October 1911

The following events occurred in October 1911:

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October 27, 1911: Yuan Shikai sent to stop rebellion in China
October 23, 1911: Experimental cable entertainment and news service launched in United States
Justice John Marshall Harlan dies at 78
October 29, 1911: Newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer dies at 64

October 1, 1911 (Sunday)

October 2, 1911 (Monday)

October 3, 1911 (Tuesday)
  • After giving residents of Tripoli three days notice to evacuate during its war against the Ottoman Empire, Italy began a blockade of the Libyan city and heavy bombardment. At 2:00 pm, with the Turkish commander still refusing to surrender, Admiral Luigi Faravelli ordered his ships to begin shelling the city at 3:40 pm.[8][9]
  • Born: Yrjo von Grönhagen; Finnish folklorist (d. 2003)
  • Died: Kazuo Hatoyama, 55, Japanese politician

October 4, 1911 (Wednesday)
  • The first viable escalator, designed by Charles Seeburger, began operation at the Earl's Court Underground Station in London.[10]
  • The first railway from Canton (Guangzhou to Hong Kong) was put into service.[11]
  • Sir Almroth Wright, who had developed a vaccine against typhoid fever, began inoculation of 50,000 gold miners with an anti-pneumonia vaccine; by 1915, discovered to be a failure because of the various forms of pneumococci—at least 90 identified. Some of his colleagues referred to him as "Sir Almost Right".[12]
  • Iran's Parliament, the Majlis, instructed Treasurer W. Morgan Shuster to confiscate the property of Malek Mansur Mirza, younger brother of the former Shah, as punishment for supporting the recent counter-revolution. On October 9, when treasury officials were sent to inventory the property, they were blocked by Russian troops on order of the Russian consul-general, Ivan Pokhitonov, prompting a standoff between Russian and Persian troops.[13]
  • The Qing dynasty rulers of China adopted the musical composition "Cup of Solid Gold" (Gǒng Jīn'ōu) as the Empire's first official national anthem.[14] Six days later, however, the Wuchang Uprising took place and the anthem was never publicly performed.
  • Died: Dr. Joseph Bell, 74, Scottish surgeon who was Arthur Conan Doyle's inspiration for Sherlock Holmes.[15]

October 5, 1911 (Thursday)

October 6, 1911 (Friday)
  • Karl Staaff became the new Prime Minister of Sweden, forming a cabinet from fellow members of the Liberal party that had won election on September 27.[17]
  • After holding his last cabinet meeting, Sir Wilfrid Laurier formally resigned as Canadian Prime Minister, in favor of Robert L. Borden, who was sworn in four days later.[18]
  • Born: David T. Griggs, American geologist described as "the father of modern rock mechanics"; in Columbus, Ohio (d. 1974)

October 7, 1911 (Saturday)
  • Three days after a botched train robbery, Elmer McCurdy, 31, was shot and killed by lawmen in Oklahoma. McCurdy would achieve fame 65 years later. In December 1976, a TV crew discovered that a dummy on display in an amusement park in Long Beach, California, was actually McCurdy's mummified body. McCurdy would finally receive a burial in Guthrie, Oklahoma, in 1977.[19][20]
  • Rear Admiral Borea d'Olmo of the Italian Navy was appointed as the Governor of Tripoli.[21]
  • Born: Jo Jones, American jazz drummer; in Chicago (d. 1985)
  • Died: John Hughlings Jackson, 76, pioneering British neurologist

October 8, 1911 (Sunday)
  • Spanish troops defeated hostile tribesmen in Morocco but sustained heavy losses. The Moors killed 36 Spaniards and wounded another 109 in a battle at the Kert River.[22]
  • After seizing Tripoli from the Ottoman Empire, the Italian occupational government declared that slavery there was outlawed. Reportedly, Tripoli was "the only remaining port on the coast of Africa where slavery still prevailed".[23]

October 9, 1911 (Monday)

October 10, 1911 (Tuesday)
  • The Wuchang Uprising began when a group of Chinese revolutionaries in the city of Wuchang were working in their hideout, loading rifle shells, when one of them let a cigarette ash fall into gunpowder. The resulting explosion brought an investigation by the police, who discovered lists of the group's members, which included members of the Imperial Army. Faced with certain arrest and probable execution, the rebels began the insurrection ahead of schedule.[26]
  • Robert L. Borden was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Canada, along with the rest of his cabinet, as the last official act of outgoing Governor-General Earl Grey.[27]
  • Voters in California approved initiatives, referendums and recall by overwhelming majorities, and women's suffrage by a slight majority. Initiatives were approved 168,744 to 52,093; recall by 178,115 to 53,755.[28] California was the 10th state to enact initiative and referendum — South Dakota had been the first, in 1898.
  • Using captured lists of revolutionaries, Hubei Province Governor-General Jui-ch'eng (Rui Cheng) sent military police to arrest and execute three conspirators within the Chinese army. Sergeant Hsing Ping-k'un (Xiong Bingkun) (8th Engineering Battalion of the 8th Regiment), though not on the list, was confronted by officers and fired the first shots, persuading his men to mutiny and seizing the Chuwangtai Arsenal. General Li Yuanhong then took charge of the brigade. The Governor-General fled, and the local Manchu commander, Zhang Biao, ordered his troops to retreat, leaving the mutineers in control of a complete arsenal and the provincial treasury, and the revolution spread to other provinces.[29][30]

October 11, 1911 (Wednesday)
  • The Italian expeditionary force, commanded by General Carlo Caneva, arrived at Tripoli.[9]
  • Annie Jump Cannon began the Harvard University classification of stars. Within less than four years, she completed the task of compiling the data on 225,300 stars and identifying them under the spectral classes O, B, A, F, G, K and M.[31]
  • Died: Miguel Malvar, 46, the last insurgent to surrender in the Philippine–American War (in April 1902)

October 12, 1911 (Thursday)
  • Two days after revolutionaries captured Wuchang, the Hubei provincial assembly voted to secede from the Chinese Empire and to form a republic, and Colonel Li Yuanhong announced the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The cities of Hangkow and Hanyang were occupied by the rebels without incident.[32][33]
  • The Society of American Indians held its organizing convention, at a hotel in Columbus, Ohio.[34]
  • Et Voila!, the first "cubist musical", premiered in Paris at the Theatre des Capucines, with M. Armand Berthez wearing a special suit of "overlapping polygons".[35]

October 13, 1911 (Friday)
  • Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, was sworn in as the new Governor General of Canada at the Parliament House in Ottawa, serving until 1916. Never before had a royal prince been commissioned as a Governor-General of any British dominion. Arthur was the son of Queen Victoria, and the uncle of the reigning British monarch, King George V, in whose name he governed Canada.[36]
  • Ford Motor Company, Ltd., opened its first factory in the United Kingdom, at Trafford Park.[37]
  • A company of 27 U.S. Marines and 23 U.S. Navy sailors landed at Hankou, after being brought by the gunboat USS Helena, to protect the property and employees of the Standard Oil company.[38]
  • Imperial China's Minister of War, Prince Yin-chang, secretly requested the assistance of Japan in putting down the nationalist rebellion.[39]

October 14, 1911 (Saturday)
  • Hans Schmidt became the 100th person to lose his life in an airplane crash since the Wright Brothers made the first flight in 1903. Schmidt was stunt-flying in Bern, Switzerland, when the plane's engine exploded at an altitude of 150 feet. Earlier in the day, Rene Level was killed at Rheims. Another four people had been killed on the ground by errant airplane flights.[40]
  • Emma Albani, at the time one of the world's most popular opera singers, gave her farewell performance at the Albert Hall in London, singing Paolo Tosti's aria Goodbye.[41]
  • A memorable demonstration at Purdue University of modern farm equipment shattered records as spectators watched a set of three tractors plow an acre of land in 4 minutes and 15 seconds. Word of the event prompted a follow-up on October 20, and sales of farm machinery skyrocketed.[42]
  • President Taft broke ground for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.[43]
  • The Italian superdreadnought Leonardo da Vinci was launched at Genoa, followed the next day by the battleship Giulio Cesare (named for Julius Caesar).[2]
  • The American Society of Safety Engineers was founded as the United Society of Casualty Inspectors.[44]
  • Born: Lê Đức Thọ, North Vietnamese chief negotiator in peace talks with the United States; Nobel Prize winner (d. 1990)
  • Died: John Marshall Harlan, 78, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, five days after hearing his final case. Harlan's death gave President Taft the fifth vacancy on the nation's highest court in less than three years, giving President Taft the unprecedented opportunity to have appointed a majority of its members.[45]

October 15, 1911 (Sunday)
  • Government troops, led by General Figueroa, killed 500 "Zapatistas" in a battle near the village of Tepoztlán, but Emilio Zapata escaped.[46]

October 16, 1911 (Monday)
  • A railroad watchman discovered 39 sticks of dynamite and a long fuse that had been placed below a railroad viaduct near Gaviota, California, west of Santa Barbara, a few hours before President Taft's train was to pass over it. Abe Jenkins, employed by the Southern Pacific Railroad, chased away two men from beneath the bridge, then searched and found the explosives. Taft's railroad car, on its way from San Francisco to Los Angeles, passed over the bridge as the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office stood guard.[47]
  • The National Urban League was created by the merger of three African-American service organizations, with George E. Haynes as its first president. It was called the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes (NLUCAN) until 1920.[48]
  • In the first meeting of the Progressive Republican Party, 200 Republicans, who were dissatisfied with the performance of Republican President Taft, met in Chicago and endorsed U.S. Senator Robert La Follette for President.[49]

October 17, 1911 (Tuesday)
  • Two months after the death of his father, 25-year-old Osman Ali Khan ascended the throne of the Nizam of Hyderabad.[50]
  • A mob in Hangkow attacked soldiers landed there by German warships.[51]
  • Results of 1911 census revealed Canada's population to be 7,081,869 (with 70,000 left of four uncounted districts), an increase of more than one-third since the 1901 census (5,371,315), but a million people less than had been expected.[52]

October 18, 1911 (Wednesday)

October 19, 1911 (Thursday)

October 20, 1911 (Friday)

October 21, 1911 (Saturday)
  • Archduke Charles, second in succession to the Austrian-Hungarian throne (after his uncle, Franz Ferdinand), married Zita of Bourbon-Parma at the Castle at Shwarzau, becoming next in line after Franz Ferdinand renounced the throne[59][60]
  • Twelve-year-old Martha Frazier, who worked as a lion tamer at her family's traveling circus, was fatally injured by a lion before thousands of spectators at a performance in Utica, Mississippi. She died two days later.[61]
  • The Imperial government of China contracted to purchase $15,000,000 worth of supplies from the United States Navy in order to fight the revolution there, although the government would fall before the aid could be provided.[62][63]

October 22, 1911 (Sunday)
  • The Chinese National Assembly was opened, as scheduled, for its second session in Beijing, as the revolution continued in Southern China.[64]
  • The Greek steamer Georgios wrecked at the entrance of Gironde estuary at Rochefort, France, drowning 15 members of its crew.[65]

October 23, 1911 (Monday)
  • Captain Carlo Piazza of the Italian Army became the first person to perform aerial reconnaissance in wartime, taking off from Tripoli at 6:19 am, for reconnaissance, then flying to ‘Aziziya to observe the maneuvers of Turkish troops in Libya. He returned at 7:20 with his report.[66][67]
  • In the Battle of Al-Hani, outside of Tripoli, more than 300 Italian soldiers were killed as the Turkish and Arabian troops retook the city. The Italians, under General Caneva, retaliated with atrocities against the Arab population, killing 4,000 men, women and children over the next three days. The Libyan triumph is commemorated by a monument at the site.[63][68]
  • Winston Churchill and Reginald McKenna traded posts within the British cabinet, with Churchill becoming the First Lord of the Admiralty, and Mr. McKenna Home Secretary.[69]
  • Karadorde, the first feature film produced in Yugoslavia, had its première in Belgrade. Directed by Svetozar Botoric, the motion picture about the 1804 uprising led by Karađorđe Petrović against the Turks, was eventually sent to the Austro-Hungarian film archive and then misplaced for 90 years. It would be rediscovered in 2003, and the restored version was a hit for a new generation.[70]
  • In an early form of cable entertainment that predated radio, The Telephone Herald, a service inspired by the Hungarian Telefon Hirmondo, made its debut in Newark, New Jersey. For a monthly fee, households subscribing to the service could listen to a schedule of programming over their telephones.[71]
  • Died: William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow, 58, Deputy Speaker of the British House of Lords and one time Colonial Governor of New Zealand (1889–1892)

October 24, 1911 (Tuesday)

October 25, 1911 (Wednesday)
  • General Feng Sen, newly appointed as the Military Governor of Canton (now Guangzhou) was assassinated upon his arrival. General Feng and his wife had arrived on a steamboat and were walking across the gangplank, when a bomb was thrown from a rooftop overlooking the wharf.[74]
  • Born: Mikhail Yangel, Soviet missile designer (d. 1971)

October 26, 1911 (Thursday)

October 27, 1911 (Friday)
  • Yuan Shikai was named Commander in Chief of China's armed forces, and attacked Hankow, while sending his negotiator Liu Ch'eng-en to talk to revolutionary leader Li Yuan-hung (October 29).[80]
  • A disgruntled employee of the Selig Studios shot and killed director Francis Boggs, and wounded film mogul William Selig, at the studio headquarters in the Los Angeles suburb of Edendale. Boggs, 41, had persuaded Selig to make the studio the first of many to locate in the Los Angeles area, prior to Hollywood becoming the center of entertainment production.[81]
  • The Sichuan Province declared its independence from China.[82]
  • Shaker Heights, Ohio was incorporated as Shaker Village as a planned community created by Oris and Mantis Van Sweringen[83]
  • Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was outraged after learning that his protege, President Taft, had directed the U.S. Department of Justice filed suit against the United States Steel Company. The antitrust suit alleged, in part, that as President, Roosevelt had been misled into allowing U.S. Steel to acquire Tennessee Coal and Iron in 1907. The timing of the suit, a little more than a year before the presidential election, was later described as "a disastrous political error", leading Roosevelt to run against President Taft.[84]
  • Born: Sant Fateh Singh, Sikh religious and political leader (d. 1972)

October 28, 1911 (Saturday)
  • At the first legislative session of the Tsu-Cheng Yuan, China's new National Assembly, the delegates demanded three reforms: a cabinet of ministers without Manchu nobility; an amnesty for persons who committed political offenses; and a permanent constitution.[39]
  • After 40 years in which there had been only one Roman Catholic Cardinal for the entire United States, Pope Pius X announced the appointment of three more. Archbishop John Murphy Farley of New York, Archbishop William Henry O'Connell of Boston, and Apostolic Delegate Diomede Falconio, who had become a naturalized citizen, joined Archbishop James Gibbons of Baltimore.[85]

October 29, 1911 (Sunday)

October 30, 1911 (Monday)
  • In the name of the five-year-old Emperor, Pu Yi, China's Imperial government acknowledged errors and promised quick and complete reforms in two edicts. The National Assembly was authorized to draft a constitution, which it did within four days.[86]
  • The First Solvay Conference begins in Brussels, as an invite-only council chaired by Hendrik Lorentz. This was the first international conference in the history of modern science, and would spark the creation of the regular, open Solvay Conferences in 1912.[87]

October 31, 1911 (Tuesday)
  • Writing for The New York Evening Mail, sportswriter Grantland Rice gave his column the name "The Sportlight" (suggested by Franklin P. Adams), which it would retain for the rest of Rice's days as he moved to the New York Tribune and then into national syndication, until his death on July 13, 1954.[88]
  • Died: J.J. Montgomery, 55, American aeronautical engineer, died in a plane crash

References
  1. "Mexico Votes To-Day", New York Times, October 1, 1911
  2. "Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (November 1911), pp543-546
  3. John Foran, Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions (Cambridge University Press, 2005) p41
  4. ETSU.edu
  5. "Sank Aiding Damaged Ship", New York Times, October 3, 1911
  6. "Flies Over the Rockies", New York Times, October 1, 1911; "Dixon in Aeroplane Plunges to Death", New York Times, October 3, 1911
  7. Carlos A. Schwantes, Going Places: Transportation Redefines the Twentieth-century West (Indiana University Press, 2003) pp193-194
  8. "Shelled Tripoli Two Days". The New York Times. October 9, 1911.
  9. Childs, Timothy W. (1990). Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War over Libya, 1911-1912. E. J. Brill. pp. 74–75.
  10. Patrick Robertson, The Book of Firsts (Crown Publishers, 1974) p60; Clifford F. Bonnett, Practical Railway Engineering (Imperial College Press, 2005) p160
  11. Edward J. M. Rhoads, China's Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895-1913 (Harvard University Press, 1975) p126
  12. Paul A. Offit, Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases (HarperCollins, 2008) p147-148
  13. Jennifer L. Siegel, Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia (I.B.Tauris, 2002) p107
  14. "Anthem for a Dying Dynasty: The Qing National Anthem through the Eyes of a Court Musician", by Ye Xiaoqing and Lance Eccles, T'oung Pao journal
  15. "Sherlock Holmes, The Original, Dead", New York Times, October 5, 1911
  16. "Shot at Minister in the Reichsrath", New York Times, October 6, 1911
  17. "New Swedish Cabinet Formed", New York Times, October 7, 1911
  18. "Laurier Out; Borden In", New York Times, October 7, 1911
  19. "Mummy Unwrapped As Ex-Desperado". Pittsburgh Press. December 11, 1976. p. 3.
  20. Anderson, Dan; Yadon, Laurence J. (2007). One Hundred Oklahoma Outlaws, Gangsters, and Lawmen, 1839-1939. Pelican Publishing. pp. 142–145.
  21. "Italy Rules in Tripoli". The New York Times. October 7, 1911.
  22. "Spanish Lost 36 Killed", New York Times, October 10, 1911
  23. "End Slavery in Tripoli", New York Times, October 9, 1911
  24. Kamil A. Mahdi, et al., Yemen into the Twenty-first Century: Continuity and Change (Garnet & Ithaca Press, 2007) p100
  25. "The story of 'Jack' Daniel", TennesseeHistory.com
  26. Ropp, Paul S. (2010). China in World History. Oxford University Press US. p. 114.
  27. "Borden Announces the New Cabinet". Montreal Gazette. October 10, 1911. p. 1.
  28. Piott, Steven L. (2003). Giving Voters a Voice: The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America. University of Missouri Press. pp. 167–168.
  29. Wakeman, Frederic E. (1977). The Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster.
  30. Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). Modern Chinese warfare, 1795-1989. Routledge. p. 143.
  31. M. S. Longair, The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology (Cambridge University Press, 2006) pp25-27
  32. Pakula, Hannah (2009). The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the Birth of Modern China. Simon and Schuster. p. 53.
  33. "Chinese Rebels Have Declared a Republic". Bakersfield Californian. October 13, 1911. p. 1.
  34. Stubben, Jerry D. (2006). Native Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 67.
  35. Weiss, Jeffrey S. (1994). The Popular Culture of Modern Art: Picasso, Duchamp, and Avant-gardism. Yale University Press.
  36. "Connaught Sworn in as Canada's Viceroy", New York Times, October 14, 1911; Kenneth J. Panton, Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy (Scarecrow Press, 2011) p57
  37. Michael Stratton and Barrie Trinder, Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology (Taylor & Francis, 2000) p68
  38. George B. Clark, Battle History of the United States Marine Corps, 1775-1945 (McFarland, 2010) p80
  39. Eiko Woodhouse, The Chinese Hsinhai revolution: G.E. Morrison and Anglo-Japanese relations, 1897-1920 (Routledge, 2004) p50
  40. "Aviation Victims Now Number 100" (PDF). The New York Times. October 15, 1911.
  41. Labrèche-Larouche, Michelle; Dunton, Darcy (2001). Emma Albani: International Star. Dundurn Press Ltd.
  42. Halberstadt, Hans (2003). The American Family Farm. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 41–42.
  43. "Taft Breaks Earth for Panama Fair". The New York Times. October 15, 1911.
  44. Nolan, Dennis P. (2010). Loss Prevention and Safety Control: Terms and Definitions. Taylor & Francis US. p. 13.
  45. "Justice Harlan Dies; Ill but a Few Days". The New York Times. October 15, 1911.
  46. "Pino Suarez Elected", New York Times, October 17, 1911
  47. "Dynamite Mines Menaced Taft", New York Times, October 17, 1911
  48. "National Urban League", in Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, Volume 2 (Taylor & Francis, 2004) p871
  49. "Name La Follette for the Presidency", New York Times, October 17, 1911
  50. P. V. Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams, 1724-1948 (Mittal Publications, 1987) p41
  51. "Shells Drive Imperial Men of War to Shelter Behind Foreign Fleet", Pittsburg Press, October 18, 1911, p1
  52. "Canada Census Disappoints", New York Times, October 17, 1911
  53. Riffenburgh, Beau (2007). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. Vol. 1. CRC Press.
  54. "Teams Benefited by Rest Yesterday". The Pittsburgh Press. October 19, 1911. p. 18.
  55. "Giants vs. A's has history of 1911 delay". Bangor Daily News. October 24, 1989. p. 15.
  56. "Ely Killed; Leaps Free of Aeroplane" (PDF). The New York Times. October 20, 1911.
  57. Michael J. Seth, Education Fever: Society, Politics, and the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea (University of Hawaii Press, 2002) p21
  58. "Dozen Miners Drown in 1,400-foot Shaft", New York Times, October 21, 1911
  59. "An Emperor-to-be Wedded in Vienna", New York Times, October 22, 1911
  60. Gordon Brook-Shepherd, Uncrowned Emperor: the Life and Times of Otto von Habsburg (Continuum International, 2003) p15
  61. "Lion Kills a Little Girl", New York Times, October 24, 1911
  62. Stephen Howarth, To Shining Sea: A History of the United States Navy, 1775-1998 (University of Oklahoma Press, 1999) p292
  63. "Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (December 1911), pp678-681
  64. Edward J. M. Rhoads, China's Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895-1913 (Harvard University Press, 1975) p161
  65. "Greek Steamer Lost, Fifteen Drowned", New York Times, October 24, 1911
  66. Tony Kern, Redefining Airmanship (McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997) p15
  67. "Air Reconnaissance of Turks' Position", New York Times, October 24, 1911
  68. Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie (I.B.Tauris, 2003) p7 "Turks Rout Italians Outside of Tripoli", New York Times, October 27, 1911
  69. "British Cabinet Changes", New York Times, October 24, 1911; Mary Soames, Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001) p58
  70. David A. Norris, Belgrade: A Cultural History (Oxford University Press US, 2008) p111
  71. Carolyn Marvin, When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press US, 1990) p228 "500 Get the News by Wire at Once", New York Times, October 24, 1911; "Your Newspaper By Phone", New York Times, October 22, 1911
  72. Karen Bachman, Insiders' Guide to North Carolina's Outer Banks (Globe Pequot, 2009) p292 "Glider in the Air Nearly Ten Minutes", New York Times, October 25, 1911
  73. Edward R. G. R. Evans, South With Scott (Echo Library, 2006) p91
  74. "Loyal General Assassinated by the Rebels", Pittsburgh Press, October 25, 1911, p1
  75. "Athletics Are the Champions", New York Times, October 27, 1911
  76. "Gen. Li Heads Republic", Pittsburgh Press, October 27, 1911, p1; New York Times, October 28, 1911
  77. Walter J. Boyne, The Influence of Air Power upon History (Pelican Publishing, 2003) p37
  78. Philip C. Huang, Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China: The Qing and the Republic Compared (Stanford University Press, 2001) p16
  79. James R. Williamson, Federal Antitrust Policy During the Kennedy-Johnson Years (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995) p9
  80. Bruce A. Elleman, Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989 (Routledge, 2001) p151; Eiko Woodhouse, The Chinese Hsinhai revolution: G.E. Morrison and Anglo-Japanese relations, 1897-1920 (Routledge, 2004) p66; Gustav Amann, The Legacy of Sun Yatsen: A History of the Chinese Revolution (Louis Carrier & Co., 1929, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2004) p67
  81. Richard Abel, Encyclopedia of Early Cinema (Taylor & Francis, 2005) p110
  82. James Z. Gao, Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949) (Scarecrow Press, 2009) p292
  83. John R. Stilgoe, Borderland: Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939 (Yale University Press, 1990) p246
  84. James Chace, 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs, the Election that Changed the Country (Simon and Schuster, 2004) p95
  85. O'Connor, Thomas H. (1998). Boston Catholics: A History of the Church and its People. Northeastern University Press. p. 205.
  86. Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (W. W. Norton & Company, 1991) p277; "Constitution Granted by China's Ruler", New York Times, October 31, 1911
  87. "Lorentz & the Solvay conferences". www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
  88. William A. Harper, How you Played the Game: The Life of Grantland Rice (University of Missouri Press, 1999) p179
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