2016 United States presidential election in Michigan

The 2016 United States presidential election in Michigan was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Michigan voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and his running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and her running mate Virginia Senator Tim Kaine. Michigan has 16 electoral votes in the Electoral College.[3]

Main article: 2016 United States presidential election
2016 United States presidential election in Michigan
November 8, 2016
Turnout63%Steady[1]
 
Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton
Party Republican Democratic
Home state New York New York
Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine
Electoral vote 16 0
Popular vote 2,279,543 2,268,839
Percentage 47.50% 47.27%
Results by county showing number of votes by size and candidates by color[2]
Treemap of the popular vote by county
Elections in Michigan
Federal government
U.S. President
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
State government
State elections
Gubernatorial elections
Attorney General elections
Secretary of State elections
Auditor General elections
State Senate elections
State House elections
Ballot proposals
1996
Proposal E
2004
Proposal 04-2
2006
Proposal 06-2
2008
Proposal 1
2012
Proposal 1
Proposal 2
Proposal 3
Proposal 4
Proposal 5
Proposal 6
2015
Proposal 1
2018
Proposal 1
Proposal 2
Proposal 3
2020
Proposal 1
Proposal 2
2022
Proposal 1
Proposal 2
Proposal 3
Detroit
Mayoral elections
Flint
Mayoral elections
Grand Rapids
Mayoral elections
Lansing
Mayoral elections

In the general election, Trump unexpectedly won Michigan by a narrow margin of 0.23%, with 47.50% of the total votes over Clinton's 47.27%. This is the narrowest margin of victory in Michigan's history in presidential elections, as well as the narrowest margin of any state in the 2016 election. Michigan was the last state to be called in the 2016 election with many networks calling its result around 2 weeks afterward. All of Michigan's 16 Electoral College votes were thus assigned to Trump. Trump's victory in Michigan was attributed to overwhelming and underestimated support from working-class voters, a demographic group that had previously tended to vote for the Democratic candidate.[4] By winning Michigan, Trump became the first Republican presidential candidate to win the state since George H. W. Bush in 1988. Michigan also became one of eleven states to vote for Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 which Hillary Clinton lost.

Michigan's largest county, Wayne County, home to Detroit, voted for Clinton by 37 points. She also managed to hold on to suburban Oakland County, the state's second-largest, which's residents tend to be more diverse and more white-collar, where instead third-party candidates gained votes, whilst Trump flipped the state's third largest, Macomb County, which is home to more socially conservative but economically populist white blue-collar workers.

Trump was the first Republican to carry Gogebic County since 1972, and Bay, Saginaw, and Lake counties since 1984, as well as the first since 1988 to carry Isabella County. Michigan weighed in for this election as 2.32 points more Republican than the national average. This was the first time that Michigan voted to the right of the nation since 1988 and the first time since 1976 that it voted more than 2 points to the right of the country as a whole and when the Democratic nominee won the popular vote without Michigan. It was also the only time since 1976 in which Michigan voted to the right of Nevada.

Primary elections

Democratic primary
Democratic primary results by county.
  Bernie Sanders
  Hillary Clinton
Main article: 2016 Michigan Democratic presidential primary

The 2016 Michigan Democratic presidential primary was held on March 8 in the U.S. state of Michigan as one of the Democratic Party's primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election. On the same day, the Republican Party held primaries in four states, including their own Michigan primary. Bernie Sanders' narrow win was one of the largest upsets in American political history, with polling before the primary showing him trailing Hillary Clinton by an average of 21.4 points.

Results

Four candidates appeared on the Democratic presidential primary ballot:[5]

Michigan Democratic primary, March 8, 2016
Candidate Popular vote Estimated delegates
Count Percentage Pledged Unpledged Total
Bernie Sanders 598,943 49.68% 67 0 67
Hillary Clinton 581,775 48.26% 63 10 73
Uncommitted 21,601 1.79% 0 7 7
Martin O'Malley (withdrawn) 2,363 0.20%
Rocky De La Fuente 870 0.07%
Total 1,205,552 100% 130 17 147
Source: The Green Papers

Republican primary

Four candidates participated in the Republican primary.[6]

Republican primary results by county.
  Donald Trump
  Ted Cruz
  John Kasich

Debate

Detroit, March 3

CandidateAirtime[7]Polls[8]
Trump26:4035.6%
Cruz19:2319.8%
Rubio13:3217.4%
Kasich15:208.8%

The eleventh debate was held on March 3, 2016, at the Fox Theatre in downtown Detroit, Michigan.[9] It was the third debate to air on Fox News Channel.[10] Special Report anchor Bret Baier, The Kelly File anchor Megyn Kelly and Fox News Sunday host Chris Wallace served as moderators.[11] It led into the Maine, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Idaho, and Hawaii contests. Fox announced that in order for candidates to qualify, they must have at least 3 percent support in the five most recent national polls by March 1 at 5 pm.[12] Ben Carson said on March 2 he would not be attending the debate.[13][14]

Results

Thirteen candidates appeared on the Republican presidential primary ballot:[5]

Michigan Republican primary, March 8, 2016
Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count
Bound Unbound Total
Donald Trump 483,753 36.55% 25 0 25
Ted Cruz 326,617 24.68% 17 0 17
John Kasich 321,115 24.26% 17 0 17
Marco Rubio 123,587 9.34% 0 0 0
Ben Carson (withdrawn) 21,349 1.61% 0 0 0
Uncommitted (withdrawn) 22,824 1.72% 0 0 0
Jeb Bush (withdrawn) 10,685 0.81% 0 0 0
Rand Paul (withdrawn) 3,774 0.29% 0 0 0
Chris Christie (withdrawn) 3,116 0.24% 0 0 0
Mike Huckabee (withdrawn) 2,603 0.20% 0 0 0
Rick Santorum (withdrawn) 1,722 0.13% 0 0 0
Carly Fiorina (withdrawn) 1,415 0.11% 0 0 0
George Pataki (withdrawn) 591 0.04% 0 0 0
Lindsey Graham (withdrawn) 438 0.03% 0 0 0
Unprojected delegates: 0 0 0
Total: 1,323,589 100.00% 59 0 59
Source: The Green Papers

General election

Although won by Democratic candidates in every election since 1992, sometimes by decisive margins, in 2016 Michigan was considered a swing state and received much attention from Republican party candidate Donald Trump. Hillary Clinton's campaign was confident they would win the state, and projected a 5-point win up until election day.[15] Trump was able to win the state for the first time since George H. W. Bush won it in 1988,[16] albeit by a narrow 0.23% margin of victory. On Election Day, Detroit Free Press had prematurely called the state for Clinton at 9:15pm before retracting the call three hours later,[17] an error which had been common in many sources at the 2000 election, in the states of Florida and New Mexico. Donald Trump's upset victory highlighted Michigan's new status as a swing state, being bitterly contested in the 2020 election, when former Democratic Vice President Joe Biden narrowly flipped it back into the Democratic column. Trump's State Campaign was run by Scott Hagerstrom (State Director), CJ Galdes (Deputy State Director), Christopher Morris (Field Director), and Tia Jurkiw (Events Coordinator). [18][19]

Predictions
Source Ranking As of
Los Angeles Times[20] Likely D November 6, 2016
CNN[21] Lean D November 4, 2016
Cook Political Report[22] Lean D November 7, 2016
Electoral-vote.com[23] Lean D November 8, 2016
RealClearPolitics[24] Tossup November 7, 2016
Rothenberg Political Report[25] Lean D November 7, 2016
Sabato's Crystal Ball[26] Lean D November 7, 2016
Fox News[27] Lean D November 7, 2016

Polling
See also: Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election § Michigan

Except for losing one poll in August 2015, and tying with Trump in a poll in September 2015, Clinton won every pre-election poll with margins between 4 and 12 points until November 2016. In late October 2016, Clinton's lead narrowed significantly towards the election. Trump also won the last poll conducted on election day 49% to 47%.[28] The average of the last three polls had Clinton leading Trump 47.6% to 45%.[29] Ultimately, Trump's win here was an extreme surprise.

Minor candidates

The following were given write-in status:[30]

Results
2016 United States presidential election in Michigan
Party Candidate Running mate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Republican Donald Trump Mike Pence 2,279,543 47.50% 16
Democratic Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine 2,268,839 47.27% 0
Libertarian Gary Johnson William Weld 172,136 3.59% 0
Green Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka 51,463 1.07% 0
U.S. Taxpayers' Darrell Castle Scott Bradley 16,139 0.34% 0
Independent Evan McMullin (write-in) - 8,183 0.17% 0
Natural Law Mimi Soltysik Angela Nicole Walker 2,209 0.05% 0
- Others - 772 0.02% 0
Totals4,799,284100.00%16

Results by county

Final official results from the Michigan Secretary of State.[2]

CountyTrump Clinton Johnson Stein Others Margin Total
% #% #% #% # % # % #
Alcona 67.78% 4,201 27.94% 1,732 2.65% 164 0.87% 54 0.76% 47 39.84% 2,469 6,198
Alger 57.22% 2,585 36.81% 1,663 3.92% 177 1.48% 67 0.58% 26 20.41% 922 4,518
Allegan 61.28% 34,183 32.36% 18,050 4.50% 2,513 1.07% 596 0.80% 444 28.92% 16,133 55,786
Alpena 61.85% 9,090 33.18% 4,877 3.39% 498 1.09% 160 0.50% 73 28.67% 4,213 14,698
Antrim 62.35% 8,469 32.75% 4,448 3.38% 459 1.07% 146 0.44% 60 29.60% 4,021 13,582
Arenac 64.32% 4,950 30.98% 2,384 3.51% 270 0.78% 60 0.42% 32 33.34% 2,566 7,696
Baraga 61.83% 2,158 33.12% 1,156 3.04% 106 1.40% 49 0.60% 21 28.71% 1,002 3,490
Barry 63.31% 19,202 30.05% 9,114 4.70% 1,424 1.14% 346 0.80% 243 33.26% 10,088 30,329
Bay 53.47% 28,328 40.85% 21,642 4.13% 2,189 1.03% 544 0.52% 274 12.62% 6,686 52,977
Benzie 54.16% 5,539 40.16% 4,108 3.73% 382 1.46% 149 0.49% 50 14.00% 1,431 10,228
Berrien 53.65% 38,647 40.95% 29,495 3.83% 2,760 0.92% 662 0.65% 467 12.70% 9,152 72,031
Branch 66.73% 11,786 28.65% 5,061 3.30% 582 0.85% 151 0.47% 83 38.08% 6,725 17,663
Calhoun 53.47% 31,494 41.01% 24,157 3.88% 2,284 1.08% 635 0.56% 332 12.46% 7,337 58,902
Cass 63.04% 14,243 32.18% 7,270 3.33% 753 0.88% 199 0.58% 130 30.86% 6,973 22,595
Charlevoix 59.46% 8,674 35.21% 5,137 3.65% 532 1.22% 178 0.47% 68 24.25% 3,537 14,589
Cheboygan 63.51% 8,683 31.47% 4,302 3.39% 463 1.02% 140 0.61% 84 32.04% 4,381 13,672
Chippewa 59.02% 9,122 34.80% 5,379 3.77% 583 1.57% 243 0.83% 129 24.22% 3,743 15,456
Clare 63.52% 8,505 31.74% 4,249 3.25% 435 0.90% 120 0.60% 80 31.78% 4,256 13,389
Clinton 53.22% 21,636 40.57% 16,492 4.64% 1,886 0.93% 379 0.64% 262 12.65% 5,144 40,655
Crawford 63.62% 4,354 30.83% 2,110 3.90% 267 0.96% 66 0.69% 47 32.79% 2,244 6,844
Delta 60.14% 11,121 34.80% 6,436 3.57% 660 0.98% 182 0.50% 93 25.34% 4,685 18,492
Dickinson 65.17% 8,580 29.80% 3,923 3.42% 450 0.93% 123 0.68% 89 35.37% 4,657 13,165
Eaton 49.11% 27,604 44.36% 24,938 4.66% 2,618 1.07% 602 0.81% 454 4.75% 2,666 56,221
Emmet 56.46% 10,616 37.08% 6,942 4.29% 806 1.48% 279 0.69% 129 19.38% 3,644 18,802
Genesee 42.88% 84,175 52.34% 102,751 3.17% 6,221 1.12% 2,193 0.49% 956 -9.46% -18,576 196,296
Gladwin 65.14% 8,124 30.42% 3,794 3.15% 393 0.70% 87 0.59% 74 34.72% 4,330 12,472
Gogebic 54.82% 4,018 39.91% 2,925 2.91% 213 1.61% 118 0.75% 55 14.91% 1,093 7,329
Grand Traverse 53.14% 27,413 40.64% 20,965 4.17% 2,149 1.47% 756 0.59% 306 12.50% 6,448 51,589
Gratiot 60.01% 9,880 34.41% 5,666 4.17% 687 0.85% 140 0.56% 92 25.60% 4,214 16,465
Hillsdale 70.69% 14,095 24.07% 4,799 3.51% 700 0.92% 184 0.81% 162 46.62% 9,296 19,940
Houghton 54.24% 8,475 38.52% 6,018 5.36% 837 1.38% 216 0.50% 78 15.72% 2,457 15,624
Huron 67.17% 10,692 28.77% 4,579 3.00% 477 0.65% 104 0.41% 65 38.40% 6,113 15,917
Ingham 33.45% 43,868 60.33% 79,110 4.05% 5,305 1.41% 1,846 0.77% 1,009 -26.88% -35,242 131,138
Ionia 61.95% 16,635 31.10% 8,352 5.05% 1,355 1.07% 286 0.84% 226 30.85% 8,283 26,854
Iosco 62.46% 8,345 32.52% 4,345 3.44% 459 1.09% 146 0.49% 66 29.94% 4,000 13,361
Iron 62.18% 3,675 33.91% 2,004 2.96% 175 0.61% 36 0.34% 20 28.27% 2,671 5,910
Isabella 48.59% 12,338 44.91% 11,404 4.30% 1,093 1.56% 396 0.63% 161 3.68% 934 25,392
Jackson 57.11% 39,793 37.02% 25,795 4.16% 2,901 1.02% 713 0.68% 475 20.09% 13,998 69,677
Kalamazoo 40.41% 51,034 53.17% 67,148 4.47% 5,644 1.29% 1,634 0.66% 839 -12.76% -16,114 126,299
Kalkaska 69.24% 6,116 25.81% 2,280 3.20% 283 1.34% 118 0.41% 36 43.43% 3,836 8,833
Kent 48.08% 148,180 45.00% 138,683 4.62% 14,246 1.30% 3,996 1.00% 3,079 3.08% 9,497 308,184
Keweenaw 56.76% 814 36.75% 527 4.32% 62 1.39% 20 0.77% 11 20.01% 287 1,434
Lake 59.29% 3,159 36.39% 1,939 2.85% 152 0.90% 48 0.56% 30 22.90% 1,220 5,328
Lapeer 66.48% 30,037 28.18% 12,734 3.83% 1,730 0.94% 426 0.57% 256 38.30% 17,303 45,183
Leelanau 49.05% 7,239 45.90% 6,774 3.46% 510 1.33% 197 0.25% 37 3.15% 465 14,757
Lenawee 57.53% 26,430 36.46% 16,750 4.45% 2,044 0.98% 449 0.58% 266 21.07% 9,680 45,939
Livingston 62.04% 65,680 32.48% 34,384 4.03% 4,266 0.86% 911 0.59% 625 29.56% 31,296 105,866
Luce 68.09% 1,756 26.41% 681 3.99% 103 1.12% 29 0.39% 10 41.68% 1,075 2,579
Mackinac 61.41% 3,744 34.20% 2,085 2.95% 180 1.10% 67 0.34% 21 27.21% 1,659 6,097
Macomb 53.58% 224,665 42.05% 176,317 3.07% 12,862 0.93% 3,886 0.38% 1,582 11.53% 48,348 419,312
Manistee 54.89% 6,915 39.52% 4,979 3.62% 456 1.59% 200 0.39% 49 15.37% 1,936 12,599
Marquette 44.41% 14,646 48.65% 16,042 4.42% 1,458 1.77% 583 0.75% 247 -4.24% -1,396 32,976
Mason 57.92% 8,505 35.96% 5,281 4.09% 601 1.29% 189 0.74% 109 21.96% 3,224 14,685
Mecosta 60.02% 10,305 33.94% 5,827 4.06% 697 1.33% 229 0.64% 110 26.08% 4,478 17,168
Menominee 62.24% 6,702 32.87% 3,539 3.26% 351 1.10% 118 0.54% 58 29.37% 3,163 10,768
Midland 56.10% 23,846 36.78% 15,635 5.21% 2,216 0.96% 407 0.95% 402 19.32% 8,211 42,506
Missaukee 73.61% 5,386 21.39% 1,565 3.29% 241 1.01% 74 0.70% 51 52.22% 3,821 7,317
Monroe 58.29% 43,261 36.19% 26,863 4.02% 2,985 0.95% 707 0.54% 402 22.10% 16,398 74,218
Montcalm 63.54% 16,907 29.59% 7,874 4.95% 1,316 1.10% 292 0.83% 220 33.95% 9,033 26,609
Montmorency 69.83% 3,498 25.69% 1,287 3.17% 159 0.88% 44 0.42% 21 44.14% 2,211 5,009
Muskegon 46.26% 36,127 47.77% 37,304 4.07% 3,182 1.23% 964 0.65% 511 -1.51% -1,177 78,088
Newaygo 67.02% 15,173 27.44% 6,212 3.88% 878 0.87% 197 0.80% 180 38.58% 8,961 22,640
Oakland 43.51% 289,203 51.62% 343,070 3.48% 23,154 0.96% 6,396 0.42% 2,791 -8.11% -53,867 664,614
Oceana 60.59% 7,228 33.30% 3,973 4.12% 492 0.97% 116 1.01% 121 27.29% 3,255 11,930
Ogemaw 65.73% 6,827 29.17% 3,030 3.40% 353 1.14% 118 0.57% 59 36.56% 3,797 10,387
Ontonagon 60.30% 2,066 34.33% 1,176 3.74% 128 0.85% 29 0.79% 27 25.97% 890 3,426
Osceola 69.15% 7,336 25.50% 2,705 3.78% 401 0.90% 96 0.67% 71 43.65% 4,631 10,609
Oscoda 69.80% 2,843 25.63% 1,044 3.44% 140 0.44% 18 0.69% 28 44.17% 1,799 4,073
Otsego 65.93% 8,266 28.36% 3,556 3.84% 482 1.30% 163 0.57% 71 37.57% 4,710 12,538
Ottawa 61.98% 88,467 31.51% 44,973 4.43% 6,324 0.99% 1,418 1.09% 1,552 30.47% 43,494 142,734
Presque Isle 62.18% 4,488 33.25% 2,400 3.28% 237 0.69% 50 0.60% 43 28.93% 2,088 7,218
Roscommon 62.43% 8,141 32.87% 4,287 3.17% 413 1.09% 142 0.44% 58 29.36% 3,854 13,041
Saginaw 48.21% 45,469 47.07% 44,396 3.39% 3,199 0.83% 780 0.50% 476 1.14% 1,073 94,320
Sanilac 69.85% 13,446 25.32% 4,873 3.44% 662 0.88% 170 0.51% 98 44.53% 8,573 19,249
Schoolcraft 61.53% 2,556 32.96% 1,369 3.97% 165 0.75% 31 0.79% 33 28.57% 1,187 4,154
Shiawassee 56.37% 19,230 36.78% 12,546 4.87% 1,660 1.06% 362 0.92% 313 19.59% 6,684 34,111
St. Clair 62.88% 49,051 31.48% 24,553 3.81% 2,972 1.36% 1,062 0.47% 365 31.40% 24,498 78,003
St. Joseph 62.65% 14,884 31.68% 7,526 3.93% 934 1.22% 290 0.52% 123 30.97% 7,358 23,757
Tuscola 66.30% 17,102 28.80% 7,429 3.38% 872 0.86% 221 0.67% 172 37.50% 9,673 25,796
Van Buren 53.77% 17,890 39.84% 13,258 4.45% 1,480 1.25% 417 0.69% 229 13.93% 4,632 33,274
Washtenaw 26.85% 50,631 68.13% 128,483 3.10% 5,840 1.31% 2,472 0.61% 1,152 -41.28% -77,852 188,578
Wayne 29.44% 228,993 66.78% 519,444 2.42% 18,801 1.00% 7,784 0.36% 2,816 -37.34% -290,451 777,838
Wexford 65.37% 10,000 29.00% 4,436 3.78% 579 1.26% 192 0.59% 91 36.37% 5,564 15,298
Total 47.50% 2,279,543 47.27% 2,268,839 3.59% 172,136 1.07% 51,463 0.57% 27,303 0.23% 10,704 4,799,284

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[31]

By congressional district

Trump won 9 of 14 congressional districts.[32]

District Trump Clinton Representative
1st 58% 37% Dan Benishek
Jack Bergman
2nd 55% 38% Bill Huizenga
3rd 52% 42% Justin Amash
4th 59% 35% John Moolenaar
5th 45% 50% Dan Kildee
6th 51% 43% Fred Upton
7th 56% 39% Tim Walberg
8th 51% 44% Mike Bishop
9th 44% 51% Sander Levin
10th 64% 32% Candice Miller
Paul Mitchell
11th 49% 45% David Trott
12th 34% 61% Debbie Dingell
13th 18% 79% John Conyers Jr.
14th 18% 79% Brenda Lawrence

Recount

The Michigan Board of Canvassers certified Trump's lead of 10,704 votes over Clinton, a 0.23% margin, on November 28.[33] The deadline to request a recount was then set for November 30 at 2:00 p.m. That same day, Green Party candidate Jill Stein's campaign requested a hand recount, but the recount was halted December 1 after the state received an objection from Trump representatives.[34] The objection was rejected by Michigan's Bureau of Elections on December 2, and a federal judge ordered the recount to start again on December 5.[35] Finally, the recount was halted on December 7 after a federal judge issued an order to Michigan's Board of Elections, thus making Trump's win official.[36]

See also

References
  1. "SOS - General Election Voter Registration/Turnout Statistics". Michigan.gov.
  2. Michigan Election Results, Michigan Secretary of State, November 28, 2016
  3. "Distribution of Electoral Votes". National Archives and Records Administration. September 19, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  4. Cohn, Nate (November 9, 2016). "Why Trump Won: Working-Class". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  5. "Michigan Secretary of State: March 2016 Primary Information". Michigan.gov.
  6. "Mitt Romney, Donald Trump Share Harsh Words In Competing Speeches". Npr.org.
  7. Sprunt, Barbara (March 3, 2016). "On The Clock: Trump Still Gets The Most Talking Time". NPR. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  8. "RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - 2016 Republican Presidential Nomination".
  9. Gold, Hadas (February 4, 2016). "Bret Baier, Megyn Kelly, Chris Wallace return for March 3 debate". Politico. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  10. "2016 presidential debate schedule: Dates, times, moderators and topics". Politico.com. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  11. "GOP debate headed to Detroit in March". Detroit News. February 4, 2016.
  12. Feldman, Josh. "Fox News Announces Criteria for Next Week's Big GOP Debate". Mediaite.com. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  13. "Transcript of the Republican Presidential Debate in Detroit". New York Times. March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  14. "Republican debate: candidates pledge to support Trump if needed – as it happened". Guardian. March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  15. How Clinton lost Michigan — and blew the election. Politico. 14 December 2016.
  16. Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
  17. "Free Press Embarrasses Itself with a Premature Call of Clinton Win in Michigan". Deadlinedetroit.com.
  18. "Donald J. Trump for President Campaign Organization 2016 General Election - Michigan". www.p2016.org. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  19. "Forest Hills grad lands big role in national presidential campaign". mlive. September 19, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  20. "Our final map has Clinton winning with 352 electoral votes. Compare your picks with ours". Los Angeles Times. November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  21. Chalian, David (November 4, 2016). "Road to 270: CNN's new election map". CNN. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  22. "2016 Electoral Scorecard". The Cook Political Report. November 7, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  23. "2016 Electoral Map Prediction". Electoral-vote.com. November 8, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  24. "2016 Election Maps - Battle for White House". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  25. "Presidential Ratings". The Rothenberg Political Report. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  26. Sabato, Larry J. (November 7, 2016). "2016 President". University of Virginia Center for Politics. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  27. "Electoral Scorecard: Map shifts again in Trump's favor, as Clinton holds edge". Fox News. November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  28. "RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - Michigan: Trump vs. Clinton".
  29. "RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - Michigan: Trump vs. Clinton".
  30. "Michigan Bureau of Elections : SUBJECT: Write-in Candidates for November 8, 2016 General Election: FINAL LISTING" (PDF). Jalp5dai.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  31. "Trump flipped 12 counties to win Michigan". Detroit News.
  32. "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index". The Cook Political Report.
  33. Gray, Kathleen; Egan, Paul (November 28, 2016). "Board of Canvassers certifies Trump victory in Michigan". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  34. Keneally, Meghan (December 9, 2016). "Everything you need to know about the election recount efforts". ABC News. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  35. Keneally, Meghan (December 9, 2016). "Everything you need to know about the election recount efforts". ABC News. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  36. "The Latest: Federal judge agrees to end Michigan recount". Associated Press. December 7, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2020.

Further reading
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