Nicarao people

The Nicarao are a Nahua Mesoamerican people located in western Nicaragua. A Nahuat-speaking people, the Nicarao migrated from North America and central and southern Mexico over the course of several centuries from approximately 700 CE onwards. Around 1200 CE, the Nicarao split from the Pipil people and moved into what is now Nicaragua.[3] The migration of the Nicarao has been linked to the collapse of the important central-Mexican cities of Teotihuacan and Tula, as well as the Classic Maya collapse. The Nicarao settled throughout western Nicaragua, such as Lake Xolotlan, Lake Nicaragua, Ometepe Island, the Sebaco valley and parts of Jinotega. The Nicarao shared many blended cultural traits with both indigenous North American and Mexican belief systems as well as their Toltec parent tribe, including an identical Toltec calendar, similar organizational treaties, the use of screenfold books, the worship of the Great Spirit and closely related sky deities, Nagual mysticism, and the practice of animal and Tonal spirituality.[4][5][6][7]

Nicarao
Total population
~20,000
Regions with significant populations
Western Nicaragua
 NicaraguaEstimated 20,000[1][2]
 MexicoExtinct
Languages
Nawat, Nicaraguan Spanish
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Nahuas, Pipil people, Mexica

The Nicarao were first contacted by the Spanish in 1522 CE, initiating the Spanish conquest of Nicaragua. At the time of contact, they were ruled by a cacique that the Spanish called Nicarao, who governed from his capital Quauhcapolca, not far from the modern town of Rivas. At that time, the Nicarao had a sizeable population concentrated in nucleated villages. Within a century of European contact, the Nicarao were effectively dismantled as a tribal Confederation by the Spanish incursion.

Origin and distribution
Spiral petroglyphs found at ancient Nicarao settlements on Ometepe Island, Nicaragua.

The Nicarao people migrated south from North America and central and southern Mexico over the course of several centuries from approximately 700 CE onwards. Around 1200 CE, the Nicarao split from the Pipil people and moved into what is now Nicaragua. The beginning of this series of migrations was likely to have been linked to the collapse of the great central-Mexican city of Teotihuacan, and later with the collapse of the Toltec city of Tula.[8] The dating of Nicarao arrival in what is now Nicaragua has also been linked to the Classic Maya collapse, with the cessation of Maya influence in the region, and the rise of cultural traits originating in the Valley of Mexico.[9] The Nicarao settled in several pockets distributed through western Nicaragua, and possibly also extended into what is now northwestern Costa Rica.[10] They are believed to have displaced the Chorotega inhabitants that had previously settled the region.[11] The Nicarao appear to have seized control of the most productive land around the western portions of Lake Nicaragua, and the Gulf of Fonseca.[12] The area now covered by Rivas Department appears to have been conquered by the Nicarao shortly before the Spanish conquest.[13]

Major settlements

At the time of contact with the Spanish, the Nicarao were governed from their capital at Quauhcapolca, near the modern town of Rivas. Other principal settlements included Ometepe, Mistega, Ochomogo, Oxmorio, Papagayo, Tecoatega, Teoca, Totoaca, and Xoxoyota.[14]

Spanish contact

When the Spanish first encountered the Nicarao in 1522 CE, they inhabited the Isthmus of Rivas. Their ruler was referred to in later sources as Nicarao, and the capital city was Quauhcapolca.[15] The Nicarao had a sizeable population concentrated in nucleated villages.[16] The Nicarao experienced complete demographic collapse within the first century after the Spanish conquest of Nicaragua, from a combination of disease and being sold into slavery. A remnant Nahuat-speaking population existed as late as the mid-19th century, but the Nicarao as a tribal Confederation are now extinct.[10] However, some of their practices and beliefs continue to survive among their displaced ancestors within the indigenous people of Central America and Nicaragua.[5]

Culture

Spanish chronicler Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, writing soon after the conquest, recorded that the Nicarao practised cranial modification, by binding the heads of young children between two pieces of wood. Archaeologists have unearthed pre-Columbian burials in the former Nicarao region with evidence of both cranial and dental modification.[17] The Nicarao possessed a number of cultural traits in common with North American tribes as well as the Toltecs of central Mexico, including an identical calendar, the use of screenfold books, worship of the Great Spirit and a Toltec pantheon of deities such as sky spirits, animal spirits and Tonal mythology, Nagual mysticism, and treaties.[18][19][6] They also, in common with their Mexican cousins from Aztec culture, practiced ritual confession, and the volador (flying men) ritual.[20][21]

Notes
  1. "Indigenous peoples in Nicaragua".
  2. Nahoas. Territorio indígena y gobernanza. http://territorioindigenaygobernanza.com/web/nnic_09/
  3. Fowler 1985, p. 37.
  4. Eagle, Obsidian (2020-11-25). "Who Were The Toltecs?". Medium. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  5. Manion, Jessica (2016). "Remembering the Ancestors: Mortuary Practices and Social Memory in Pacific Nicaragua" (PDF). University of Calgary. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  6. Frost, Melissa June (August 10, 2017). "Herbs That Madden, Herbs That Cure: A History of Hallucinogenic Plant Use in Colonial Mexico" (PDF). University of Virginia. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  7. Fowler, William R. (1989-01-01). "The Cultural Evolution of Ancient Nahua Civilizations The Pipil Nicarao of Central America". The Cultural Evolution of Ancient Nahua Civilizations the Pipil Nicarao of Central America.
  8. Fowler 1985, p. 37. Healy 1980, 2006a, p. 339.
  9. Healy 1980, 2006a, p. 337.
  10. Fowler 1985, p. 38.
  11. McCafferty and McCafferty 2009, p. 186.
  12. Salamanca 2012, p. 14.
  13. Healy 1980, 2006a, p. 336.
  14. Healy 1980, 2006b, p. 21.
  15. McCafferty and McCafferty 2009, pp. 185–186.
  16. Healy 1980, 2006a, p.338.
  17. McCafferty and McCafferty 2009, p. 188.
  18. McCafferty 2015, p. 111.
  19. Manion, Jessica (2016). "Remembering the Ancestors: Mortuary Practices and Social Memory in Pacific Nicaragua" (PDF). University of Calgary. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  20. Healy 1980, 2006b, p. 31.
  21. Frühsorge, Lars (2010). "Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Problems of Cultural Continuity and Regional Diversity in the Study of Ancient Maya Deities". University of Hamburg. Retrieved March 10, 2022.

References
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