Taiwanese Hangul

Taiwanese Hangul (Hangul: 대끼깐뿐; Chinese: 臺語諺文; pinyin: Táiyǔ Yànwén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is an orthography system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted by Taiwanese linguist Hsu Tsao-te in 1987, it uses a modified Hangul alphabets to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported by Ang Ui-jin.[1][2] Because both Chinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use of Chinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.

Taiwanese Hangul
Chinese characters "臺語諺文" written in Taiwanese Hangul
Script type
CreatorHsu Tsao-te (first proposed)
Time period
since 1987
LanguagesTaiwanese Hokkien
Related scripts
Parent systems
Hangul
  • Taiwanese Hangul
Part of a series on
Written Hokkien
Chinese characters
(Hàn-jī)
Romanizations
(Lô-má-jī)
Mixed script
(Hàn-lô)
Other transcriptions

Letters

Initials
BilabialAlveolar Alveolo-palatalVelarGlottal
VoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoiced VoicelessVoicedVoicelessVoiced Voiceless
Nasal ᄆ [m]
ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ )		 ᄂ [n]
ㄋ 耐 (nāi)		 ㄸ [ŋ]
ㄫ 雅 (ngá)
StopUnaspirated ᄇ [p]
ㄅ 邊 (pian)		 ᄈ [b]
ㆠ 文 (bûn)		 ᄃ [t]
ㄉ 地 (tē)		 ᄀ [k]
ㄍ 求 (kiû)		 ᄁ [ɡ]
ㆣ 語 (gí)
Aspirated ᄑ [pʰ]
ㄆ 波 (pho)		 ᄐ [tʰ]
ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ)		 ᄏ [kʰ]
ㄎ 去 (khì)
AffricateUnaspirated ᄌ [ts]
ㄗ 曾
(tsan/chan)		 ᄍ [dz]
ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)		 ᄌ [tɕ]
ㄐ 尖
(tsiam/chiam)		 ᄍ [dʑ]
ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)
Aspirated ᄎ [tsʰ]
ㄘ 出
(tshut/chhut)		 ᄎ [tɕʰ]
ㄑ 手
(tshiú/chhiú)
Fricative ㅅ [s]
ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ)		 ㅅ [ɕ]
ㄒ 寫 (siá)		 ᄒ [h]
ㄏ 喜 (hí)
Lateral ᄅ [l]
ㄌ 柳 (liú)

Vowels
Monophthongs
FrontCentralBack
SimpleNasalSimpleSimpleNasal
Close ᅵ [i]
ㄧ 衣 (i)		 잇 [ĩ]
ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ)		 ᅮ [u]
ㄨ 污 (u)		 웃 [ũ]
ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ)
Mid ᅦ [e]
ㆤ 禮 (lé)		 엣 [ẽ]
ㆥ 生 (seⁿ)		 ᅥ [ə]
ㄜ 高 (ko)		 ᅩ [ɔ]
ㆦ 烏 (o͘ )		 옷 [ɔ̃]
ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ)
Open ᅡ [a]
ㄚ 查 (cha)		 앗 [ã]
ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)
Diphthongs & Triphthongs
Diphthongs ᅢ [aɪ]
ㄞ (ai)		 알 [aʊ]
ㄠ (au)		 ᅣ [ɪa]
ㄧㄚ (ia)		 ᅧ [ɪo]
ㄧㄜ (io)
ᅲ [iu]
ㄧㄨ (iu)		 ᅪ [ua]
ㄨㄚ (oa)		 ᅰ [ue]
ㄨㆤ (oe)		 ᅱ [ui]
ㄨㄧ (ui)
Triphthongs 얄 [ɪaʊ]
ㄧㄠ (iau)		 ᅫ [uai]
ㄨㄞ (oai)

Coda endings
BilabialAlveolar VelarGlottal
Nasal consonant ᄆ [m]
ㆬ (-m)		 ᄂ [n]
ㄣ (-n)		 ㅇ [ŋ]
ㆭ (-ng)
Stop consonant ᄇ [p̚]
ㆴ (-p)		 ᄃ [t̚]
ㆵ (-t)		 ᄀ [k̚]
ㆶ (-k)		 ᄒ [ʔ]
ㆷ (-h)

Tone markings

No. Hangul Latin diacritics Chinese tone name Examples
Hangul/Latin/Hanzi (Listen 🔊)
meaning
1 ᄋ absent 陰平 (yinping)
dark level		 카ᄋ/kha/跤 🔊
foot; leg
2 ᄅ ◌́ 上聲 (sióng-siaⁿ)/陰上 (yinshang)
rising / dark rising		 쥐ㄹ/tsúi/水 🔊
water
3 ᄂ ◌̀ 陰去 (yinqu)
dark departing		 갈ㄴ/kàu/到 🔊
arrive
4 ᄋ absent 陰入 (yinru)
dark entering		 빻ㅇ/bah/肉 🔊
meat
5 ᄉ ◌̂ 陽平 (yangping)
light level		 옹ㅅ/ông/王 🔊
king
(6)
appears only in Lukang dialect;
merged to 7 in the prestige dialect		 not devised ◌̆ 陽上 (yangshang)
light rising		 []/huǎn (Lukang)/犯
violate / commit (a crime)
7 ᄀ ◌̄ 陽去 (yangqu)
light departing		 환ㄱ/huān (prestige)/犯 🔊
violate / commit (a crime)
8 ᄇ  ̍
(overstroke/vertical line above)		 陽入 (yangru)
light entering		 쫳ㅂ/joa̍h/熱 🔊
hot
Continuous tone sandhi ㅣ absent occurs when a character/syllable is
before another one in a phrase.
Rule of the prestige dialect:
5→7, 7→3, 3→2, 2→1, 1→7;
4→8, 8→4		 대시끼ㄹ/Tâi-gí/臺語 🔊
Taiwanese language

Different use of Hangul between Taiwanese and Korean

Taiwanese HokkienKoreanNote
ㅃ /b/, a voiced consonant /p͈/, a tense consonant
ㄲ /g/, a voiced consonant /k͈/, a tense consonant
ㅉ /ʣ/ or /ʥ/, a voiced consonant /t͡ɕ͈/, a tense consonant
ㄸ /ŋ/, /t͈/ as the syllable onset such as 따
ㅎ /ʔ/, a glottal stop /t̚/ as the syllable coda such as 앟
ㅅ /ⁿ/, vowel nasalization /t̚/ as the syllable coda such as 앗
ㅆ /ⁿʔ/, a combination of ㅅ and ㅎ /s͈/ or /t̚/ as the syllable coda such as 았
ᅥ /o/ or /ə/ /ʌ/
ᅩ /ɔ/ /o/
ㅐ /ai/ /ɛ/
알 /au/ /aɭ/
ㅡ silent /ɯ/
ㅢ 읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/ /ɰi/, /i/, /ɛ/

Examples

Matthew 6:1

Taiwanese HangulPe̍h-ōe-jī
Chinese characters 關係行善的教訓

恁著謹慎，毋通為著欲予儂看，故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行；
恁若按呢做，恁就袂當對天父得著報賞。
Chinese-Hangul
mixed writing		 關係行善에教訓

린뎧謹慎，음탕為뎧뼇호儂看，故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行；
린若안네做，린就뻬당뒤天父得뎧報賞。

 Chinese-Latin
mixed writing		 關係行善ê教訓

Lín tio̍h謹慎，m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看，故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行；
Lín若án-ne做，lín就bē-tàng tùi天父得tio̍h報賞。

Hangul 관헤 형센 에 갈훈

린 뎧 긴신，음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃，고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형；
린 나 안네 저，린 쥬 뻬당 뒤 텐후 딛뎧 버슛。

 Romanization Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn

Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng.
Lín nā án-ne chò, lín chiū bē-tàng tùi Thian-hū tit-tio̍h pò-siúⁿ.

References

  1. Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society
  2. 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編
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