TeraScale (microarchitecture)

Previous GPU architectures implemented fixed-pipelines, i.e. there were distinct shader processors for each type of shader. TeraScale leverages many flexible shader processors which can be scheduled to process a variety of shader types, thereby significantly increasing GPU throughput (dependent on application instruction mix as noted below). The R600 core processes vertex, geometry, and pixel shaders as outlined by the Direct3D 10.0 specification for Shader Model 4.0 in addition to full OpenGL 3.0 support.[8]

The new unified shader functionality is based upon a very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture in which the core executes operations in parallel.[9]

A shader cluster is organized into 5 stream processing units. Each stream processing unit can retire a finished single precision floating point MAD (or ADD or MUL) instruction per clock, dot product (DP, and special cased by combining ALUs), and integer ADD.[10] The 5th unit is more complex and can additionally handle special transcendental functions such as sine and cosine.[10] Each shader cluster can execute 6 instructions per clock cycle (peak), consisting of 5 shading instructions plus 1 branch.[10]

Notably, the VLIW architecture brings with it some classic challenges inherent to VLIW designs, namely that of maintaining optimal instruction flow.[9] Additionally, the chip cannot co-issue instructions when one is dependent on the results of the other. Performance of the GPU is highly dependent on the mixture of instructions being used by the application and how well the real-time compiler in the driver can organize said instructions.[10]

R600 core includes 64 shader clusters, while RV610 and RV630 cores have 8 and 24 shader clusters respectively.

TeraScale includes multiple units capable of carrying out tessellation. Those are similar to the programmable units of the Xenos GPU which is used in the Xbox 360.

Tessellation was officially specified in the major API's starting with DirectX 11 and OpenGL 4. TeraScale 1 based GPU's (HD 2000, 3000 and 4000 series) are only conformant to Direct3D 10 and OpenGL 3.3 and implements therefore a different tessellation principle which uses vendor specific API extensions.[11] The TeraScale 2 based GPU's (starting with the Radeon HD 5000 series) were the first to conform with both Direct3D 11 and OpenGL 4.0 tesselation technique.[12] Although the TeraScale 1 tessellator is simpler in design, it is described by AMD as a subset of the later tesselation standard.[13]

The TeraScale tessellator units allow the developers to take a simple polygon mesh and subdivide it using a curved surface evaluation function. There are different tessellation forms, such as Bézier surfaces with N-patches, B-splines and NURBS, and also some subdivision techniques of the surface, which usually includes displacement map some kind of a texture.[14] Essentially, this allows a simple, low-polygon model to be increased dramatically in polygon density in real-time with very small impact on the performance. Scott Wasson of Tech Report noted during an AMD demo that the resulting model was so dense with millions of polygons that it appeared to be solid.[9]

The TeraScale tessellator is reminiscent of ATI TruForm, the brand name of an early hardware tessellation unit used initially in the Radeon 8500.[15]

ATI TruForm received little attention from software developers. A few games (such as Madden NFL 2004, Serious Sam, Unreal Tournament 2003 and 2004, and unofficially Morrowind), had the support for the ATI's tesselation technology included. Such a slow adaptation has to do with the fact that it was not a feature shared with NVIDIA GPUs, since those had implemented a competing tessellation solution using Quintic-RT patches which had achieved even less support from the major game developers.[16] Since the Xbox 360's GPU is based on the ATI's architecture, Microsoft saw the hardware-accelerated surface tessellation as a major GPU feature. A couple of years later the tesselation feature became mandatory with the release of the DirectX 11 in 2009.[14][17]

While the tessellation principle introduced with TeraScale was not part of the OpenGL 3.3 or Direct3D 10.0 requirements, and competitors such as the GeForce 8 series lacked similar hardware, Microsoft has added the tessellation feature as part of their DirectX 10.1 future plans.[17] Finally, Microsoft introduced tessellation as a required capability not with DirectX 10.1 but DirectX 11.[18]

GCN geometric processor is AMD's (which acquired the ATI's GPU business) most current solution for carrying out tessellation using the GPU.

Although the R600 is a significant departure from previous designs, it still shares many features with its predecessor, the Radeon R520.[9] The Ultra-Threaded Dispatch Processor is a major architectural component of the R600 core, just as it was with the Radeon X1000 GPUs. This processor manages a large number of in-flight threads of three distinct types (vertex, geometry, and pixel shaders) and switches amongst them as needed.[9] With a large number of threads being managed simultaneously it is possible to reorganize thread order to optimally utilize the shaders. In other words, the dispatch processor evaluates what goes in the other parts of the R600 and attempts to keep processing efficiency as high as possible. There are lower levels of management as well; each SIMD array of 80 stream processors has its own sequencer and arbiter. The arbiter decides which thread to process next, while the sequencer attempts to reorder instructions for best possible performance within each thread.[9]

Texturing and final output aboard the R600 core is similar but also distinct from R580. R600 is equipped with 4 texture units that are decoupled (independent) from the shader core, like in the R520 and R580 GPUs.[9] The render output units (ROPs) of Radeon HD 2000 series now performs the task of Multisample anti-aliasing (MSAA) with programmable sample grids and maximum of 8 sample points, instead of using pixel shaders as in the Radeon X1000 series. Also new is the capability to filter FP16 textures, popular with HDR lighting, at full-speed. ROP can also perform trilinear and anisotropic filtering on all texture formats. On R600, this totals 16 pixels per clock for FP16 textures, while higher precision FP32 textures filter at half-speed (8 pixels per clock).[9]

Anti-aliasing capabilities are more robust on R600 than on the R520 series. In addition to the ability to perform 8× MSAA, up from 6× MSAA on the R300 through R580, R600 has a new custom filter anti-aliasing (CFAA) mode. CFAA refers to an implementation of non-box filters that look at pixels around the particular pixel being processed in order to calculate the final color and anti-alias the image.[10] CFAA is performed by shader, instead of in the ROPs. This brings greatly enhanced programmability because the filters can be customized, but may also bring potential performance issues because of the use of shader resources. As of launch of R600, CFAA utilizes wide and narrow tent filters. With these, samples from outside the pixel being processed are weighted linearly based upon their distance from the centroid of that pixel, with the linear function adjusted based on the wide or narrow filter chosen.[10]

Memory controllers are connected via internal bi-directional ring bus wrapped around the processor. In Radeon HD 2900, it is a 1,024-bit bi-directional ring bus (512-bit read and 512-bit write), with 8 64-bit memory channels for a total bus width of 512-bits on the 2900 XT.;[9] in Radeon HD 3800, it is a 512-bit ring bus; in Radeon HD 2600 and HD 3600, it is a 256-bit ring bus; In Radeon HD 2400 and HD 3400, there is no ring bus.

The series saw a half-generation update with die shrink (55 nm) variants: RV670, RV635 and RV620. All variants support PCI Express 2.0, DirectX 10.1 with Shader Model 4.1 features, dedicated ATI Unified Video Decoder (UVD) for all models[19] and PowerPlay technology for desktop video cards.[20]

Except the Radeon HD 3800 series, all variants supported 2 integrated DisplayPort outputs, supporting 24- and 30-bit displays for resolutions up to 2,560×1,600. Each output included 1, 2, or 4 lanes per output, with data rate up to 2.7 Gbit/s per lane.

ATI claimed that the support of DirectX 10.1 can bring improved performance and processing efficiency with reduced rounding error (0.5 ULP compared with average error 1.0 ULP as tolerable error), better image details and quality, global illumination (a technique used in animated films, and more improvements to consumer gaming systems therefore giving more realistic gaming experience.[21] )

• Radeon HD 2000 series
• Radeon HD 3000 series
• Radeon HD 4000 series

(see list of chips in those pages)

Each memory controller ties to two quad ROPs, one per 64-bit channel, and dedicated 512 KiB L2 cache.[23]

AMD PowerPlay is supported, see there.

• Evergreen chips:
  • Cedar RV810
  • Cypress RV870
  • Hemlock R800
  • Juniper RV840
  • Redwood RV830
• Northern Islands chips:
  • Barts RV940
  • Caicos RV910
  • Turks RV930
• APU that include a TeraScale 2 IGP:
  • Llano
  • Ontario
  • Zacate

Architecture of a newer version of PowerTune introduced with GCN1.1-chips.

AMD PowerTune, dynamic frequency scaling for GPUs, was introduced with the Radeon HD 6900 series on December 15, 2010 and has seen continued development, as documented in some reviews by AnandTech.[25][26][27][28]

• Northern Islands chips:
  • Cayman RV970
  • Antilles R900
  • Trinity and Richland include a TeraScale 3 IGP