Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of the orbit on July 22, 2009,[1][2][3] with a magnitude of 1.07991. It was the longest total solar eclipse during the 21st century; the longest total solar eclipse during the 3rd millennium will be on 16 July 2186. It lasted a maximum of 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds off the coast of Southeast Asia,[4] causing tourist interest in eastern China, Pakistan, Japan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Its greatest magnitude was 1.07991, occurring only 6 hours, 18 minutes after perigee, with greatest eclipse totality lasting 6 minutes, 38.86 seconds during the Total Solar Eclipse of July 22, 2009.

Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009
Totality from Kurigram District, Bangladesh
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureTotal
Gamma0.0698
Magnitude1.0799
Maximum eclipse
Duration399 sec (6 m 39 s)
Coordinates24.2°N 144.1°E / 24.2; 144.1
Max. width of band258 km (160 mi)
Times (UTC)
(P1) Partial begin23:58:18
(U1) Total begin0:51:16
Greatest eclipse2:36:25
(U4) Total end4:19:26
(P4) Partial end5:12:25
References
Saros136 (37 of 71)
Catalog # (SE5000)9528

This was the longest total solar eclipse in the 21st century because totality lasted nearly 6 minutes and 39 seconds.

Eclipse Season

This is the second eclipse this season, with the first being the July 2009 lunar eclipse. The third eclipse of the season was the August 2009 lunar eclipse.[4][5][6]

It was the 37th eclipse of the 136th Saros cycle, which began with a partial eclipse on June 14, 1360, and will conclude with a partial eclipse on July 30, 2622.

Visibility
View from a boat in Ganges

A partial eclipse was seen within the broad path of the Moon's penumbra, including most of Southeast Asia (all of Pakistan, India and China) and north-eastern Oceania.

The total eclipse was visible from a narrow corridor through northern India, eastern Nepal, northern Bangladesh, Bhutan, the northern tip of Myanmar, central China and the Pacific Ocean, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands, the whole Volcano Islands except South Iwo Jima, Marshall Islands, and Kiribati.

Totality was visible in many large cities, including Dhaka and Dinajpur, and Chapai Nawabganj district in Bangladesh; Surat, Vadodara, Bhopal, Varanasi, Patna, Gaya, Siliguri, Tawang and Guwahati in India; and Chengdu, Nanchong, Chongqing, Yichang, Jingzhou, Wuhan, Huanggang, Hefei, Hangzhou, Wuxi, Huzhou, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Shanghai as well as over the Three Gorges Dam in China. However, in Shanghai, the largest city in the eclipse's path, the view was obscured by heavy clouds.[7][8] According to NASA, the Japanese island Kitaio Jima was predicted to have the best viewing conditions[9][10] featuring both longer viewing time (being the closest point of land to the point of greatest eclipse) and lower cloud cover statistics than all of continental Asia.

The eclipse, and the reaction of thousands of observers at Varanasi was captured by the Science Channel Wonders of the Universe series hosted by Brian Cox.[11]

This eclipse may be the most-viewed total solar eclipse in history, with 30 million people in Shanghai and Hangzhou alone.[12]

Observations
Crowds gather on the ghats of Ganges for the eclipse in Varanasi, India.

Thousands of pilgrims gathered on the banks of the Ganges River in Varanasi, India to experience the eclipse as a religious or spiritual event. Some people expected that there would be a relationship, either positive or negative, between their health and the occurrence of the eclipse.[13]

Indian scientists observed the solar eclipse from an Indian Air Force plane.[14]

The Chinese government used the opportunity to provide scientific education and to dispel any superstition. A flight by China Eastern Airlines from Wuhan to Shanghai took a slight detour and followed the course of the eclipse to allow longer observation time for the scientists on board.

Observers in Japan were excited by the prospect of experiencing the first eclipse in 46 years, but found the experience dampened by cloudy skies obscuring the view.

In Bangladesh, where the eclipse lasted approximately 3 minutes and 44 seconds, thousands of people were able to witness the eclipse despite rain and overcast skies.

Duration
These identically scaled photos compare the apparent diameter of the full moon (near apogee) to the nearly new moon (visible by earthshine) on the day before the solar eclipse near lunar perigee.

This solar eclipse was the longest total solar eclipse to occur in the 21st century, and will not be surpassed in duration until 13 June 2132 (Saros 139, ascending node). Totality lasted for up to 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds (0.14 seconds shorter than 6 minutes and 39 seconds), with the maximum eclipse occurring in the ocean at 02:35:21 UTC about 100 km south of the Bonin Islands, southeast of Japan. The uninhabited North Iwo Jima island was the landmass with totality time closest to maximum, while the closest inhabited point was Akusekijima, where the eclipse lasted 6 minutes and 26 seconds.[15]

The cruise ship Costa Classica was chartered specifically to view this eclipse and by viewing the eclipse at the point of maximum duration and cruising along the centerline during the event, duration was extended to 6 minutes, 42 seconds.

The eclipse was part of Saros series 136, descending node, as was the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, which was slightly longer, lasting up to 6 minutes 53.08 seconds (previous eclipses of the same saros series on June 30, 1973, and June 20, 1955, were longer, lasting 7 min 03.55 and 7 min 07.74, respectively). The next event from this series will be on August 2, 2027 (6 minutes and 22.64 seconds).[16] The exceptional duration was a result of the Moon being near perigee, with the apparent diameter of the Moon 7.991% larger than the Sun (magnitude 1.07991) and the Earth being near aphelion[17] where the Sun appeared slightly smaller.

In contrast the annular solar eclipse of January 26, 2009 (Saros 131, ascending node) occurred 3.3 days after lunar apogee and 7.175% smaller apparent diameter to the sun. And the next solar eclipse of January 15, 2010 (Saros 141, ascending node) was also annular, 1.8 days before lunar apogee, with the Moon 8.097% smaller than the Sun.

Totality

Partial

View from space
Animation of eclipse path

The Terrain Mapping Camera in the Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission was used to image the earth during the eclipse.[18]

It was also observed by the Japanese geostationary satellite MTSAT:[19]


12:30 UT (pre-eclipse)
1:30 UT
Close up at 1:30 UT

Eclipses of 2009

This total eclipse was the second in the series of three eclipses in a one-month period, with two minor penumbral lunar eclipses, first on July 7 and last on August 6.

Tzolkinex

Half-Saros cycle

Tritos

Solar Saros 136

Inex

Triad

Solar eclipses 2008–2011

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[20]

Solar eclipse series sets from 2008–2011
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
121

Partial from Christchurch, NZ		 2008 February 07

Annular		 −0.95701 126

Novosibirsk, Russia		 2008 August 01

Total		 0.83070
131

Palangka Raya, Indonesia		 2009 January 26

Annular		 −0.28197 136

Kurigram, Bangladesh		 2009 July 22

Total		 0.06977
141

Bangui, Central African Republic		 2010 January 15

Annular		 0.40016 146

Hao, French Polynesia		 2010 July 11

Total		 −0.67877
151

Partial from Vienna, Austria		 2011 January 04

Partial (north)		 1.06265 156 2011 July 01

Partial (south)		 −1.49171

Partial solar eclipses on June 1, 2011, and November 25, 2011, occur on the next lunar year eclipse set.

Saros series

Solar Saros 136, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, contains 71 events. The series started with partial solar eclipse on June 14, 1360, and reached a first annular eclipse on September 8, 1504. It was a hybrid event from November 22, 1612, through January 17, 1703, and total eclipses from January 27, 1721, through May 13, 2496. The series ends at member 71 as a partial eclipse on July 30, 2622, with the entire series lasting 1262 years. The longest eclipse occurred on June 20, 1955, with a maximum duration of totality at 7 minutes, 7.74 seconds. All eclipses in this series occurs at the Moon's descending node.[21]

Series members 29–43 occur between 1865 and 2117
29 30 31

Apr 25, 1865
May 6, 1883
May 18, 1901
32 33 34

May 29, 1919
Jun 8, 1937
Jun 20, 1955
35 36 37

Jun 30, 1973
Jul 11, 1991
Jul 22, 2009
38 39 40

Aug 2, 2027
Aug 12, 2045
Aug 24, 2063
41 42 43

Sep 3, 2081
Sep 14, 2099
Sep 26, 2117

Metonic cycle

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

21 events between July 22, 1971 and July 22, 2047
July 21–22 May 9–11 February 26–27 December 14–15 October 2–3
116 118 120 122 124

July 22, 1971
May 11, 1975
February 26, 1979
December 15, 1982
October 3, 1986
126 128 130 132 134

July 22, 1990
May 10, 1994
February 26, 1998
December 14, 2001
October 3, 2005
136 138 140 142 144

July 22, 2009
May 10, 2013
February 26, 2017
December 14, 2020
October 2, 2024
146 148 150 152 154

July 22, 2028
May 9, 2032
February 27, 2036
December 15, 2039
October 3, 2043
156

July 22, 2047

Notes
  1. "Full solar eclipse turns the day to night in Asia". The Bismarck Tribune. 2009-07-23. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-10-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. "Celestial awe, fear". Leader-Telegram. 2009-07-23. p. C10. Retrieved 2023-10-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. "Asia shrouded in daytime darkness in longest eclipse until 2132". The Star-Democrat. 2009-07-23. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-10-25 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. (AFP) – 6 days ago. "AFP: Solar eclipse sparks tourism fever in China". Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  5. "Scientists: China the best place to observe longest solar eclipse in 2,000 years_English_Xinhua". News.xinhuanet.com. 2009-07-22. Archived from the original on May 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  6. "Indian students on solar eclipse 'odyssey' to China – Yahoo! India News". In.news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 29, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  7. 99.56% totality was observed in Kamat Maath, Binodpur, Chapai Nawabgan, the western part of Bangladesh.
    In Sichuan province, China, 150 km southwest of Chengdu many people ascended Mount Emei to view the eclipse. While viewing conditions were not ideal due to thick cloud cover, typical of this region and altitude, the effects were reported as impressive. The summit of Mt. Emei contains numerous Buddhist temples and statues, as well as a large candle and incense lighting ceremony/area. During the eclipse day turned to night, leaving only the candles to cast a unique lighting on the adjacent Buddhist statues and buildings.
    "NASA – Total Solar Eclipse of 2009 July 22". NASA.gov. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  8. Weather conditions for cities in China during the July 22 eclipse (in Chinese)
  9. "NASA Map" (PDF).
  10. Espenak, Fred. "Total Solar Eclipse of July 2009" (PDF).
  11. "The Solar Eclipse In Varanasi - Wonders of the Solar System - Series 1 Episode 1 Preview - BBC Two". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13.
  12. "Solar Eclipse on July 22 May Be Most Viewed Ever". nationalgeographic.com.
  13. "Indians enthralled by solar eclipse". Chinadaily.com.cn. 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  14. "Khabrein.info". Khabrein.info. Archived from the original on July 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. "Island « Total Eclipse.Jp". Totaleclipse.jp. Archived from the original on 2009-04-18. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  16. "August 2, 2027 Total Solar Eclipse". Tierrayestrellas.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  17. Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (3 July 2009). "Perihelion and Aphelion". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  18. "Chandrayaan-1". ISRO. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  19. "Eclipse Shadows Southeastern China : Image of the Day". nasa.gov. 23 July 2009.
  20. van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  21. SEsaros136 at NASA.gov

References

Pre-eclipse news:

Photos:

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