Kakuyids
The Kakuyids (also called Kakwayhids, Kakuwayhids or Kakuyah) (Persian: آل کاکویه) were a Shia Muslim dynasty of Daylamite origin that held power in western Persia, Jibal and Kurdistan (c. 1008–c. 1051). They later became atabegs (governors) of Yazd, Isfahan and Abarkuh from c. 1051 to 1141. They were related to the Buyids.[1]
Kakuyid Emirate آل کاکویه | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1008–1141 | |||||||||||
 The Kakuyids at their greatest extent | |||||||||||
| Capital | Isfahan (1008–1051) Yazd (1051–1141) | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Persian | ||||||||||
| Religion | Shia Islam | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Emir | |||||||||||
• 1008–1041 | Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar | ||||||||||
• 1095–1141 | Garshasp II | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||
• Established | 1008 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1141 | ||||||||||
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| History of Iran |
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Timeline Iran portal |
Origins
Scholars state that the Kakuyids were Daylamites,[2][3][4] and relatives of Sayyida Shirin,[5][6][7] who was from the Daylamite[7][8] Bavand dynasty.[7][9][10]
History
The founder of the Kakuyid dynasty was Ala al-Dawla Muhammad, a Daylamite military leader under the service of the Buyid amirate of Jibal. His father, Rustam Dushmanziyar, had also served the Buyids, and was given lands in the Alborz to protect them against the local rulers of the neighbouring region of Tabaristan.[11][12] Rustam was the uncle of Sayyida Shirin, a princess from the Bavand dynasty who was married to the Buyid amir (ruler) Fakhr al-Dawla (r. 976–980, 984–997).[13][14] Because of this connection, Ala al-Dawla Muhammad is often referred to as Ibn Kakuya or Pisar-i Kaku, "meaning son of the uncle."[13][15] By 1008, he was the governor of the city of Isfahan, a position which Sayyida Shirin had secured him. However, the report of the 11th-century local historian of Isfahan, Mafarrukhi, suggests that Ala al-Dawla Muhammad was in control of the city at least as early as 1003.[13][11] Over time, he effectively became independent of Buyid control.
At times Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar acted as an ally of the Buyids; when Shams al-Dawla was faced with a revolt in Hamadan, for example, he turned to the Kakuyids for aid. Shortly after Shams al-Daula died, he was succeeded by Sama' al-Dawla, however, the Kakuyids invaded and took control of Hamadan in 1023 or 1024. They then moved on and seized Hulwan from the 'Annazids. The Buyid Musharrif al-Dawla, who ruled over Fars and Iraq, forced the Kakuyids to withdraw from Hulwan, but they retained Hamadan. Peace was made between the two sides, and a matrimonial alliance was eventually arranged.
Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar was succeeded in 1041 by his son Faramurz. While in Hamadan another Kakuyid, Garshasp I, took power. In 1095, Garshasp II became the new emir of the Kakuyid dynasty, and was later killed at the Battle of Qatwan in 1141.[16] Faramurz's reign was cut short by the Seljuks, who after a year-long siege of Isfahan took the city in 1051 or 1052. Despite this, Faramurz was given Yazd and Abarkuh in fief by the Seljuks. The Kakuyids remained the governors of these provinces until sometime in the mid-12th century; their rule during this time was known for the construction of mosques, canals and fortifications.
Kakuyid rulers
- Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar (1008–1041)
- Faramurz ibn Muhammad (1041–1070's) – Isfahan, later in Yazd and Abarkuh
- Garshasp I ibn Muhammad (1041–1048) – Hamadan, Nihawand, Borujerd and western Jibal
- Ali ibn Faramurz (1070's –1095) – Yazd. Married Chaghri Beg's daughter, Arslan Khatun Khadija, in 1076–1077.[17]
- Garshasp II (1095–1141)
Family tree
| Sharwin (Sharwin III?) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sayyida Shirin | Rustam Dushmanziyar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Faramurz | Garshasp I | Abu Harb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ali | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Garshasp II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World, C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 37.
- Bosworth 1994, pp. 773–774.
- Potts 2014, p. 180.
- Herzig & Stewart 2014, p. 65.
- Huart 1993, p. 667-668.
- Bosworth 1998, pp. 359–362.
- Kennedy 2004, p. 244.
- Sadiq Sajjadi; Sayyid Ali Al-i Dawood. "Al-i Kakuya". CGIE. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- Madelung 1975, p. 217.
- Madelung 1984, pp. 747–753.
- Bosworth 2010, pp. 359–362.
- Bosworth 1984, pp. 773–774.
- Bosworth 1970, p. 74.
- Spuler 2014, p. 101.
- Spuler 2014, p. 110.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, Historic cities of the Islamic world, (BRILL, 2007), 562.
- Dailamīs in Central Iran: The Kākūyids of Jibāl and Yazd, C. E. Bosworth, Iran, Vol. 8, (1970), 86.
Sources
- Bosworth, C. E. (1975). "The early Ghaznavids". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–197. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
- Bosworth, C. E. (1970). "Dailamīs in Central Iran: The Kākūyids of Jibāl and Yazd". Iran. 8: 73–95. doi:10.2307/4299634. JSTOR 4299634. (registration required)
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (2010). "Kākūyids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/4: Kafir Kala–Ḵamsa of Jamāli. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 359–362. ISBN 978-1-934283-26-4.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (2011). "ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla Moḥammad". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV: Joči–Kašḡari, Saʿd-al-Din. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 773–774. ISBN 978-1-934283-29-5.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (2009). "Abū Manṣūr Farāmarz". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/3: Julfa I. Safavid period–Kafir Kala. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 335–336. ISBN 978-1-934283-21-9.
- Bürgel, Ch.; Mottahedeh, R. (1988). "ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, ABŪ ŠOJĀʾ FANNĀ ḴOSROW". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 265–269. ISBN 978-0-71009-115-4.
- Busse, Heribert [in German] (1975). "Iran under the Buyids". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–305. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Frye, R. N. (1960). "Bāwand". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume I: A–B (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1110. OCLC 495469456.
- Heemskerk, Margaretha T. (2000). Suffering in the Mu'tazilite theology. Brill.
- Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2014). The Age of the Seljuqs. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 1–200. ISBN 9780857725141.
- Huart, CL. (1993). "Kākōyids". E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IIII. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 667–668. ISBN 9789004097902.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
- Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Madelung, W. (1984). "Āl-e Bāvand (Bavandids)". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/7: Ahriman–Alafrank. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 747–753. ISBN 978-0-71009-096-6.
- Meisami, Julie Scott (1999). Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–319. ISBN 9780748612765.
- Nagel, Tilman (1990). "Buyids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/6: Burial II–Calendars II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–586. ISBN 978-0-71009-129-1.
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