1968 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1968 United States presidential election in Alabama was held on November 5, 1968.
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All 10 Alabama electoral votes to the Electoral College | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 County Results
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| Elections in Alabama |
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 Government |
In Alabama, voters voted for electors individually instead of as a slate, as in the other 49 states.
The 1960s had seen Alabama as the epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement, highlighted by numerous bombings by the Ku Klux Klan in "Bombingham",[1] Birmingham police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor's use of attack dogs against civil rights protesters, attacks on the Freedom Riders and Selma to Montgomery marchers, and first-term Governor George Wallace's "stand in the door" against the desegregation of the University of Alabama.[2] The state Democratic Party, which had remained closed to African-Americans two decades after Smith v. Allwright outlawed the white primary,[3] had by a five-to-one margin refused to pledge its 1964 electors to incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson,[4] and no attempt was made to challenge this Wallace-sponsored Democratic slate with one loyal to the national party.[5] Despite sponsoring the state Democratic slate, in the 1964 general election Wallace would back Republican nominee Barry Goldwater,[6] who won almost seventy percent of Alabama's ballots against the state Democratic electors, for his opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
George Wallace would build a third party candidacy with his right-wing populist American Independent Party during the following two years, campaigning on opposition to desegregation, race riots, and the counterculture. However, with the state Democratic Party still refusing to integrate,[3] the national party made efforts to place its own electors on the Alabama ballot during 1967.[7] As expected, Wallace won the state Democratic primary in May, and was listed as the “Democratic” candidate on the Alabama ballot.[8] National Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey was able,[9] unlike Harry S. Truman and outgoing President Johnson, to gain ballot access on a fusion of the "Alabama Independent Democrat" and National Democratic lines.[10]
78% of white voters supported Wallace, 16% supported Nixon, and 4% supported Humphrey.[11][12][13]
Predictions
| Source | Rating | As of | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lebanon Daily News[14] | Safe I (Flip) | September 17, 1968 | [lower-alpha 2] |
| Daily Press[15] | Certain I (Flip) | October 11, 1968 | |
| The Charlotte News[16] | Certain I (Flip) | October 12, 1968 | |
| The Record[17] | Likely I (Flip) | October 21, 1968 | |
| Shreveport Times[18] | Safe I (Flip) | November 3, 1968 | |
| The Selma Times-Journal[19] | Safe I (Flip) | November 3, 1968 |
Results
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Wallace | 691,425 | 65.86% | +65.86% | |
| National Democratic (Ala.) | Hubert Humphrey | 196,597 | 18.72% | +18.72% | |
| Republican | Richard Nixon | 146,923 | 13.99% | -55.51% | |
| American Independent | No Candidate | 10,960 | 1.04% | +1.04% | |
| Prohibition | E. Harold Munn | 4,002 | 0.38% | +0.38% | |
| Write-in | 8 | 0.00% | +0.00% | ||
| Total votes | 1,049,915 | 100.00% | |||
Results by presidential elector
| Party | Pledged to | Elector | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Albert Brewer | 691,425 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | MacDonald Gallion | 691,318 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Jim Allen | 689,262 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Armistead Selden | 689,009 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Agnes Baggett | 687,876 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Frank Mizell | 687,699 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Earl Morgan | 687,664 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Richard "Dick" Beard | 686,685 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Mabel S. Amos | 686,667 | |
| Democratic Party | George Wallace | Ernest Stone | 685,499 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | William H. Graham | 146,923 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | Paul Lowery | 146,876 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | James C. Van Antwerp, Jr. | 146,717 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | George Howard Young | 146,628 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | Huit Sullivan | 146,613 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | M. J. Lyons, Jr. | 146,591 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | Lee Clyde Traylor | 146,368 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | Robert H. Maxwell | 146,311 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | J. Smith Lanier, II | 145,970 | |
| Republican Party | Richard Nixon | Robert D. Wilkinson, Jr. | 145,694 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | Dot Little | 142,435 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | Ben F. Ray | 142,218 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | Lafayette Patterson | 141,199 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | Roy D. McCord | 141,124 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | Charles A. Bentley, Jr. | 140,728 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | Isom Clemon | 140,387 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | Coleman A. Lollar, Jr. | 140,386 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | J. E. Brantley | 140,342 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | James McArthur Reed | 140,218 | |
| Alabama Independent Democratic Party | Hubert Humphrey | Joe L. Reed | 140,093 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | William McKinley Branch | 54,144 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | E. D. Bouier | 53,700 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | Robert Schwenn | 53,666 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | J. H. Davis | 53,622 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | R. E. Cordray | 53,264 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | Billy Joe Robinson | 53,226 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | Jack Drake | 53,068 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | Virginia Durr | 53,015 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | George DeBoer | 52,909 | |
| National Democratic Party of Alabama | Hubert Humphrey | James Williams | 52,464 | |
| American Independent Party | George Wallace | Steve E. Nation | 10,960 | |
| American Independent Party | George Wallace | Aaron C. Edwards | 10,518 | |
| American Independent Party | George Wallace | Ronald L. Pankey | 10,437 | |
| American Independent Party | George Wallace | Bernice H. Morrison | 10,365 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | D. N. Stephenson | 4,022 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | Phoebe Cary Shoemaker | 3,814 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | J. E. Dillard | 3,770 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | Ogburn A. Gardner | 3,661 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | Bertha Wallis Lee | 3,638 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | Beulah K. Gray | 3,615 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | Jerome B. Couch | 3,589 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | Fred M. Burns | 3,578 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | Lois Goodwin | 3,523 | |
| Prohibition Party | E. Harold Munn | Daisy Williams | 3,420 | |
| Total votes | 1,049,909 | |||
Results by county
| County | George Corley Wallace Democratic |
Richard Milhous Nixon Republican |
Hubert Horatio Humphrey Alabama Independent Democrat National Democratic |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin[lower-alpha 3] | Total votes cast | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Autauga | 5,523 | 71.03% | 606 | 7.79% | 1,553 | 19.97% | 94 | 1.21% | 3,970 | 51.06% | 7,776 |
| Baldwin | 14,167 | 76.98% | 2,154 | 11.70% | 1,821 | 9.89% | 262 | 1.42% | 12,013[lower-alpha 4] | 65.28% | 18,404 |
| Barbour | 5,491 | 69.10% | 386 | 4.86% | 1,898 | 23.89% | 171 | 2.15% | 3,593 | 45.21% | 7,946 |
| Bibb | 3,746 | 80.16% | 263 | 5.63% | 652 | 13.95% | 12 | 0.26% | 3,094 | 66.21% | 4,673 |
| Blount | 6,536 | 71.93% | 2,013 | 22.15% | 331 | 3.64% | 206 | 2.27% | 4,523[lower-alpha 4] | 49.78% | 9,086 |
| Bullock | 2,161 | 49.71% | 190 | 4.37% | 1,964 | 45.18% | 32 | 0.74% | 197 | 4.53% | 4,347 |
| Butler | 5,601 | 76.09% | 500 | 6.79% | 1,240 | 16.85% | 20 | 0.27% | 4,361 | 59.24% | 7,361 |
| Calhoun | 19,211 | 71.75% | 3,061 | 11.43% | 4,146 | 15.48% | 357 | 1.33% | 15,065 | 56.27% | 26,775 |
| Chambers | 7,885 | 74.14% | 1,082 | 10.17% | 1,358 | 12.77% | 311 | 2.92% | 6,527 | 61.37% | 10,636 |
| Cherokee | 4,773 | 83.96% | 343 | 6.03% | 462 | 8.13% | 107 | 1.88% | 4,311 | 75.83% | 5,685 |
| Chilton | 6,611 | 74.26% | 1,602 | 18.00% | 566 | 6.36% | 123 | 1.38% | 5,009[lower-alpha 4] | 56.26% | 8,902 |
| Choctaw | 4,250 | 69.75% | 176 | 2.89% | 1,641 | 26.93% | 26 | 0.43% | 2,609 | 42.82% | 6,093 |
| Clarke | 6,168 | 71.50% | 488 | 5.66% | 1,717 | 19.90% | 253 | 2.93% | 4,451 | 51.60% | 8,626 |
| Clay | 4,048 | 80.25% | 706 | 14.00% | 256 | 5.08% | 34 | 0.67% | 3,342[lower-alpha 4] | 66.25% | 5,044 |
| Cleburne | 3,314 | 82.95% | 485 | 12.14% | 160 | 4.01% | 36 | 0.90% | 2,829[lower-alpha 4] | 70.81% | 3,995 |
| Coffee | 8,885 | 82.53% | 682 | 6.33% | 1,071 | 9.95% | 128 | 1.19% | 7,814 | 72.58% | 10,766 |
| Colbert | 11,341 | 72.60% | 1,727 | 11.06% | 2,291 | 14.67% | 262 | 1.68% | 9,050 | 57.93% | 15,621 |
| Conecuh | 3,828 | 71.60% | 186 | 3.48% | 1,151 | 21.53% | 181 | 3.39% | 2,677 | 50.07% | 5,346 |
| Coosa | 2,830 | 74.26% | 330 | 8.66% | 623 | 16.35% | 28 | 0.73% | 2,207 | 57.91% | 3,811 |
| Covington | 11,419 | 86.98% | 831 | 6.33% | 791 | 6.03% | 87 | 0.66% | 10,588[lower-alpha 4] | 80.65% | 13,128 |
| Crenshaw | 4,513 | 82.35% | 209 | 3.81% | 726 | 13.25% | 32 | 0.58% | 3,787 | 69.10% | 5,480 |
| Cullman | 11,063 | 64.08% | 4,964 | 28.75% | 1,115 | 6.46% | 123 | 0.71% | 6,099[lower-alpha 4] | 35.33% | 17,265 |
| Dale | 8,109 | 83.55% | 607 | 6.25% | 862 | 8.88% | 127 | 1.31% | 7,247 | 74.67% | 9,705 |
| Dallas | 8,798 | 52.89% | 1,246 | 7.49% | 6,516 | 39.17% | 76 | 0.46% | 2,282 | 13.72% | 16,636 |
| DeKalb | 8,144 | 54.81% | 5,314 | 35.76% | 1,274 | 8.57% | 127 | 0.85% | 2,830[lower-alpha 4] | 19.05% | 14,859 |
| Elmore | 9,038 | 76.52% | 801 | 6.78% | 1,745 | 14.77% | 228 | 1.93% | 7,293 | 61.75% | 11,812 |
| Escambia | 8,474 | 78.72% | 680 | 6.32% | 1,492 | 13.86% | 119 | 1.11% | 6,982 | 64.86% | 10,765 |
| Etowah | 21,416 | 68.67% | 4,351 | 13.95% | 4,613 | 14.79% | 806 | 2.58% | 16,803 | 53.88% | 31,186 |
| Fayette | 4,683 | 75.07% | 827 | 13.26% | 676 | 10.84% | 52 | 0.83% | 3,856[lower-alpha 4] | 61.81% | 6,238 |
| Franklin | 5,909 | 64.96% | 2,524 | 27.75% | 588 | 6.46% | 75 | 0.82% | 3,385[lower-alpha 4] | 37.21% | 9,096 |
| Geneva | 7,871 | 91.73% | 284 | 3.31% | 380 | 4.43% | 46 | 0.54% | 7,491 | 87.30% | 8,581 |
| Greene | 1,555 | 39.18% | 180 | 4.54% | 2,229 | 56.16% | 5 | 0.13% | -674 | -16.98% | 3,969 |
| Hale | 2,934 | 55.78% | 266 | 5.06% | 2,003 | 38.08% | 57 | 1.08% | 931 | 17.70% | 5,260 |
| Henry | 4,233 | 79.99% | 84 | 1.59% | 955 | 18.05% | 20 | 0.38% | 3,278 | 61.94% | 5,292 |
| Houston | 13,872 | 83.89% | 974 | 5.89% | 1,488 | 9.00% | 202 | 1.22% | 12,384 | 74.89% | 16,536 |
| Jackson | 8,504 | 77.96% | 1,191 | 10.92% | 1,022 | 9.37% | 191 | 1.75% | 7,313[lower-alpha 4] | 67.04% | 10,908 |
| Jefferson | 106,233 | 51.81% | 39,752 | 19.39% | 55,845 | 27.24% | 3,203 | 1.56% | 50,388 | 24.57% | 205,033 |
| Lamar | 5,229 | 88.25% | 364 | 6.14% | 302 | 5.10% | 30 | 0.51% | 4,865[lower-alpha 4] | 82.11% | 5,925 |
| Lauderdale | 13,467 | 71.32% | 2,952 | 15.63% | 2,166 | 11.47% | 298 | 1.58% | 10,515[lower-alpha 4] | 55.69% | 18,883 |
| Lawrence | 6,253 | 83.05% | 580 | 7.70% | 650 | 8.63% | 46 | 0.61% | 5,603 | 74.42% | 7,529 |
| Lee | 7,721 | 58.78% | 2,366 | 18.01% | 2,803 | 21.34% | 246 | 1.87% | 4,918 | 37.44% | 13,136 |
| Limestone | 8,430 | 81.25% | 870 | 8.39% | 889 | 8.57% | 186 | 1.79% | 7,541 | 72.68% | 10,375 |
| Lowndes | 1,822 | 55.84% | 234 | 7.17% | 1,127 | 34.54% | 80 | 2.45% | 695 | 21.30% | 3,263 |
| Macon | 1,619 | 25.37% | 257 | 4.03% | 4,450 | 69.74% | 55 | 0.86% | -2,831 | -44.37% | 6,381 |
| Madison | 29,823 | 57.40% | 13,213 | 25.43% | 8,004 | 15.41% | 913 | 1.76% | 16,610[lower-alpha 4] | 31.97% | 51,953 |
| Marengo | 5,185 | 56.64% | 457 | 4.99% | 3,479 | 38.01% | 33 | 0.36% | 1,706 | 18.63% | 9,154 |
| Marion | 6,415 | 76.34% | 1,492 | 17.76% | 365 | 4.34% | 131 | 1.56% | 4,923[lower-alpha 4] | 58.58% | 8,403 |
| Marshall | 12,742 | 76.39% | 2,725 | 16.34% | 955 | 5.73% | 258 | 1.55% | 10,017[lower-alpha 4] | 60.05% | 16,680 |
| Mobile | 61,673 | 67.08% | 10,509 | 11.43% | 18,615 | 20.25% | 1,139 | 1.24% | 43,058 | 46.83% | 91,936 |
| Monroe | 5,217 | 71.23% | 375 | 5.12% | 1,673 | 22.84% | 59 | 0.81% | 3,544 | 48.39% | 7,324 |
| Montgomery | 27,202 | 58.47% | 6,746 | 14.50% | 12,088 | 25.98% | 489 | 1.05% | 15,114 | 32.49% | 46,525 |
| Morgan | 16,841 | 75.60% | 3,043 | 13.66% | 1,878 | 8.43% | 515 | 2.31% | 13,798[lower-alpha 4] | 61.94% | 22,277 |
| Perry | 2,768 | 49.85% | 308 | 5.55% | 2,457 | 44.25% | 20 | 0.36% | 311 | 5.60% | 5,553 |
| Pickens | 4,549 | 71.89% | 321 | 5.07% | 1,434 | 22.66% | 24 | 0.38% | 3,115 | 49.23% | 6,328 |
| Pike | 6,038 | 72.39% | 658 | 7.89% | 1,565 | 18.76% | 80 | 0.96% | 4,473 | 53.63% | 8,341 |
| Randolph | 5,103 | 75.00% | 839 | 12.33% | 666 | 9.79% | 196 | 2.88% | 4,264[lower-alpha 4] | 62.67% | 6,804 |
| Russell | 7,584 | 67.44% | 704 | 6.26% | 2,707 | 24.07% | 250 | 2.22% | 4,877 | 43.37% | 11,245 |
| St. Clair | 7,050 | 72.70% | 1,635 | 16.86% | 869 | 8.96% | 143 | 1.47% | 5,415[lower-alpha 4] | 55.84% | 9,697 |
| Shelby | 7,736 | 71.83% | 1,706 | 15.84% | 1,105 | 10.26% | 223 | 2.07% | 6,030[lower-alpha 4] | 55.99% | 10,770 |
| Sumter | 2,158 | 44.89% | 303 | 6.30% | 2,336 | 48.60% | 10 | 0.21% | -178 | -3.71% | 4,807 |
| Talladega | 13,505 | 72.00% | 1,935 | 10.32% | 3,099 | 16.52% | 217 | 1.16% | 10,406 | 55.48% | 18,756 |
| Tallapoosa | 9,043 | 76.50% | 1,205 | 10.19% | 1,331 | 11.26% | 242 | 2.05% | 7,712 | 65.24% | 11,821 |
| Tuscaloosa | 18,611 | 65.60% | 3,822 | 13.47% | 5,556 | 19.58% | 382 | 1.35% | 13,055 | 46.02% | 28,371 |
| Walker | 14,416 | 74.37% | 2,628 | 13.56% | 1,971 | 10.17% | 370 | 1.91% | 11,788[lower-alpha 4] | 60.81% | 19,385 |
| Washington | 4,545 | 79.98% | 200 | 3.52% | 902 | 15.87% | 36 | 0.63% | 3,643 | 64.11% | 5,683 |
| Wilcox | 2,511 | 56.62% | 237 | 5.34% | 1,658 | 37.38% | 29 | 0.65% | 853 | 19.24% | 4,435 |
| Winston | 3,032 | 54.86% | 2,174 | 39.33% | 258 | 4.67% | 63 | 1.14% | 858[lower-alpha 4] | 15.53% | 5,527 |
| Totals | 691,425 | 65.86% | 146,923 | 13.99% | 196,579 | 18.72% | 14,982 | 1.43% | 494,846 | 47.14% | 1,049,909 |
Analysis
Wallace won his home state in a landslide, receiving 65.86 percent of the vote to Democrat Hubert Humphrey's 18.72 percent, a 47.13 point margin. Republican Richard Nixon, while winning the election nationally, finished a distant third in Alabama with only 13.99 percent, gaining significant support only in a few northern counties with historical Unionist sympathies and higher-income urban areas.[22] Wallace's 65.86 percent of the popular vote would make Alabama not only his best performing state in the 1968 election, but the strongest performing state out of any candidate, with only Humphrey's performance in Washington D.C. being stronger.[23]
Wallace won 64 of the state's 67 counties. As African-Americans in the South were slowly gaining the right to vote as a result of federal civil rights legislation passed in 1964 and 1965, Wallace's weakest region was the Black Belt, where he won most counties with narrow majorities or pluralities.[24]
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Mobile County, Shelby County, Baldwin County, Lee County, and Houston County were not carried by the Republican candidate,[25] the last election in which the Republican candidate won the election without Alabama, and the last election in which Wilcox County, Lowndes County, and Bullock County were not carried by the national Democratic candidate.[25]
Notes
- Although he was born in California and he served as a U.S. Senator from California, in 1968 Richard Nixon's official state of residence was New York, because he moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. During his first term as president, Nixon re-established his residency in California. Consequently, most reliable reference books list Nixon's home state as New York in the 1968 election and his home state as California in the 1972 (and 1960) election.
- “I” refers to Wallace's national status as the candidate of the American Independent Party, although the Alabama Democratic Party had him listed on the state ballot as the “Democratic” candidate
- Because Wallace was listed as the “Democratic” nominee in Alabama and carried the state, whilst Humphrey ran second, all margins given are Wallace vote minus Humphrey vote and percentage margins Wallace percentage minus Humphrey percentage unless noted otherwise.
- In this county where Nixon rather than Humphrey ran second behind Wallace, margin given is Wallace vote minus Nixon vote and percentage margin Wallace percentage minus Nixon percentage.
References
- Bullock, Charles S.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith. The Triumph of Voting Rights in the South. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0806185309.
- Bullock, Charles S.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith. The Triumph of Voting Rights in the South. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0806185309..
- Walton, Hanes (1972). Black Political Parties: An Historical and Political Analysis. New York Free Press. p. 149.
- McDannald, Alexander Hopkins (1965). Yearbook of the Encyclopedia Americana (Report). p. 63.
- Cleghorn, Reece (August 13, 1964). "Who Speaks for Mississippi". The Reporter. pp. 31–33.
- Grimes, Roy (October 11, 1964). "Look Away, Look Away…". The Victoria Advocate. p. 4A.
- Bennett, James (January 1, 1968). "State Politics Will Heat Up". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 2.
- "Alabama in Bewildering Political State". The Columbus Ledger. Columbus, Georgia. May 11, 1968. p. A-2.
- Bennett, James (August 26, 1968). "Most State Delegates To Sign Loyalty Oath". Birmingham Post-Herald. pp. 1, 2.
- "1968 Presidential General Election Results — Alabama". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
- Black & Black 1992, p. 147.
- Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
- Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
- "Politics…in County, State and Nation". Lebanon Daily News. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. September 17, 1968. p. 4.
- Murray, David. "Wallace Might Take 6 Southern States". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. p. 51.
- "In South It's Nixon vs. Wallace". The Charlotte News. Charlotte, North Carolina. October 12, 1968. pp. 1, 3.
- "Nixon Leads in 26 States: Wallace Will Run Strong: AP". The Record. Hackensack, New Jersey. Associated Press. October 21, 1968. p. 3.
- Broder, David S. (November 3, 1968). "After Hoopla Finished, Nixon Still Winning, Survey Shows". Shreveport Times. p. 4-B.
- "Summary of 50 States on Coming Election". The Selma Times-Journal. Selma, Alabama. November 3, 1968. p. 5.
- Alabama Official and Statistical Register, 1971. 1971. pp. 396–410.
- State of Alabama Department of Archives and History, 'General Election November 5, 1968', Alabama Official and Statistical Register 1971.
- Phillips, Kevin P. The Emerging Republican Majority. p. 227. ISBN 9780691163246..
- "1968 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
- Phillips. The Emerging Republican Majority; p. 258
- Menendez, Albert J. The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. pp. 146–147. ISBN 0786422173..
Works cited
- Black, Earl; Black, Merle (1992). The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674941306.
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