Sanming dialect

Sanming
Sanming
三明事
Pronunciation	[sɔ̃ ˥˥˧ mã˦˩ ʃia˧]
Native to	Southern China
Region	Sanming, Fujian
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic[lower-alpha 1] Min Inland Min Central Min Sanming; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	79-AAA-hbb

The Sanming dialect (Central Min: 三明事, Mandarin Chinese: 三明話) is a dialect of Central Min spoken in urban areas of Sanming, a prefecture-level city in Western Fujian Province, China.

Phonology

The Sanming dialect has 18 initials, 37 rimes and 6 tones.

Initials

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Velar
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Stop	Tenuis	p	t		k
Stop	Aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
Affricate	Tenuis		ts	tʃ
Affricate	Aspirated		tsʰ	tʃʰ
Fricative			s	ʃ	x
Glide			l

Initials /m, ŋ/ may also be heard as prenasal [mb, ŋɡ] in free variation. When the two initials are followed by non-nasalized rimes, they can be heard as voiced plosives [b, ɡ].
Palato-alveolar sounds /tʃ, tʃʰ, ʃ/ can also be heard as alveolo-palatal sounds [tɕ, tɕʰ, ɕ] in free variation among speakers.

Rimes


	Open syllable		Nasal coda	Nasal vowel coda
Open mouth	ɹ̩ ɛ ɒ a ɯ ø	aɯ au	am aiŋ m̩	ã ɔ̃
Even mouth	i iɛ iɒ ia iɯ	iau	iam iaiŋ	iã iɔ̃ ɛ̃
Closed mouth	u uɛ ui o		ŋ̍	uã
Round mouth	y yi yɛ yo		yaiŋ	yã yɛ̃

Tones

No.	1	2	3	4	5	6
Tone name	dark level 陰平	light level 陽平	dark rising 陰上	light rising 陽上	departing 去聲	entering 入聲
Tone contour	˥˥˧ 553	˦˩ 41	˨˩ 21	˨˩˧ 213	˧ 33	˩˨ 12

The entering tones in the Sanming dialect do not have any entering tone coda (入聲韻尾) such as /-ʔ/, /-p̚/, /-t̚/ and /-k̚/. This feature is quite different from many other Chinese dialects.

Notes

Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese. As such, it is likely a top-level branch of Sinitic.[1][2][3]

References

Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

Compilation Commission of Chorography of Sanming City 福建省三明市地方志编纂委员会 (2002). San ming shi zhi 三明市志 ["Chorography of Sanming City"]. Vol. 53. Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]. ISBN 978-7-80122-619-8.
吳, 瑞文 (Rui-Wen Wu) (2013). On the Grammatical Functions and Grammaticalization of tʰe5 in the Sanming Dialect [論三明方言tʰe5的語法功能及其語法化]. Language and Linguistics [語言暨語言學].

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[minClassification-4] Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese. As such, it is likely a top-level branch of Sinitic.[1][2][3]

[1] Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766

[2] Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8

[glottoMin-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.