R211 (New York City Subway car)

The R211 is a new technology train (NTT) New York City Subway car being built by Kawasaki Railcar Manufacturing for the B Division and the Staten Island Railway (SIR). They will replace two aging subway car models: all R44 cars on the Staten Island Railway and all R46 subway cars. The order is split into three parts: R211A and R211T cars for the subway and R211S cars for the SIR. The R211Ts employ open gangways between cars, a feature not present on current rolling stock. The base order consists of 535 cars, with options for up to 1,077 additional cars.

R211
An R211A train on the A at Inwood-207th Street
The interior of an R211A car
In service2023–present
ManufacturerKawasaki Rail Car Company
Built at
Family nameNTT (New Technology Train)
ReplacedAll SIR R44s
All R46s
Constructed2019–present
Entered service
  • R211A: March 10, 2023[2][3]
  • R211S: March 2024 (expected)
  • R211T: Late 2023 (expected)
Number under construction1,030
(1,467 with all options exercised)
Number built
  • R211A: 120
  • R211S: 5[4]
  • R211T: 20
  • Total: 145
Number in service70
FormationFive-car sets (and four-car sets if second option exercised)
Fleet numbers
  • R211A: 4060–4499[5]
  • R211S: 100–174[4]
  • R211T: 4040–4059[6]
Capacity30 seats, 210 standing
per car
Operator(s)
Depot(s)Pitkin Yard[7]
Service(s) assigned"A" train
Specifications
Car body constructionStainless steel with fiberglass ends and rear bonnets[8]
Train length5-car train: 301.05 feet (91.76 m)
4-car train: 240.84 feet (73.41 m)
Car length60.21 feet (18.35 m)
Width10 feet (3,048 mm) max
Height12 feet (3,658 mm) max
Floor height3.76 ft (1.15 m)
Platform height3.76 ft (1.15 m)
EntryLevel
Doors8 sets of 58 inches (150 cm) wide side doors per car
Maximum speed55 mph (89 km/h) (Service)
66 mph (106 km/h) (Design)
Weight82,000 pounds (37,000 kg)
Traction systemIGBT–VVVF (Alstom OptONIX)[9]
Traction motors2 or 4[lower-alpha 1] × Alstom 4 ECA 1625 A 3-phase AC induction motors [10]
Acceleration2.5 mph/s (1.1 m/s2)
Deceleration3.0 mph/s (1.3 m/s2) (full service)
3.2 mph/s (1.4 m/s2) (emergency)
Electric system(s)600 V DC Third rail
Current collector(s)Contact shoe
Braking system(s)Dynamic braking propulsion system; Pneumatic tread brake system
Safety system(s)CBTC, dead man's switch, train stop
Headlight typeLED
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge

Planning for the R211 order started in 2011. The design process started in 2012, at which time the order was supposed to consist of 75-foot-long (23 m) cars. The cars' lengths were changed to 60 feet (18 m) by 2015, and the first request for proposals was solicited in July 2016. After several changes to the proposal, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) awarded a contract to Kawasaki in January 2018. Delivery of the pilot cars began at the end of June 2021. They contain new features such as wider doors, information displays, LED-lit doorways, open gangways, and LED interior lighting. The R211As entered service on March 10, 2023, beginning a 30-day acceptance test. Following a successful second revenue service test with the pilot set, it officially entered service with the first production set on June 29, 2023.

Component orders

With all options exercised, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) plans to spend $3.686 billion in the order.[11] The contract is split into three parts: R211A, R211S, and R211T. The majority of the 535-car base order will comprise 440 R211A cars that will partially replace the aging 748-car R46 fleet.[lower-alpha 2] There are also 20 R211T open gangway prototype cars, first delivered in late 2022, and 75 R211S cars that will replace the now 51 year old remaining 61-car R44 fleet on the Staten Island Railway.[11][12]: 73  The R44s and R46s are 75 feet (23 m) long, and the R211s are only 60 feet (18 m). As a result, the 752 R46s[lower-alpha 2] would need to be replaced by 940 R211s.[lower-alpha 3]

There will be two options for additional cars: the first for 640 R211A cars and the second for 437 R211A or R211T cars.[15] Option 2 is designed to accommodate either standard cars or open gangway cars, depending on the test results from the 20 R211T cars from the base order. If all options are exercised, the order would total 1,612 cars.[11] Any additional cars that do not replace existing rolling stock will be used to expand the system's fleet.[16][17]

The R211 order would provide 1,015 new cars to replace the existing fleet, as well as up to 597 cars for fleet expansions following the extension of the Second Avenue Subway and the automation of the New York City Subway.[12]: 72  The R211Ts would also increase capacity and allow passengers to walk seamlessly from one car to the next.[16][18][19][20]

Features
An R211T gangway with panels
Digital display system
The LED side destination sign of an R211

The doors on the R211s are 58 inches (150 cm) wide, compared to current MTA standard of 50 inches (130 cm),[21][1] thereby projected to reduce station dwell time by 25 to 30 percent.[22][23] This door width will also promote accessibility on the cars, making them the first fully accessible subway car in New York City.[24] This design change partially incorporates a design feature of the R110A prototype subway cars, which had doors that are 63 inches (160 cm) wide.[25]

The new cars have digital advertisements, digital customer information displays, illuminated door opening alerts, and security cameras,[26][27][1][28] unlike the current New Technology Trains, which lack these features.[29] Each car contains an on-board computer system that could detect breakdowns in critical systems such as braking and door-opening.[1]

It was announced in July 2016 that some of the cars would have open gangways, allowing passengers to move between cars during train movement.[1] The prototype cars contain two designs; the first ten cars utilize interior panels in the gangway connection, and the other ten use interior bellows in the gangway connection. The latter design also contains a wider walkway and handles between cars. To test out the curve radius and gangway flex in the existing 60-foot-long cars, an R143 test train was equipped with measuring gauges and was operated on most parts of the B Division.[lower-alpha 4]

Compared to previous New Tech train orders, the R211s have seen vast changes. On the exterior, the cars have a blue front with large windows, LED headlights, and a blue stripe with gold accents on the sides, similar to the new MTA Regional Bus Operations livery released in 2016. To designate the route, a large LED screen with the route bullet is displayed at the ends of the train, similar to the rollsigns on older trains (R40 to R68A). The route's destination is displayed above the door on the front, similar to the overhead rollsign arrangement last used on the R38 cars from 1966, which displayed both the route and destination. On the sides, there is a screen that displays both the route bullet and the route's destination, also similar to rollsign-equipped trains.

There are also several changes in interior appearance. Updated digital displays are installed over doors. The seating on the inside is blue and gold, and flip seats are installed to allow for space for wheelchairs.[26][27] There are also looped stanchions, a feature found in some R46, R62A, and R160 cars, as well as on all R179 cars. As part of an action plan to fix the subway's state of emergency of 2017, many of the R211's features were implemented on several R160s assigned to the E, F, and L trains.[30][31][32]

In addition to various screens throughout the train, touch screen displays are present throughout the subway cars, allowing people to zoom in and out of the map.[33][34] Most of the screens also display additional information, such as specific bus transfers, elevator locations, and which car the customer is located in. This feature was not shown to be operational during the first few days of passenger service, but may become operational in the near future.

All R211A and R211T cars are equipped for communications-based train control (CBTC)[15][23] in conjunction with the ongoing automation of B Division lines.[5]: 14  All R211S cars are equipped with cab signaling.[15]

History

Initial request for proposals

The R211 Design Master Plan was approved by the MTA in December 2011, and design planning began in December 2012.[18][35] An R211 solicitation was posted in the classified section of Metro Magazine's May 9, 2013, issue, stating the proposal to acquire these cars in the near future. At the time, the order was planned to be 75 feet (23 m) in length, the same length as the R46 and R68 cars. Open-gangways, which would allow passengers to seamlessly walk throughout the train or units, and other alternate configurations were also initially considered for the entire order.[36]

By the release of the MTA's 2015-2019 Capital Program in October 2015, the order specified 60-foot (18 m) cars, which has been the standard length of new B Division cars since the R143 order. As of March 2016, open-gangways will be tested on ten cars (now designated as the R211T).[19] Additionally, the order was broken up into a base order of 565 R211A cars and two option orders: the first for 375 R211A cars, and a second for up to 520 R211As.[19][16][17][36]

The Request for Proposal (RFP) was issued on July 22, 2016, and the contract was to be put out for bidding.[18][19][26] With the RFP, the breakup of the order was changed. The base order consisted of 285 cars, with 10 R211T cars, 75 R211S cars, and 200 R211A cars. There were still two option orders; the first option order contained 740 cars (either R211As or R211Ts, depending on the success of the R211Ts in the base order), and the second base order contained 520 cars. The RFP closed in December 2016,[37] and the contract was expected to be awarded in early 2017,[18] at which time the existing R46 fleet would be 42 years old, making the oldest cars 48 years old, in 2023. However, in January 2017, the contract was pushed back to mid-2017.[37]

On April 24, 2017, at the New York City Transit Board Meeting, the breakdown of the order was changed once again. The base order now includes 535 cars (an increase of 250 cars), with 10 R211T cars, 75 R211S cars, and 450 R211A cars. The option order now consisted of between 490 and 640 R211T cars. This change was made to allow for faster deliveries of the R211 cars. The R211As, with their standard configuration, would be delivered in 2021, earlier than the open-gangway R211T cars, which would not be delivered until at least 2023.[11]

Creation of mockup and contract award
A full-size mock-up of the exterior of an R211 car at 34th Street–Hudson Yards station

In May 2017,[37] the MTA quietly built a mockup of the R211 in a sparsely-used section of the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station's mezzanine, hidden behind a construction wall. The New York Daily News first reported on the mockup's existence in September of that year. The mockup contains features such as the open-gangway designs, digital screens showing next stops and their station layouts, multicolor lights next to the doors to indicate which set of doors will open, and a blue-and-gold-stripe paint design on its exterior.[38] The model was completed and was made publicly accessible from November 30 to December 6, 2017, so riders could review it.[39][40]

In August 2017, Bombardier Transportation, who was manufacturing the R179s at the time, was banned from bidding on the R211 contract due to various delays and problems associated with the R179 contract.[41][42] Shortly afterward, it was reported that CRRC had also opted out of contention for the R211 contract, leaving Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Alstom Transport as two of the likely bidders for the contract.[42]

On January 19, 2018, the MTA Board suggested that Kawasaki Rail Car, Inc, a subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Kobe, Japan, be awarded the $1.4 billion base order for the first 535 new R211 cars.[11][28] The cars are anticipated to be delivered from 2020 to 2023, with the option orders to be delivered by 2025. The R211 base order includes 20 R211T cars with open gangways; 75 R211S cars for the Staten Island Railway, to be delivered near the end of the base order; and 440 R211A cars similar to the R143/R160 series. All cars in the base order will operate in five-car units.[11][1] The first test train was then expected to be delivered in July 2020, with the production cars being delivered between 2021 and 2023.[43] The cars are being assembled at Kawasaki's factories in the U.S. at Lincoln, Nebraska, and Yonkers, New York, as well as in Japan at Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture.[1]

Option orders

In October 2018, it was confirmed that the second option order would consist of 89 sets, and in September 2019, it was confirmed that the 89 sets would be formed from 437 cars.[44][15][lower-alpha 5] The MTA also confirmed in September 2019 that the first option order would also consist of 640 cars.[45][lower-alpha 6] The entire order will consist of 1,612 cars with both options exercised.[15][46]: 12  During that time, delivery of the base order was expected to be completed by August 2023, with option 1 and option 2 completed by December 2024 and October 2025 respectively.[43]

In October 2022, the MTA Board voted to exercise the first option order for 640 cars[21][47] at a cost of US $1.7 billion.[48][49] All cars in the first option order would be R211A cars.[49][50] The cars in the option order would be delivered from February 2025 to December 2026.[49]

Delays in delivery

By January 2019, the first R211A train was scheduled to be delivered in July 2020, but was delayed to January 2021. Thereafter, new R211 cars would have been produced and delivered at a rate of 30 to 40 cars per month.[46]: 29  The first two test trains of ten R211T open-gangway cars would have been delivered in May 2021, followed by the first 5-car set of R211S cars for the Staten Island Railway in December 2021.[46]: 12  Under the schedule outlined in January 2019, the base order of R211 cars would begin delivery in October 2021[12]: 74  and continue to be delivered through mid-2023.[46]: 12  If the two option orders of 1,077 cars were exercised, deliveries would have continued through late 2025. A decision on whether to make the first option order as open-gangway or standard trainsets was needed to be decided by late 2022; by late October 2022, the first option order was confirmed to comprise standard trainsets.[46]: 13  It was also announced in January 2019 that Kawasaki had made a full-car mock-up of the R211 fleet.[46]: 15–17 

In late November 2020, the MTA announced that delivery of the first cars was delayed to the first quarter of 2021.[51] The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted global supply chains and the delivery of the first cars was delayed by between 9 and 14 months.[5]: 16  By January 2021, the first cars were scheduled to arrive in April. The R211T open-gangway test trains were delayed to April 2022, while the R211S Staten Island Railway test train was delayed to August 2022. Deliveries of the base order of R211As were scheduled for September 2022 to September 2024, while deliveries of the R211S cars were scheduled for October 2023 to June 2024.[5]: 17  Kawasaki planned to deliver 22 cars per month, a rate that an independent engineering consultant for the MTA described as "aggressive".[5]: 26 

In late March 2021, TV station NY1 reported that delivery of the first cars had slipped further, with the arrival of the first cars delayed to June 2021.[52] At its June 2021 meeting, the MTA's Capital Program Oversight Committee announced the R211A pilot had been delayed to July 2021 and the R211T test train had been delayed to June 2022. The production of the R211A base order, the R211S test train, and the rest of the R211S order had the same timeline as was outlined in January 2021.[53]: 12  Some of the other issues with the test train, such as cracks in the HVAC frame, had been identified in previous months and fixed.[53]: 19  The base order of R211As had to be underway by November 2023 so there would be enough cars to test a communications-based train control (CBTC) system being installed on the IND Eighth Avenue Line.[53]: 21  By July 2022, full delivery of the R211A base order and the R211S order had been delayed to 2025 due to labor issues at Kawasaki's Nebraska factory.[49][54] Kawasaki was obligated to construct 40 cars per month in Nebraska as part of its contract with the MTA.[55]

Delivery
R211A 4064 being delivered on June 29, 2021
R211A 4060-4064 being hauled by locomotives to Coney Island Yard on July 1, 2021

Starting on June 29, 2021,[56] the first set of R211A cars (4060–4064) was delivered to the New York City Transit Authority at the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal.[22][57] The next five cars (4065–4069) were delivered starting on July 12, 2021, forming a complete pilot ten-car train for acceptance testing and evaluation.[58] The test train was delivered despite a lack of staff in Nebraska and a shortage of important parts, which prompted an independent engineering consultant to predict that delivery of the test train could be delayed past July 2021.[53]: 21 

The first of the R211T cars with the first gangway design (4040-4049) were delivered on October 31, 2022.[lower-alpha 7] By December 2022, the set began testing.[59] The first of the R211T cars with the second gangway design (4050-4059) were delivered a few months later, in January and June 2023.[lower-alpha 8]

On the first week of May 2023, the first set of R211S cars (100–104) was delivered to the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal, forming a complete pilot five-car train for acceptance testing and evaluation.[60][lower-alpha 9] After undergoing several tests on NYC Subway trackage, the unit was transported to Staten Island during the week of October 16, 2023.[62][63]

Service

The R211A cars were placed into revenue service on the A on March 10, 2023,[2][3] for a 30-day in-service acceptance test.[64][59] After successful completion, R211A cars officially entered revenue service on June 29, 2023, several months later than originally planned.[65] During a press conference at Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets the same day, it was announced that at least two R211A trains would enter service per month.[66][67]

During a media preview of the R211T cars in February 2023 at Coney Island Yard, it was announced that the R211T cars were expected to enter revenue service in late 2023.[68][69] This was further confirmed during another press conference in late June 2023, during which it was also announced that the R211S cars would enter service in January 2024.[65] However, in a press conference made in mid-October 2023 about the R211S, it was announced that the R211S 30-day revenue entry has been delayed until March 2024.[70]

In October 2023, all but one set of active R211A cars were pulled from revenue service following a string of functionality issues that impacted their reliability. One such issue noted has been faulty gearboxes, causing their wheels to drag and therefore create flat spots that damage the wheel, making it unusable and in need of being replaced. The service pull has since not affected any frequency issues in the subway once or ever.[71]

Notes and references

Notes
  1. 2 motors on A1 cars (lowest number car in unitized set), 4 motors on A2 & B cars
  2. The R211 order is slated to replace 752 R46 cars.[11][12]: 73  Four of these cars were scrapped after separate incidents in 2017 and 2020, leaving only 748 cars in revenue service.[13][14]
  3. Both quantities represent 94 full-length trainsets, each of which is 600 ft (180 m) long. Each 600-foot trainset of R46s would require eight cars, while each 600-foot trainset of 60 long cars would require ten such cars. As such, 752 R46 cars could be arranged to make 94 full-length trainsets, and 940 sixty-foot-long cars could be arranged to make 94 such trainsets.
  4. See also:
  5. An option order with 333 cars would only result in 83.25 train sets of four cars, but an MTA board meeting document from October 2018 mentions 89 four- and five-car trainsets in the second option order, all of which would be equipped with communications-based train control. Assuming all 437 cars will be equipped with CBTC, the order would have to be divided into 81 five-car sets, totaling 405 cars, plus 8 four-car sets, totaling 32 cars.
  6. If the second option had 333 cars, there would 88 cars in 22 sets of four cars each, and 245 cars in 49 sets of five cars each.
    • If the second option had 437 cars, there would be 32 cars in 8 sets of four cars each, and 405 cars in 81 sets of five cars each.
  7. See:
  8. See:
  9. See also:[4][61]

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