List of wars involving Algeria

This is a list of wars involving the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and its predecessor states.

Algerian defeat

Algerian victory

Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)

Zayyanid Kingdom

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies

Zayyanid–Almohad wars (1236–1248) Location: Algeria and eastern Morocco	Zayyanid Sultanate	Almohads	Zayyanid victory Independence of the Zayyanid emirate secured
Battle of Oujda (1248) Location:Oujda	Zayyanid Sultanate	Almohads	Zayyanid victory Independence of the Zayyanid emirate secured
Siege of Tlemcen (1299–1307) (1299-1307) Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Zayyanid Sultanate	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid victory Surrender of the siege by the Marinids.
Siege of Tlemcen (1335-1337) Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Zayyanid Sultanate	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid victory Temporary occupation of the Central Maghreb (Algeria) by the Marinid sultanate
Battle of Kairouan (1348) Location: Kairouan, Tunisia	Zayyanid Sultanate Hafsid Kingdom	Marinid Sultanate	Victory of the Zayyanids and Hafsids
Barbary Crusade (July 1 – October 1, 1390) Part of the Later Crusades (1291-1578) Location: Mahdia, Hafsid Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) The French army disembarking in Africa, led by the duke of Bourbon, holding a shield bearing the royal arms of France (15th century miniature)	Hafsid Kingdom Zayyanid Sultanate Hafsids of Béjaïa	Kingdom of France Republic of Genoa	Crusader withdrawal Status quo ante bellum The Crusaders leaving Mahdia
Zayyanid conquest of Fez Location: Fez, Morocco	Zayyanid Sultanate	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid victory Marinids become a vassal of the Zayyanids
Battle of Mers-el-Kébir Location:Mers-el-Kébir	Zayyanid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Zayyanid victory
Spanish invasions of the Zayyanids Location: Coast of Algeria Cardinal Cisneros dismbarking at Oran after the successful capture of the city.	Zayyanid Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Oran, Mers-el-Kébir, Algiers, Cherchell, and Jijel captured by Spain Zayyanids become a vassal of Spain
Spanish Expedition to Tlemcen Location:Tlemcen	Zayyanid Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Zayyanid victory

Beylerbeylik, Pashalik, and Aghaliks of Algiers (1515-1671)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Algiers Expedition (1516) (1516) Location:Algiers	Barbarossa Kingdom of Kuku	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Algiers Expedition (1519) (1516) Location:Algiers	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Fall of Tlemcen (1519) Location:Tlemcen, Algeria	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire Zayyanid Sultanate	Spanish victory
Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529) (1529) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars, and the establishment of the Regency of Algiers Location:Algiers	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Beylerbeylikal victory Algiers secured by Barbarossa
Campaign of Cherchell (1531) (1531) Location:Cherchell	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Empire of Charles V: Spanish Empire Kingdom of France	Algerian victory
Ottoman–Venetian War (1537-1540) Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy League: Republic of Venice Spanish Empire Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily Republic of Genoa Papal States Knights of Malta	Ottoman victory A treaty or "Capitulation" was signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire to end the war on 2 October 1540. In the period between the start of the Second Ottoman–Venetian War in 1499 and the end of this war in 1540, the Ottoman Empire made significant advances in the Dalmatian hinterland – it didn't occupy the Venetian cities, but it took the Kingdom of Hungary's Croatian possessions between Skradin and Karin, eliminating them as a buffer zone between the Ottoman and Venetian territory.[1] The economy of the Venetian cities in Dalmatia, severely impacted by the Turkish occupation of the hinterland in the previous war, recovered and held steady even throughout this war.[2]
Algiers expedition (1541) Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Algiers Siege of Algiers in 1541. Engraving of 1555.	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy Roman Empire Milan Spanish Empire Naples Sicily Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Duchy of Savoy Papal States	Algerine victory Charles V's retreat to the port of Bougie Charles V was the leader of the Holy League for the conquest of Algiers
Italian War of 1542–1546 (1542-1546) Part of the Anglo-French Wars & Italian Wars Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Western Europe The siege of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet in 1543 (drawing by Toselli, after an engraving by Aeneas Vico)	Kingdom of France Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy Roman Empire Brandenburg Saxony Spanish Empire Kingdom of England	Inconclusive Treaty of Crépy Treaty of Ardres
Expedition to Mostaganem (1543) (1543) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Expedition to Mostaganem (1547) (1547) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Campaign of Tlemcen (1551) (1551) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Tlemcen The troops of the regency of Algiers allied to the kingdom of Beni Abbes marching towards Oranie (19th century engraving)	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Ait Abbas	Spanish Empire Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory The Moulouya river is set as the border
Campaign of Tlemcen (1552) (1552) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory The Moulouya river imposed as the border[3]
Capture of Fez (1554) (1554) Location: Fez, Morocco	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Kuku	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557) (1557) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory
Expedition to Mostaganem (1558) (1558) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1560) (1560) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory[4][5]
Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568-1571) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Spain Principal centres of the Morisco Revolt	Muslims of Granada Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Mass expulsion of most Muslims in Granada Resettlement of Granada with Catholic settlers
Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Kingdom of France	Algerian victory
Tunisian–Algerian War of 1627 (1627) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Algeria, Tunisia	Pashalik of Algiers	Beylik of Tunis	Algerian victory The border continues to be fixed further by the wadi Mellègue.
Djidjelli expedition (1664) Location: Jijel Combat between French and Algerian ships	Pashalik of Algiers Kingdom of Ait Abbas Kingdom of Kuku	Kingdom of France Knights Hospitaller	Algerian victory France abandons Djidjelli

Deylikal period (1671-1830)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
French-Algerian War (1681-1688) Location: Algeria, Mediterranean Sea Bombardment of Algiers by the fleet of Admiral Duquesne in 1682	Deylik of Algiers	Kingdom of France Knights Hospitaller	Algerian victory
Morean War (1684-1699) Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars Location: Peloponnese, southern Epirus, Central Greece, Aegean Sea, Montenegro View of the fortress and harbour of Modon in 1688	Ottoman Empire Deylik of Algiers	Republic of Venice Holy Roman Empire Knights of Malta Duchy of Savoy Papal States Knights of St. Stephen Greek rebels Montenegrin	Venetian victory Morea ceded to Venice Venetian gains in inland Dalmatia
Moulouya War (1692) Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Moulouya River, Morocco Battle of Moulouya in 1692 involded Algeria and Morocco.[6]	Deylik of Algiers	Sultanate of Morocco	Algerian victory[7] Oujda experiences more than 100 years of rule under the Regency of Algiers[8][9]
Siege of Oran (1693) (1693) Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Oran, Algeria	Spanish Empire Spanish Oran Deylik of Algiers	Sultanate of Morocco	Spanish-Algerian victory
Tunisian-Algerian War of 1694 (1694) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia The fronts and battles during the Tunisian-Algerian war (1694)	Deylik of Algiers Tripolitania	Tunisia	Algerian-Tripolitanian victory All of Tunisia occupied (until 1695).[10] Moroccan-Tunisian alliance.[11]
Maghrebi war (1699-1702) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers	Tunisia Sultanate of Morocco Tripolitania	Algerian Victory Moroccan and Tunisian forces routed
Tunisian–Algerian War of 1705 (1705) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers	Beylik of Tunis	Inconclusive Founding of the Husseinite Dynasty in Tunisia by Al-Husayn I ibn Ali Algerian retreat
Oran Expedition (1707) (1707) Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Oran, Algeria	Deylik of Algiers	Sultanate of Morocco	Algerian victory
Siege of Oran (1707–1708) (1707-1708) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Algeria The statue of Our Lady of Santa Cruz on the Fort of Santa Cruz in Oran	Deylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish Oran Seized by Algiers

Spanish-Algerian War (1732)(1732) Location: Oran	Deylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Spanish Oran re-established
Tunisian–Algerian Wars 1735 (1735) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers	Beylik of Tunis	Algerian victory Abu l-Hasan Ali I proclaimed bey of Tunis Tunisian commitment to pay an annual tribute of 50,000 piastres to Algiers
Tunisian–Algerian Wars 1756 (1756) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers Loyalists of Muhammad	Beylik of Tunis Knights Hospitaller	Algerian and loyalist victory Muhammad I ar-Rashid proclaimed bey of Tunis Bey's commitment to pay a tribute (oil to light the Algerian mosques)
Danish-Algerian War (1769-1772) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Mediterranean Sea	Deylik of Algiers	Denmark–Norway	Algerian victory Christian VII of Denmark
Spanish-Algerian war (1775-1785) (1775-1785) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Algiers Map of the Spanish attack on Algiers in 1775	Deylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire Tuscany Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Malta Portugal	Algerian victory
Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792) Part of the Algeria-European War Part of the Russo-Ottoman Wars Location: Eastern Europe Siege of Ochakov 1788, by Polish painter January Suchodolski	Ottoman Empire Deylik of Algiers	Russian Empire Black Sea Cossacks Montenegro Serbian Free Corps	Russian victory No major repercussions in Algiers
Reconquest of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790-1792) (1790-1792) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Oran and Mers-el-Kébir	Deylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spain abandons Oran and Mers-el-Kébir
Second Barbary war (1815) Location: Mediterranean Sea	Deylik of Algiers	United States	American victory Freedom of movement in the Mediterranean for American ships
Bombardment of Algiers (1816) Location: Algiers Bombardment of Algiers 1816, George Chambers	Deylik of Algiers	British Empire Dutch Empire	Anglo-Dutch victory Sketch showing the positions of the fleet during the bombardment Bombardment of Algiers, painted by Martinus Schouman
Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) Location: Greece Clockwise: The camp of Georgios Karaiskakis at Phaliro, the burning of an Ottoman frigate by a Greek fire ship, the Battle of Navarino and Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt at the Third Siege of Missolonghi	Ottoman Deylik of Algiers Tripolitania Egypt Tunisia	1821: Filiki Eteria Sacred Band Greek Revolutionaries After 1822: Greece Military support: Philhellenes Serbian Revolutionaries Romanian Revolutionaries[lower-alpha 1] Russian Empire[lower-alpha 2] Kingdom of France[lower-alpha 2] United Kingdom[lower-alpha 2] Diplomatic support: Haiti[lower-alpha 3]	Greek independence: Establishment of the First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832) Start of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) London Protocol Treaty of Constantinople Establishment of the Kingdom of Greece (1832) Start of the First Egyptian-Ottoman War Map showing the original territory of the Kingdom of Greece as laid down in the Treaty of 1832 (in dark blue)

French conquest of Algeria and French Algeria

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
French conquest of Algeria (1830-1903) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria La prise de Constantine by Horace Vernet	Regency of Algiers Constantine Titteri Oran Emirate of Mascara Kingdom of Ait Abbas Sultanate of Tuggurt Kel Ahaggar Awlad Sidi Shaykh Support: Morocco (until 1844)	Kingdom of France (1830–1848) French Second Republic (1848–1852) Second French Empire (1852–1870) French Third Republic (1870 onward) French Algeria Support: Morocco (1847)	French victory Pacification of Algeria Chronological map of French Algeria's evolution

Modern Algeria

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Algerian War (1954-1962) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria Collage of the French war in Algeria	FLN MNA PCA	France	Algerian independence Military stalemate[12][13][14][15] FLN political victory[16][17] Évian Accords End of the French Colonial Empire[18][19][20][21][22] Collapse of the Fourth French Republic Establishment of the Fifth Republic ~1,500,000 total deaths (FLN estimate) ~700,000 total deaths (Horne's estimate)[23] ~350,000 total deaths (French estimate) 1 million Europeans fled[24] 200,000 Jews fled[25] 2,000,000 Algerians resettled or displaced

Sand War (1963-1964) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria Border Algeria and Morocco	Algeria Egypt[26] Cuba[27]	Morocco Support: France[28]	Inconclusive The closing of the border south of Figuig, Morocco/Béni Ounif, Algeria. Morocco abandoned its intentions to control Béchar and Tindouf after OAU mediation. No territorial changes were made. Demilitarized zone established

Yom Kippour War (1976)	Egypt SyriaExpeditionary forces: Saudi Arabia Algeria Jordan Iraq Libya Kuwait Tunisia Morocco Cuba Sudan Supported by: Soviet Union East Germany North Korea Pakistan Lebanon	Israel Supported by: United States Portugal Netherlands Greece	Israeli military victory Political gains for Egypt and Israel 1978 Camp David Accords 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty

Western Sahara War (1975-1976) Location: Western Sahara Map of the Western Sahara; the red line is the military berm built by Morocco	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Algeria	Morocco Mauritania	Inconclusive Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976) Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims Military Stalemate[29][30][31] Ceasefire agreed on between the Polisario Front and Morocco (1991)
Algerian Civil War (1991-2002) Location: Algeria Military deployed in the streets of Algiers, after the military coup against the Islamists, who took up arms later	Algeria Local militias[32] DRS FLN RND (from 1997) Rally for Culture and Democracy Socialist Forces Front General Union of Algerian Workers MSI/Hamas MRI/Nahda OJAL (mid-1990s) Tunisia[33][34] European Union[35] France[34][35] Egypt[33][34] South Africa[36] Belarus (from 1997)[37]	FIS loyalists AIS (1994–99) MIA (until 1994) MEI (until 1994) FIDA (until 1996) MIPD (1996–97) LIDD (1997) Supported by: Libya (until 1995)[34] Morocco (alleged)[34][38][39] Saudi Arabia (pre-war)[35] Iran (alleged)[35] Saudi private donors[35] GIA (from 1993) Afghan Arabs[40] Takfir wal-Hijra Supported by: Sudan (alleged)[41][42][43] Iran (alleged)[41][42][43] Finsbury Park Mosque[44][45] Brandbergen Mosque[46][47] EIJ (until 1995)[48]	Government victory FIS victory in 1991 election cancelled by military coup, formation of FIS loyalist guerrillas GIA radicals declare war on FIS in 1994 after negotiations with government Spillover to France with Air France Flight 8969 & 1995 France bombings[49] AIS/FIS declare unilateral ceasefire in 1997 as a result of GIA's massacres of civilians Civil war subsided after government amnesty peace plan in 2000[50] GIA largely ceased to exist by 2002, a dissident insurgency continued
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) (2002–present) Location: Maghreb, Sahara, Sahel Map showing GSPC area of operations (pink), member states of the Pan Sahel Initiative (dark blue), and members of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (dark and light blue)	Algeria Mauritania Tunisia Libya Mali Niger[51] Chad[52] France[52][53][54] Morocco[55]	GSPC (until 2007) AQIM (from 2007) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (from 2017) MOJWA (2011–13) Al-Mourabitoun (2013–17) Ansar Dine (2012–17) Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) (from 2011)[56] Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade (from 2012)[57] Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (2012–17) Salafia Jihadia[55] Boko Haram (from 2006, partially aligned with ISIL since 2015)[58][59]	Ongoing Insurgency in Algeria spreads through the Maghreb and Sahel US-led Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara initiated in 2007 Islamists capture northern Mali in 2012, until largely fought back by French-led Operation Serval in 2013 UN peacekeeping mission MINUSMA, African-led AFISMA deployed to Mali French-led Operation Barkhane across the Sahel begins 2014 Chaambi Operations and ISIL insurgency in Tunisia ISIL captures territory in Libyan Civil War, largely fought back by 2016
ISIL insurgency in Tunisia (2015–present) Location: Tunisia	Tunisia Algeria	Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) Wilayat Tarabulus Wilayah al-Jazair[60] Wilayat Tunis Ansar al-Sharia (only in March 2016)[61]	Ongoing

Notes

1821
From 1826
First nation to recognize the independence of Greece.

References

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Arms trade in practice, Hrw.org, October 2000
Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии
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Harmon, Stephen A. (2014). Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012–2013. Ashgate. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4094-5475-5.
"A hostage crisis haunted by the ghosts of Algeria's bloody past". The Washington Post.
"Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011.
"Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
"4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
"François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region". Economist.
"Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.
"Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.
Aaron Y. Zelin; Andrew Lebovich; Daveed Gartenstein-Ross (July 23, 2013). "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center.
"ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016.
"Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. 2016-03-18. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
"Tunesia, 18 March 2018". Global Terrorism Database. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
"As fighters return, Tunisia faces growing challenge". Reuters. 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.

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[12] 1821

[from-13] From 1826

[14] First nation to recognize the independence of Greece.

[1] Bogumil Hrabak (September 1986). "Turske provale i osvajanja na području današnje severne Dalmacije do sredine XVI. stoleća". Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Serbian). University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb. 19 (1). ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 2012-07-08.

[2] Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977). "Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću". Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb. 10 (1): 218–221. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 2012-07-08.

[3] Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane: La course, mythes et réalités Lemnouar Merouche Bouchene,

[4] The Last Crusaders: East, West and the Battle for the Centre of the World. Barnaby Rogerson. Hachette UK.

[5] History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E. Masudul Hasan. Adam Publishers & Distributers.

[6] "Estats et royaumes de Fez et Maroc, Dahra et Segelmesse tirés de Sanuto, de Marmol etc. / Par N. Sanson". 1655.

[:2-7] Galibert, Léon (1844). L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader (in French). Furne.

[8] Present-day Morocco - Osmund Hornby WarneAllen & Unwin, 1937 - Morocco - Pg 237

[9] Bulletin économique et social du Maroc, Volume 21, Issues 73-76 Société d'études économiques, sociales, et statistiques, 1957 - Morocco - Pg 74

[10] Plantet, Eugène (1893). "Correspondance des Beys de Tunis et des consuls de France avec la Cour: 1577-1830".

[11] "Les Deys 2". exode1962.fr. Retrieved 2021-05-10

[Windrow-15] Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-85532-658-3.

[16] Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108

[17] Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.

[18] George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.

[Young2016-19] Robert J. C. Young (12 October 2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.

[Aldrich2004-20] R. Aldrich (10 December 2004). Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.

[Hargreaves2005-21] Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.

[22] "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).

[23] Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. p. 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.

[Beigbeder2006-24] Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.

[25] France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.

[Horne-26] Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6.

[google4-27] Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-924104-0. Retrieved 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.

[28] Hobson, Faure L. (2009). "The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?". Archives Juives. 42 (2): 67–81. doi:10.3917/aj.422.0067.

[29] Ottaway, David (1970), Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, p. 166, ISBN 9780520016552

[Latell2012-30] Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.

[Grimaud1984-31] Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198. ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2. L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground.

[BoukharsRoussellier2013-32] Anouar Boukhars; Jacques Roussellier (18 December 2013). Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4422-2686-9.

[Dudouet2014-33] Véronique Dudouet (15 September 2014). Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from armed to nonviolent struggle. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-317-69778-7.

[Jeong2009-34] Ho-Won Jeong (4 December 2009). Conflict Management and Resolution: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-135-26511-3.

[collier-35] Paul Collier; Nicholas Sambanis (2005). Understanding Civil War: Africa. World Bank Publications. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-8213-6047-7.

[brynen-36] Rex Brynen; Bahgat Korany; Paul Noble (1995). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. Vol. 1. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-55587-579-4.

[sidaoui-37] Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military: Algeria 1962–2008". In Jan-Erik Lane; Hamadi Redissi; Riyāḍ Ṣaydāwī (eds.). Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization. Ashgate. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0-7546-7418-4.

[derouen-38] Karl DeRouen, Jr.; Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. ABC-CLIO. pp. 115–117. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.

[39] Arms trade in practice, Hrw.org, October 2000

[40] Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии

[41] Yahia H. Zoubir; Haizam Amirah-Fernández (2008). North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation. Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-134-08740-2.

[42] "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Community abroad". UN Algeria. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-20.

[atkins-43] Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-313-32485-7.

[mannes-44] Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7425-3525-1.

[cordesman-45] Cordesman, Anthony H. (2002). A Tragedy of Arms: Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-275-96936-3.

[brosche-46] Brosché, Johan; Höglund, Kristine (2015). "The diversity of peace and war in Africa". Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-873781-0.

[47] Lyubov Grigorova Mincheva; Lyubov Grigorova; Ted Robert Gurr (2013). Crime-terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-50648-9.

[gilles-48] Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. I.B.Tauris. pp. 263–273. ISBN 978-1-84511-257-8.

[49] Siegel, Pascale Combelles (7 November 2008). "Coalition Attack Brings an End to the Career of al-Qaeda in Iraq's Second-in-Command". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. 6, no. 21.

[50] Petersson, Claes (13 July 2005). "Terrorbas i Sverige". Aftonbladet (in Swedish).

[tabarani-51] Tabarani, Gabriel G. (2011). Jihad's New Heartlands: Why The West Has Failed To Contain Islamic Fundamentalism. AuthorHouse. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-4678-9180-6.

[52] Harmon, Stephen A. (2014). Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012–2013. Ashgate. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4094-5475-5.

[53] "A hostage crisis haunted by the ghosts of Algeria's bloody past". The Washington Post.

[54] "Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011.

[CFR-55] "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[ledauphine-56] "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22.

[economist-57] "François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region". Economist.

[TheGuardian-58] "Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.

[59] "Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.

[ctc230613-60] Aaron Y. Zelin; Andrew Lebovich; Daveed Gartenstein-Ross (July 23, 2013). "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center.

[ibtimes-61] "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016.

[bbc.com-62] "Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. 2016-03-18. Retrieved 13 May 2016.

[18_March_2015-63] "Tunesia, 18 March 2018". Global Terrorism Database. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.

[64] "As fighters return, Tunisia faces growing challenge". Reuters. 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.

Lists of wars involving African countries
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)