Qa (Mongolic)

Qa
Qa
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
Mongolian consonants
Foreign consonants
	Mongolian script multigraphs;

Qa is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.[1]^{: 549–551}

Mongolian language

Letter[2]^{: 14, 17, 21, 24–25}[3]^: 546[4]^{: 212–213}
q	k	Transliteration[note 1]
ᠬ		Initial
‍ᠬ‍		Medial (syllable-initial)
—	—	Medial (syllable-final)
—	—	Final

C-V syllables[2]^: 15[6]^: 19
q‑a	qa	ke	ki	qo, qu	kö, kü	Transliteration
—	ᠬᠠ[lower-alpha 1]	ᠬᠡ[lower-alpha 2]	ᠬᠢ[lower-alpha 3]	ᠬᠣ᠋	ᠬᠥ^⟨?⟩ (w/o tail)[lower-alpha 4]	Alone
—	ᠬᠠ[lower-alpha 1]	ᠬᠡ[lower-alpha 2]	ᠬᠢ[lower-alpha 3]	ᠬᠣ᠋	ᠬᠥ᠋^⟨?⟩ (w/ tail)	Alone
—	ᠬᠠ‍	ᠬᠡ‍	ᠬᠢ‍	ᠬᠣ‍	ᠬᠥ‍	Initial
—	‍ᠬᠠ‍	‍ᠬᠡ‍	‍ᠬᠢ‍	‍ᠬᠣ‍	‍ᠬᠥ‍	Medial
‍ᠬ᠎ᠠ^⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	—	‍ᠬᠡ	‍ᠬᠢ	‍ᠬᠣ	‍ᠬᠥ	Final

Separated suffixes[note 2]
‑ki	‑kin	Transliteration
ᠬᠢ	ᠬᠢᠨ	Whole

q/k

Transcribes Chakhar /x/;[11][12] Khalkha /x/. Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter х.[6][5]
Produced with H using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[13]
In the Mongolian Unicode block, q/k comes after p and before γ/g.

q

Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.
A separated isolate-shaped ‑q appears in the Uyghur loan title ayaγ‑q‑a tegimlig 'worthy of respect; reverend'.[3]^: 546[14]^: 43
Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth (𐽲).[3]^{: 539–540, 545–546}[15]^{: 111, 113–115}[16]^: 35

k

Syllable-initially indistinguishable from g.[2]^: 15, 24[9]^: 9
Derived from Old Uyghur kaph (𐽷).[3]^{: 539–540, 545–546}[15]^{: 111, 113, 115}[16]^: 35

Clear Script

Notes

As in ᠬᠠ/ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ^⟨?⟩ qa/qamiγ‑a (хаа khaa) 'where'.[8]^{: 895, 923}
As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.[8]^{: 438, 442}
See the separated  ᠬᠢ ‑ki suffix.[8]
As in the strengthening (emphatic) ᠭᠦ^⟨?⟩ kü (хүү khüü) particle,[8]^: 494[9]^: 46 or ᠬᠥ^⟨?⟩/ᠬᠥᠭᠡ kö/köge (хөө khöö) 'soot; obstacle, hindrance; trouble', or 'ring of mail'.[8]^{: 475, 478}

Scholarly transliteration.[5]
Separated suffixes starting with the letter k include:  ᠬᠢ ‑ki or  ᠬᠢᠨ ‑kin (case-bound possession).[10]

References

"The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.
"Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
"Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.[7]
Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.
"PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.
"Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
"Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
Kara, György (2005). Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-933070-52-3.
Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.

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[10] As in ᠬᠠ/ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ^⟨?⟩ qa/qamiγ‑a (хаа khaa) 'where'.[8]^{: 895, 923}

[11] As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.[8]^{: 438, 442}

[12] See the separated  ᠬᠢ ‑ki suffix.[8]

[14] As in the strengthening (emphatic) ᠭᠦ^⟨?⟩ kü (хүү khüü) particle,[8]^: 494[9]^: 46 or ᠬᠥ^⟨?⟩/ᠬᠥᠭᠡ kö/köge (хөө khöö) 'soot; obstacle, hindrance; trouble', or 'ring of mail'.[8]^{: 475, 478}

[6] Scholarly transliteration.[5]

[16] Separated suffixes starting with the letter k include:  ᠬᠢ ‑ki or  ᠬᠢᠨ ‑kin (case-bound possession).[10]

[1] "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Poppe1974-2] Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.

[Daniels1996-3] Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.

[Sanders2015-4] Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.

[EKIMn2006-5] "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.

[Skorodumova2000-7] Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.

[8] "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.

[Lessing1960-9] Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.[7]

[Grønbech1993-13] Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.

[15] "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.

[CJVLang2013-17] "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[StudyMn2013-18] "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[19] wilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Kara2005-20] Kara, György (2005). Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-933070-52-3.

[Clauson2005-21] Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.

[Janhunen2006-22] Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.