North Island Fault System

The more southeasterly branch of the Wellington Fault is known as the Mohaka fault. The fault splays to the north, onto the Waimana Fault, which itself has branches of the Waiotahi and Waioeka Faults. The Waimana Fault is 50 km (31 mi) long with potential for a M_w6.9 shock at its recurrence interval of 2850 years and slip rate of 0.07 cm/year (0.028 in/year).[4] The main segment of the Mohaka Fault eventually passes into the Whakatane Fault which has an off shore extension.[3] The Whakatane Fault has multisegment capacity for a size M_w 7 earthquake at a recurrence interval of 3000 years and slip rate of 0.1 cm/year (0.039 in/year).[4] To the east of the Mohaka Fault is the Patoka Fault which commences in the Tutaekuri River valley within 500 m (1,600 ft) of a Mohaka Fault splay.[5] Where the Potaka Fault intercepts the Esk Forest its most eastern active splay becomes the Rukumoana Fault.[5] The Potaka Fault terminates just south of the peak Tauwhare Papauma on State Highway 5.[5] The Rukumoana Fault has an active northern splay called the Rangiora Fault and both terminate in the region of Hawke's Bay north of Lake Tutira.[5] Where the Rangiora Fault terminates the Waiotahi Fault to its north by about 20 km (12 mi) becomes the most eastern active fault in the system.[5]

There has been a transition from episodic dip-slip-dominated displacement during the late Miocene–Pliocene to oblique-slip and strike-slip-dominated offset more recently.[2] Prior to the late Miocene, before about 11 million years ago, at least 500 m (1,600 ft) of western vertical displacement occurred on the Mohaka Fault,[2] and more recently, in the last 2.3 million years the maximum vertical displacement has been at least a further 500 m (1,600 ft) found about 30 km (19 mi) south of Hawkston. It is noted that at Hawkston itself there has been no vertical displacement although both the southern end and northern end of the fault there has been vertical displacement during this period.[2] The souther displacement of about 350 m (1,150 ft) produced the Wakarara Range. The Mohaka Fault has had about 300 m (980 ft) of strike-slip displacement in the last 2 million years.[2]

As the Wellington Fault branches near Woodville, the more northwesterly branch is known as the Ruahine Fault. Results from trenching over this fault suggest an earthquake recurrence interval of 400–500 years, with typical offsets in the range 3.0–5.5 m.[6] Similarly to the Mohaka Fault, it appears that the Ruahine Fault has displacement rates of just above 0.5 cm/year (0.20 in/year) and had a transition from episodic dip-slip-dominated displacement during the late Miocene–Pliocene to oblique-slip and strike-slip-dominated offset more recently.[2] The Ruahine Fault commenced its vertical displacement about 10 million years ago in the late Miocene.[2] Most of the Ruahine Fault presently accommodates down to the east vertical displacements but between 4 to 3 million years ago 200 m (660 ft) up to the east vertical displacement has been found on a portion of the fault.[2] In the last 3.6 million years geological studies have shown that less than 10 km (6.2 mi) of dextral offset has occurred on the Ruahine Fault.[2] At its northern end this fault becomes the Waiohau Fault which has several geologically active splays.[3] There is a western splay of the Ruahine Fault before this to the Kaweka Fault around the Mohaka River valley.[5] The Kaweka Fault remains the most western fault until it becomes in turn the Wheao Fault in the Waipunga River valley.[5] The Te Whaiti Fault is a splay towards the NNE of the Wheao Fault that rejoins it near Murupara and for a brief while the Te Whaiti Fault is the most western active fault of the system before it merges with a splay of the Waiohau Fault which terminates at the head of the Rangitaiki River valley.[5]

The Waimana Fault is to the east of the Whakatane Fault both of which join the Mohaka Fault in the south of the system[3] To its north it has an off shore portion that terminates against the White Island Fault which is the eastern margin of the Taupō Rift.[7]

The Waiohau Fault extends from the end of the Ruahine Fault north towards the Bay of Plenty for 61 km (38 mi).[4] The slip rate is 0.14 cm/year (0.055 in/year) with estimated movement of a multisegment fault rupture of M_w 7.1 with an average recurrence of 3000 years.[4] It lies roughly parallel with, and to the west of, the Whakatane, Waimana, and Waiotahi Faults, and to the east of the Taupo Rift. At its southern end it is a dextral strike-slip fault, becoming a normal dip-slip fault for the northern part of its length. The valley of the Rangitaiki River approximately follows the line of the fault. It terminates against the eastern margin of the Taupō Rift in the on shore portion of the Whakatāne Graben.[8] The fault is believed to be responsible for an earthquake in 1866 which was centred near Te Mahoe, east of Kawerau.[9][10]

The Waiotahi Fault commences near the end of the Mangahopai Road in Hawkes Bay and extends as the most eastern active fault in the system through the western aspects of Lake Waikaremoana. It then has an eastern splay, the Koranga Fault just north of the peak Tataemakora while itself continuing all the way via the coast west of Opotiki to terminate off shore where it intercepts the White Island Fault of the Taupō Rift.[5] The Karanga Fault terminates in the mountains 20 km (12 mi) south of Opotiki.[5]

The Wairarapa Fault extends from near the coast just southwest of Lake Wairarapa, running along the lake's northwestern edge. The M_w 8.2 1855 Wairarapa earthquake was caused by movement along this fault. The recurrence interval for large earthquakes on this fault is less than 2,000 years.[11] There are associated faults such as the Wharekauhau Thrust to the south and the Mangaoranga Fault to the north that might partake in a propagating rupture.

The Wellington Fault is a dextral strike-slip fault that runs from the Cook Strait on the southern coast of North Island up to near Woodville, where the fault branches into the Mohaka and Ruahine Faults. No historical earthquakes have been recorded along this fault although a significant event is estimated to have occurred within the last 1,000 years. The recurrence interval for large earthquakes on this fault is estimated to be less than 2,000 years.[11] Three main segments have been identified, the Wellington-Hutt section, the Tararua section and the Pahiatua section.[12][13]

The Whakatane Fault is where the North Island Fault System intersects the Taupo Rift[3] and so displacement across the Whakatane Fault is expected to be oblique, with both normal dip-slip (1.5 ± 0.5 mm/year) and right-lateral strike-slip (1.1 ± 0.5 mm/year) components of motion.[14] The known three surface-rupturing prehistoric earthquakes over the last 10,000 years were associated with net slip at the ground surface of about 3 m (9.8 ft).[14]