List of quantum processors

This list contains quantum processors, also known as quantum processing units (QPUs). Some devices listed below have only been announced at press conferences so far, with no actual demonstrations or scientific publications characterizing the performance.

Quantum processors are difficult to compare due to the different architectures and approaches. Due to this, published qubit numbers do not reflect the performance levels of the processor. This is instead achieved through benchmarking metrics such as quantum volume, randomized benchmarking or circuit layer operations per second (CLOPS).[1]

Circuit-based quantum processors

These QPUs are based on the quantum circuit and quantum logic gate-based model of computing.

ManufacturerName/codename

designation

 ArchitectureLayoutFidelity (%)Qubits (physical)Release dateQuantum volume
Alpine Quantum Technologies PINE System[2] Trapped ion 24[3] June 7, 2021 128[4]
Atom Computing Phoenix Neutral atoms in optical lattices 100[5] August 10, 2021
GoogleN/ASuperconductingN/A99.5[6]202017
GoogleN/ASuperconducting7×7 lattice99.7[6]49[7]Q4 2017 (planned)
GoogleBristleconeSuperconducting transmon6×12 lattice99 (readout)
99.9 (1 qubit)
99.4 (2 qubits)		72[8][9]March 5, 2018
GoogleSycamoreSuperconducting transmon9×6 latticeN/A53 effective (54 total)2019
IBMIBM Q 5 TenerifeSuperconductingbow tie99.897 (average gate)
98.64 (readout)		 52016[6]
IBM IBM Q 5 Yorktown Superconducting bow tie 99.545 (average gate)
94.2 (readout)		 5
IBM IBM Q 14 Melbourne Superconducting N/A 99.735 (average gate)
97.13 (readout)		 14
IBMIBM Q 16 RüschlikonSuperconducting2×8 lattice99.779 (average gate)
94.24 (readout)		 16[10]May 17, 2017
(Retired: 26 September 2018)[11]
IBMIBM Q 17SuperconductingN/AN/A17[10]May 17, 2017
IBMIBM Q 20 TokyoSuperconducting5×4 lattice99.812 (average gate)
93.21 (readout)		 20[12]November 10, 2017
IBM IBM Q 20 Austin Superconducting 5×4 lattice N/A 20 (Retired: 4 July 2018)[11]
IBMIBM Q 50 prototypeSuperconducting transmonN/AN/A50[12]
IBMIBM Q 53SuperconductingN/AN/A53October 2019
IBMIBM EagleSuperconductingN/AN/A127November 2021
IBMIBM OspreySuperconductingN/AN/A433November 2022
IBM IBM Armonk[13] Superconducting Single Qubit N/A 1 October 16, 2019
IBM IBM Ourense[13] Superconducting T N/A 5 July 3, 2019
IBM IBM Vigo[13] Superconducting T N/A 5 July 3, 2019
IBM IBM London[13] Superconducting T N/A 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Burlington[13] Superconducting T N/A 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Essex[13] Superconducting T N/A 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Athens[14] Superconducting N/A 5 32[15]
IBM IBM Belem[14] Superconducting Falcon r4T[16] N/A 5 16[16]
IBM IBM Bogotá[14] Superconducting Falcon r4L[16] N/A 5 32[16]
IBM IBM Casablanca[14] Superconducting Falcon r4H[16] N/A 7 (Retired – March 2022) 32[16]
IBM IBM Dublin[14] Superconducting N/A 27 64
IBM IBM Guadalupe[14] Superconducting Falcon r4P[16] N/A 16 32[16]
IBM IBM Kolkata Superconducting N/A 27 128
IBM IBM Lima[14] Superconducting Falcon r4T[16] N/A 5 8[16]
IBM IBM Manhattan[14] Superconducting N/A 65 32[15]
IBM IBM Montreal[14] Superconducting Falcon r4[16] N/A 27 128[17][16]
IBM IBM Mumbai[14] Superconducting Falcon r5.1[16] N/A 27 128[16]
IBM IBM Paris[14] Superconducting N/A 27 32[15]
IBM IBM Quito[14] Superconducting Falcon r4T[16] N/A 5 16[16]
IBM IBM Rome[14] Superconducting N/A 5 32[15]
IBM IBM Santiago[14] Superconducting N/A 5 32[15]
IBM IBM Sydney[14] Superconducting Falcon r4[16] N/A 27 32[16]
IBM IBM Toronto[14] Superconducting Falcon r4[16] N/A 27 32[16]
Intel17-Qubit Superconducting Test ChipSuperconducting40-pin cross gapN/A17[18][19]October 10, 2017
IntelTangle LakeSuperconducting108-pin cross gapN/A49[20]January 9, 2018
Intel Tunnel Falls Semiconductor spin qubits 12[21] June 15, 2023
IonQ Harmony Trapped ion All-to-All[16] 11[22] 2022 8[16]
IonQ Aria Trapped ion All-to-All[16] 25[22] 2022
IonQ Forte Trapped ion 32x1 chain[23] All-to-All[16] 99.98 (1 qubit)
98.5-99.3 (2 qubit)[23]		 32[22] 2022
IQM -SuperconductingStar99.91 (1 qubit)
99.14 (2 qubits)		5[24]November 30, 2021[25]N/A
IQM -Superconducting Square lattice 99.91 (1 qubit median)
99.944 (1 qubit max)
98.25 (2 qubits median)
99.1 (2 qubits max)		 20 October 9, 2023[26] 16[27]
M Squared Lasers Maxwell Neutral atoms in optical lattices 99.5 (3-qubit gate), 99.1 (4-qubit gate)[28] 400[29] November 2022
Oxford Quantum Circuits Lucy[30] Superconducting 8 2022
Quandela Ascella Photonics N/A 98.8 (1 qubit)
88.1 (2 qubits)
86.0 (3 qubits)		 6[31] 2022[32]
QuTech at TU Delft Spin-2 Semiconductor spin qubits 99 (average gate)
85(readout)[33]		 2 2020
QuTech at TU Delft - Semiconductor spin qubits 6[34] September 2022
QuTech at TU Delft Starmon-5 Superconducting X configuration 97 (readout)[35] 5 2020
Quantinuum H2[36] Trapped ion Racetrack, All-to-All 99.997 (1 qubit)
99.8 (2 qubit)		 32 May 9, 2023 65,536[37]
Quantinuum H1-1[38] Trapped ion 15×15 (Circuit Size) 99.996 (1 qubit)
99.8 (2 qubit)		 20 2022 524,288[39]
Quantinuum H1-2 [38] Trapped ion All-to-All[16] 99.996 (1 qubit)
99.7 (2 qubit)		 12 2022 4096[40]
Quantware Soprano[41] Superconducting 99.9 (single-qubit gates) 5 July 2021
Quantware Contralto[42] Superconducting 99.9 (single-qubit gates) 25 March 7, 2022[43]
Quantware Tenor[44] Superconducting 64 February 23, 2023
Rigetti Agave Superconducting N/A 96 (Single-qubit gates)

87 (Two-qubit gates)

 8 June 4, 2018[45]
RigettiAcornSuperconducting transmonN/A98.63 (Single-qubit gates)

87.5 (Two-qubit gates)

 19[46]December 17, 2017
Rigetti Aspen-1 Superconducting N/A 93.23 (Single-qubit gates)

90.84 (Two-qubit gates)

 16 November 30, 2018[45]
Rigetti Aspen-4 Superconducting 99.88 (Single-qubit gates)

94.42 (Two-qubit gates)

 13 March 10, 2019
Rigetti Aspen-7 Superconducting 99.23 (Single-qubit gates)

95.2 (Two-qubit gates)

 28 November 15, 2019
Rigetti Aspen-8 Superconducting 99.22 (Single-qubit gates)

94.34 (Two-qubit gates)

 31 May 5, 2020
Rigetti Aspen-9 Superconducting 99.39 (Single-qubit gates)

94.28 (Two-qubit gates)

 32 February 6, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-10 Superconducting 99.37 (Single-qubit gates)

94.66 (Two-qubit gates)

 32 November 4, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-11 Superconducting Octagonal[16] 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 92.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 91.0 (Two-qubit gates XY) 40 December 15, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-M-1 Superconducting transmon Octagonal[16] 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 93.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 94.6 (Two-qubit gates XY) 80 February 15, 2022 8[16]
Rigetti Aspen-M-2 Superconducting transmon 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 91.3 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 90.0 (Two-qubit gates XY) 80 August 1, 2022
RigettiAspen-M-3Superconducting transmonN/A99.9 (Single-qubit gates) 94.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 95.1 (Two-qubit gates XY)80[47]December 2, 2022
RIKEN RIKENSuperconductingN/AN/A53 effective (64 total) March 27, 2023N/A
SpinQ Triangulum Nuclear magnetic resonance 3[48] September 2021
USTCJiuzhangPhotonicsN/AN/A76[49][50]2020
USTC ZuchongzhiSuperconductingN/AN/A62[51] 2020
USTC Zuchongzhi 2.1 Superconducting lattice[52] 99.86 (Single-qubit gates) 99.41 (Two-qubit gates) 95.48 (Readout) 66[53] 2021
Xanadu Borealis[54] Photonics N/A N/A 216[54] 2022[54]
Xanadu X8 [55] Photonics N/A N/A 8 2020
Xanadu X12 Photonics N/A N/A 12 2020[55]
Xanadu X24 Photonics N/A N/A 24 2020[55]

Annealing quantum processors

These QPUs are based on quantum annealing, not to be confused with digital annealing.[56]

ManufacturerName/Codename

/Designation

 ArchitectureLayoutFidelity (%)QubitsRelease date
D-WaveD-Wave One (Rainier)SuperconductingC4 = Chimera(4,4,4)[57] = 4×4 K4,4N/A128May 11, 2011
D-WaveD-Wave TwoSuperconductingC8 = Chimera(8,8,4)[57] = 8×8 K4,4N/A5122013
D-WaveD-Wave 2XSuperconductingC12 = Chimera(12,12,4)[57] = 12×12 K4,4N/A11522015
D-WaveD-Wave 2000QSuperconductingC16 = Chimera(16,16,4)[57] = 16×16 K4,4N/A20482017
D-WaveD-Wave AdvantageSuperconductingPegasus P16[58]N/A57602020

Analog quantum processors

These QPUs are based on analog Hamiltonian simulation.

ManufacturerName/Codename/DesignationArchitectureLayoutFidelity (%)QubitsRelease date
QuEraAquilaNeutral atomsN/AN/A256November 2022

See also

References
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