Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy

In the United States about 10% of the population, 33 million people, live within 900 meters of a high traffic road[1] High-traffic roads are commonly identified as being host to more than 50,000 vehicles per day, which is a source of toxic vehicle pollutants. Previous studies have found correlations between exposure to vehicle pollutants and certain diseases such as asthma, lung and heart disease, and cancer among others. Car pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (fine dusts and soot), and toxic air pollutants [2] While these pollutants affect the general health of populations, they are known to also have specific adverse effects on expectant mothers and their fetuses. The purpose of this article is to outline how vehicular pollutants affect the health of expectant mothers and the adverse health effects these exposure have on the adult.

Population characteristics

In Los Angeles County, researchers found a higher risk in premature birth (10-20%) and low birth weight for infants whose mothers lived near high traffic areas [3] Studies conducted on populations living near the 405 and 710 interstates in Southern California found their exposure to particulate vehicle emissions to be almost 25 times higher than for people living 1000 ft from the freeways. This research also concluded that particulate vehicle emissions are more toxic to children's health than other particles such as Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide [4][5]

Dangers of vehicle emissions

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide (CO) is directly released from motor vehicles engines, which are a major source of this pollutant in the LA Basin[5] 5. CO inhaled by pregnant women may threaten the unborn child's growth and mental development. Because CO competes with Oxygen to achieve dispersion throughout the blood stream, fetal hypoxia (lack of oxygen) may result at high levels of maternal CO exposure, however the exact amount of exposure of CO to become a fetal threat is unknown [6] High levels of carbon monoxide are also found in cigarettes, it is advised that pregnant women avoid smoking so as to not run the risk of affecting their child's growth or mental development. For further information on Carbon Monoxide and its effects on human health please see, Carbon monoxide poisoning.

Nitrogen oxides

Nitrogen oxides (NO) are common air pollutants found throughout most of the United States. You can be exposed to these oxides by breathing polluted air, which is most commonly found in areas with heavy motor vehicle traffic [7] Exposure to high levels of Nitrogen oxides damages tissues of the throat and upper respiratory tract and can interfere with the body's ability to carry oxygen. High exposure to nitrogen dioxide may cause fetal mutations, damage a developing fetus, and decrease a woman's ability to become pregnant. Studies have also shown that higher exposures to NO inhibit embryo development during both traditional pregnancies and artificial inseminations [8][9]

Particulate matter

Examples of particulate matter include ash from smoke in campfires, dust particles around your house, and smoke coming from car exhaust pipes; in areas close to freeways this is a problem. A study conducted on European women indicated that higher exposure to particulate matter during the initial first weeks of their pregnancy resulted in low birth weight babies [10] This toxin is also considered to be the most dangerous of the three because it can be basically anything small enough to be inhaled. This may also be due to the fact that brain growth begins within the first month of conception.

Low-birth weight (LBW), and preterm delivery

A previous study conducted in the Los Angeles Basin of Southern California reported a consistent association between levels of CO and particulate matter during the first trimester and the last six weeks prior to birth and risk of preterm birth. Prematurity in babies is accompanied by an array of health complications. Children born prematurely are at highest risk for developing Infant respiratory distress syndrome, gastrointestinal, and hematologic diseases, central nervous system (CNS) problems such as hearing loss, are more prone to infections, and at risk for hearing and vision loss.

Babies born of low weight are also at risk for respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiac, CNS, infection and vision problems. These gestational issues persist until the adult years for most children and result in high blood pressure, Type II Diabetes, and other heart diseases.

Prematurity and Low Birth Weight caused by air pollution also affects fetal brain development. This is of importance since lack of proper brain development will not allow a child's brain to form proper synapse connections which will negatively affect the child's speech, learning abilities, and social skills.

Long-term and short-term effects on babies

Exposure to vehicle air pollutants has been noted as primary cause for infant mortality and morbidity, and is also argued to be a cause of chronic diseases such as asthma in child and adulthood [11]

Asthma

The number of children affected by asthma has increased in past decades the point where it is now the most chronic illness in children and the most common cause of children hospitalizations in the U.S. causing it to also be a number one contributor to school absences[12] Excessive school absences ultimately affect the child's learning ability, and decrease their time to socialize with kids their age. It is not uncommon for children who suffer from asthma to oftentimes repeat grades due to failure to keep up academically.

Respiratory problems

Studies have found that children who are exposed to higher levels of car pollutants report higher respiratory problems including wheezing, ear and throat infections and have a higher incidence of physician-diagnosed asthma.

Cancer

Children living in close proximity to high traffic areas are also eight times more likely to develop leukemia compared to children who do not [13] This finding indicates that children who develop cancer as a result of traffic exposure will also spend more time in the hospital. This is not only a cause of school absences, but also a time of trauma for a child who is constantly visiting providers for treatment. Children with cancer have a harder time keeping up with school and keeping up with their friends [14]

Traffic exposure and autism

Autism is a spectrum of disorders that range from a severe inability to communicate and some mental disabilities to milder symptoms such as attention disorders. Some claims exist that the incidence of autism is higher for babies whose mothers spend time in ‘high traffic pollution’ areas compared to mothers who spend their pregnancy in cleaner air. In a recent study conducted by UCLA, air pollutant levels were measured for mothers who had children with autism and then compared to air pollutant levels in environments for mothers who had children without autism. This study found that babies who were exposed to higher levels of pollutants while in the womb had a 10% higher risk of autism than babies who had low levels of exposure; another finding from this study is that fine particulates had the strongest association with autism [15]

See also

References
  1. Levin, David (2012-08-16). "Big Road Blues, Air Pollution and Our Highways |". Tufts Now. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  2. "Traffic Exhaust Pollutants". Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  3. Wilhelm, Ritz. (2002). Residential Proximity to Traffic and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Los Angeles County, California, 1994-1996. Environmental Health Perspectives. doi: 10.1289/ehp.5688
  4. Zhu, Hinds, Kim, Sioutas. Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. September 2002. Zhu, Hinds, Kim, Shen, Sioutas. Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic. Atmospheric Environment. 36(2002), 4323-4335.
  5. Marshall JD, Riley WJ, McKone TE, Nazaroff WW: Intake fraction of primary pollutants: motor vehicle emissions in the South Coast Air Basin. Atmos Environ 2003, 37:3455-3468
  6. Venditti, Carolina C.; Casselman, Richard; Smith, Graeme N. (14 December 2011). "BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Article Statistics |". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. BioMed Central. 11 (1): 101. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-101. PMC 3297534. PMID 22168775. S2CID 2261855.
  7. "Tox Town - Nitrogen Oxides - Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work - Text Version". National Library of Medicine. 2013-08-08. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  8. "Nitric oxide inhibits development of embryos and implantation in mice" (PDF). molehr.oxfordjournals.org. 1998. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
  9. Tillett, Tanya (April 1, 2013). "When Blood Meets Nitrogen Oxides: Pregnancy Complications and Air Pollution Exposure". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (4): a136. doi:10.1289/ehp.121-a136. PMC 3620769. PMID 23548775.
  10. Dejmek, J., Selevan, S. , Beneš, I. , Solanský, I. , & Šrám, R. (1999). Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(6), 475-480
  11. Dollfus C, Patetta M, Siegel E, Cross AW. Infant mortality: a practical approach to the analysis of the leading causes of death and risk factors. Pediatrics 1990; 86:176–183
  12. Gasana, J., Dillikar, D. , Mendy, A. , Forno, E. , & Ramos Vieira, E. (2012). Motor vehicle air pollution and asthma in children: A meta-analysis. Environmental Research, 117, 36-45
  13. Vinceti, M., Rothman, K. , Crespi, C. , Sterni, A. , Cherubini, A. , et al. (2012). Leukemia risk in children exposed to benzene and pm10 from vehicular traffic: A case-control study in an italian population. European Journal of Epidemiology, 27(10), 781
  14. Anonymous,. (2012). Awareness week highlights effects of cancer on young children. Cancer Nursing Practice, 11(10), 5
  15. Becerra, T., Wilhelm, M. , Olsen, J. , Cockburn, M. , & Ritz, B. (2013). Ambient air pollution and autism in los angeles county, california. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(3), 380-386
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