Somalis in Kenya

According to the 2019 Kenya census, approximately 2,780,502 ethnic Somalis live in Kenya.[1] Among these individuals are a number of ethnically Somali international migrants, around 300,000 of whom inhabit the wider East and South Africa regions.[3] These ethnic Somalis are distinct from the Bantus and other minorities of Somalia, who according to USAID constitute most of the estimated 413,170 refugees from Somalia in Kenya.[4]

Somali-owned businesses in Eastleigh, Nairobi

Somalis in Kenya, being Eastern Cushites, formed one of the last waves of migrations into present-day Kenya. The current Somali clans started moving into what is today North Eastern Kenya after the Oromo(Galla) were dislodged from the Juba Valley and mostly moved to the Ethiopian Highlands in the 16th Century, leaving much of Southern Somalia and North Eastern Kenya open to Somali migrationThe Origins of the Galla and Somali. Further movement of Somalis into Kenya took place under the British,who transferred some clans like the Degodia and some Ogadeni sub-clans to Wajir district to graze alongside the long established Ajuran clanColonial Policies and the Failure of Somali Secessionism in the Northern Frontier Dustrict of the Kenya Colony. As such, They have historically inhabited the North Eastern Province, previously a part of the Northern Frontier District (NFD) which also included the present day Borana and Gabra inhabited Marsabit and Isiolo Counties. The NFD came into being in 1925, when it was carved out of the Somalia.[5] At the time under British colonial administration, the northern half of Jubaland was ceded to Italy as a reward for the Italians' support of the Allies during World War I.[6] Britain retained control of the southern half of the territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District.[5][7]

Aden Duale, a Kenyan ethnic Somali, previously served as majority leader in the National Assembly

On 26 June 1960, four days before granting British Somaliland independence, the British government declared that all Somali-inhabited areas of East Africa should be unified in one administrative region. However, after the dissolution of the former British colonies in the region, Britain granted administration of the Northern Frontier District to Kenyan nationalists. This was despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the Somalis in Kenya population to join the newly formed Somali Republic,[8] and the fact that the NFD was almost exclusively inhabited by ethnic Somalis.[9][10][11] Nonetheless, the Somali residents had by then successfully lobbied for a separate classification from the adjacent Bantu and Nilotic populations. In the 1962 British Kenya census, the Somali expatriates were accorded their own "Somali" entry separate from the "African", "Arab", "Asian" and "European" designations.[12]

A Somali store owner

On the eve of Kenya's independence in August 1963, British officials belatedly realized that the new Kenyan regime was not willing to give up the Somali-inhabited areas it had just been granted administration of. Led by the Northern Province People's Progressive Party (NPPPP), Somalis in the NFD vigorously sought union with their kin in the Somali Republic to the north.[13] In response, the Kenyan government enacted a number of repressive measures designed to frustrate their efforts in what came to be known as the Shifta War.[14] Although the conflict ended in a cease-fire, Somalis in the region still identify and maintain close ties with their brethren in Somalia.[15] They have traditionally married within their own community and formed a cohesive ethnic network.[16]

Somali entrepreneur Hussein Mohamed, Vice Chairman of the Eastleigh Business Association

Following the civil war in Somalia that broke out in 1991, many Somalis sought asylum in the Somali-inhabited enclaves in Kenya. An entrepreneurial community, they established themselves in the business sector,[17] investing over $1.5 billion in Eastleigh alone.[18] Starting in late 2012, a mass exodus of Somali residents was reported after a prolonged period of harassment by the Kenyan police and public. Hundreds of Somali entrepreneurs withdrew between Sh10 to Sh40 billion from their bank accounts, with the intention of reinvesting most of that money back home in Somalia. The collective departures most affected Eastleigh's real estate sector, as landlords struggled to find Kenyans able to afford the high rates of the apartments and shops vacated by the Somalis.[19]

• Somali diaspora

• Scharrer, Tabea (2018). ""Ambiguous citizens": Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 12 (3): 494–513. doi:10.1080/17531055.2018.1483864. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-F64C-5. ISSN 1753-1055.
• Weitzberg, Keren (2015). "The Unaccountable Census: Colonial Enumeration and ITS Implications for the Somali People of Kenya". The Journal of African History. 56 (3): 409–428. doi:10.1017/S002185371500033X. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 153521428.)