992. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- "96 Census: A National Overview - Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 1997. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Nunavut)". Statistics Canada. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Nunavut)". Statistics Canada. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Nunavut)". Statistics Canada. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Nunavut)". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- Argetsinger 2009, p. 23.
- Freeman 1976.
- Greer 2011.
- "Whale Cove". Nunavut Planning Commission. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012.
- "Whale Cove A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 1 December 2022. Climate ID: 2303986. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- Tester & Kulchyski 2001.
- Kuehl 2002.
References
- Argetsinger, Timothy H. Aqukkasuk (2009). The Nature of Inuit Self-Governance in Nunavut Territory (PDF) (Thesis). Hanover, NH: Native American Studies, Dartmouth College.
- Cosens, Susan E.; Innes, Stuart (March 2000). "Distribution and Numbers of Bowhead Whales {Balaena mysticetus) in Northwestern Hudson Bay in August 1995". Artic. 53 (1): 36–41.
- Freeman, Milton (1976), Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project: A Report, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs
- Greer, Darrell (20 September 2011), Plenty to offer in Whale Cove: Community highlights services, workforce on special day, Northern News Services
- Kuehl, Gerald (2002), John Adjuk, retrieved 20 September 2013
- Mowat, Farley (2001). Walking on the land. South Royalton, Vt.: Steerforth Press. ISBN 1-58642-024-0. OCLC 45667705.
- Mowat, Farley (2005). No Man's River. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1692-4. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
- Steenhoven, Geert van den (Spring 1968). "Ennadai Lake People 1955". The Beaver.
- Tester, F.J.; Kulchyski, Peter (2001), Tammarniit (Mistakes), Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939-63, Vancouver: UBC Press, ISBN 978-0-7748-0452-3, retrieved 9 March 2008
- Welch, Deborah; Payne, Michael (2012), Whale Cove, Canadian Encyclopedia, archived from the original on 28 September 2013
Further reading
- Inuglak School (Whale Cove, Nunavut). The Lonely Inukshuk. Markham, Ont: Scholastic Book Fairs, 1999. ISBN 0-590-51650-7
- ITK (18 February 1971). "Transcript of First ITC Meeting". Toronto Ontario: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
- ITK (7 September 1985). "Elders Return To Ennadai Lake". Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- Serkoak, David (1985). "Ennadai Lake". Inuktitut Magazine.
- "Tuhaalruuqtut Ancestral Sounds". Virtual Museum of Canada. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2007.