Galik alphabet

The Galik script (Mongolian: Али-гали үсэг, Ali-Gali üseg) is an extension to the traditional Mongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Mongolian: Аюуш гүүш), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. He added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names.[1]

Galik
Ali Gali
Script type
CreatorAyuush Güüsh
Time period
16th century
LanguagesMongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Clear script
Vagindra script
Twenty-One Hymns to the Rescuer Mother of Buddhas in four scripts: Tibetan, Manchu, Galik Mongolian, and Chinese

Some authors (particularly historic ones like Isaac Taylor in his The Alphabet: an account of the origin and development of letters, 1883) don't distinguish between the Galik and standard Mongolian alphabets.

To ensure that most text in the script displays correctly in your browser, the text sample below should resemble its image counterpart. Additional notes on the affected characters and their desired components are provided in the tables further down. For relevant terminology, see Mongolian script § Components.

Reference imageBrowser-rendered textRomanization
ᠾᠠ᠋᠎ᠠhā

Letters

The order of the letters corresponds to the alphabetic order of Sanskrit.[2]: 28 

Vowels[3]: 61–63, 241–243 [2]: 26–28 [4]: 233 [1]: 37 
Mongol­ian Deva­nagari script IAST Tibetan script Wylie
ᠠ᠋ अ a ཨ a
ᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ
[note 1]		 आ / ा ā ཨཱ
ᠢ इ / ि i ཨི i
ᠢᠢ ई / ी ī ཨཱི
ᠦ᠋ उ / ु u ཨུ u
ᠤᠦ ऊ / ू ū ཨཱུ
ᠷᠢ ऋ / ृ ṛ རྀ
ᠷᠢᠢ ॠ / ॄ ṝ རཱྀ
ᠯᠢ ऌ / ॢ ḷ ལྀ
ᠯᠢᠢ ॡ / ॣ ḹ ལཱྀ
ᠧ ए / े e ཨེ e
ᠧᠧ ऐ / ै ai ཨཻ
ᠣᠸᠠ ओ / ो o ཨོ o
ᠣᠸᠸᠠ
[note 2]		 औ / ौ au ཨཽ
ᢀ᠋ᠠ᠋ अं am / aṃ ཨ / ཨཾ
ᠠ᠋ᢁ अः aẖ / aḥ ཨ / ཨཿ
Consonants[3]: 64–69, 189–194, 244–255 [2]: 26–28 [4]: 234–239 [1]: 37 
Mongol­ian
[note 3]		 Deva­nagari IAST Tibetan Wylie
ᢉᠠ क ka ཀ ka
ᢉᠠ / ᠻᠠ ख kha ཁ kha
ᠺᠠ ग ga ག ga
ᠺᠾᠠ᠋ घ gha གྷ gha
ᢊᢇ ङ ṅa ང nga
Gray: ambiguous letters
ᡔᠠ᠋ / ᠴᠠ᠋ ཅ ca
¿ᢋᠠ᠋ ~ ᠽᠠ᠋ ~ ᢖᠠ᠋? / ᡓᠠ᠋? च ca ཙ za
ᠴᠠ᠋ ཆ cha
ᠼᠠ᠋ छ cha ཚ tsha
ᡔᠠ᠋? / ᠵᠠ᠋ / ᠴᠠ᠋? / ᢋᠠ᠋ ཇ ja
ᢋᠠ᠋? / ᠽᠠ᠋ ज ja ཛ ja
ᢋᠾᠠ᠋? / ᠽᠾᠠ᠋ झ jha ཛྷ jha
ᡛᠠ᠋ ञ ña ཉ ña
ᢌᠠ᠋ ट ṭa ཊ ṭa
ᢍᠠ᠋ ठ ṭha ཋ ṭha
ᢎᠠ᠋ ड ḍa ཌ ḍa
ᢎᠾᠠ᠋ ढ ḍha ཌྷ ḍha
ᢏᠠ᠋ ण ṇa ཎ ṇa
ᢐᠠ᠋ त ta ཏ ta
ᠲᠠ᠋ थ tha ཐ tha
ᠳ᠋ᠠ᠋ / ᢑᠠ᠋ द da ད da
ᠳ᠋ᠾᠠ᠋ / ᢑᠾᠠ᠋ ध dha དྷ dha
ᠨᠠ᠋ न na ན na
ᢒᠠ प pa པ pa
ᠪᠠ / ᠹᠠ फ pha ཕ pha
ᠪᠠ ब ba བ ba
ᠪᠾᠠ᠋ भ bha བྷ bha
ᠮᠠ᠋ म ma མ ma
ᠶ᠋ᠠ᠋ / ᠶᠠ᠋ य ya ཡ ya
ᠷᠠ᠋ र ra ར ra
ᠯᠠ᠋ ल la ལ la
ᡀᠠ᠋ ལྷ lha
ᠸᠠ᠋ व va ཝ va
ᢕᠠ᠋ ཞ ža
ᠱᠠ᠋ श śa ཤ ša
ᢔᠠ᠋ ष ṣa ཥ ṣa
ᠰᠠ᠋ स sa ས sa
ᠾᠠ᠋ ह ha ཧ ha
ᢖᠠ᠋ ཟ za
ᢗᠠ᠋ འ 'a
ᢉᢔᠠ᠋ क्ष kṣa ཀྵ kṣa

Symbols & diacritics
Symbols & diacritics[3]: 63, 133, 135, 131 
Form(s) Name Examples
Mongolian Tibetan equivalent
ᢀ Anusvara One ᢀᠠ᠋ ཨྃ
ᢀ᠋
ᢁ Visarga One ᠠ᠋ᢁ ཨཿ
ᢁ᠋
ᢂ Damaru ᢂᠻᠠ ྈྑ
ᢃ Ubadama ᢃᠹᠠ ྌྥ
ᢄ ᢄᠹᠠ ྉྥ
ᢅ Baluda ᢉᢅᠣᠸᠸᠠ[note 4] ཀཽ྅
ᢆ Three Baluda ᢉᢆᠣᠸᠸᠠ[note 5] ཀཽ྅྅྅

See also

Notes
  1. For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + one connected, and one separated left-pointing tail (both ).
  2. For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + loop (‍ᠤ‍) + two long teeth with downturns (‍ᠧ‍) + a final with right-pointing tail (‍ᠡ).
  3. For correct rendering, all these final a's should appear as connected and left-pointing tails (). A's directly preceded by any of the bow-shaped letters k, kh, g, p, ph, and b should also include a tooth in between.
  4. For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.
  5. For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.

References
  1. Chuluunbaatar, Otgonbayar (2008). Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4.
  2. Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
  3. "BabelStone : Mongolian and Manchu Resources". babelstone.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
  4. Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.
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