List of wars involving Iran

This is a list of wars involving the Islamic Republic of Iran and its predecessor states. It is an unfinished historical overview.

Conflict Iran (and allies) Opponents Results Notes
Median Empire
(678–549 BC)
Assyrian invasions of Media (the 10th – the late 7th centuries BC) Medes Assyrian Empire Defeat Kingdoms and city-states of Western Iran became Assyrian vassals
Median invasion of Assyria (the late 7th century BC) Medes

Scythians

Other Iranian peoples

 Assyrian Empire Victory Invasion of the Assyrian Empire by a coalition of Iranian peoples, led by Kashtariti of Media
  • End of Assyrian rule in Media
  • Formation of an independent Median kingdom
  • Median invasion of Assyria repelled
Medo-Babylonian invasion Assyria
(626–609 BC)		 Median Kingdom
Babylonia

Persians

 Assyrian Empire Victory Alliance between various people of the region against the Assyrian Empire, led by the Median Kingdom and Babylonia.
Scythian invasion of Media (624–597 BC) Median Kingdom Scythians Victory War between two groups of Iranian peoples.
  • Conquest of Media by Scythians
  • End of Scythian rule in Media in 597 BC, during reign of Cyaxares
Siege of Harran
(609 BC)		 Medes
Babylonia		 Assyria

Egypt

 Victory The Assyrian insurgency.
Battle of Eclipse
(585 BC)		 Medes Kingdom of Lydia Undecided The battle ended due an eclipse.
Achaemenid Empire
(550–330 BC)
Battle of Hyrba
(552 BC)		 Persians Medes Empire Victory
Persian Revolt
(552–549 BC)		 Persians Median Empire Victory By conquering Media, Iran became an empire.
Battle of the Persian border
(551 BC)		 Persians Medes Empire Victory Persian retreat to Pasargadae
Conquest of Lydia
(547 BC)		 Persian Empire Lydian Empire Victory Lydia annexed by Iran.
Cyrus' First Eastern Campaign (545–540 BC) Persian Empire Gedrosia Defeat Persians are decisively defeated and had to leave the land after attacking the regions of Bactria, Arachosia, Sogdia, Saka, Chorasmia, Margiana and other provinces in the east.
Conquest of Babylonia
(540–539 BC)		 Persian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Victory Neo-Babylonian Empire annexed by Iran.
Cyrus' Second Eastern Campaign (533 BC) Persian Empire Gedrosia Victory Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus vassalage cities.
Cyrus' Campaign against Massagetae (530/529 BC) Persian Empire

Amyrgians

 Scythians Eastern Iranian nomadic tribal confederation Defeat Death of Cyrus the Great
Conquest of Egypt
(525 BC)		 Persian Empire Kingdom of Egypt Victory Egypt annexed by Iran.
Conquest of India (Indus Valley)

(518 BC)

 Persian Empire Mahajanapadas Victory Achaemenid military conquest North-western regions of the India for about two centuries
European Scythian campaign
(513 BC)		 Persian Empire Scythians in European Scythia Victory Achaemenid domination of the European Black Sea regions.
Greek Revolt Persian Empire Greeks Victory Persia (Iran) won a Decisive Victory re-establishes control over Greek regions in Asia Minor and Cyprus.
Greco-Persian War (First) Persian Empire Greeks Victory Persia conquers Macedon and the Cycladic Islands, re-subjugates Thrace, and establishes supremacy over the Aegean Sea
Greco-Persian War (Second) Persian Empire Greeks Defeat Macedon, Thrace and Ionia regain independence from Persia
Peloponnesian War
(431–404 BC)		 Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Supported by:
Achaemenid Empire		 Delian League (led by Athens) Victory Dissolution of the Delian League. Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies.
Battle of Cunaxa
(401 BC)		 Persian Empire Cyrus the Younger Victory Artaxerxes II still in full control of the kingdom.
Corinthian War
(395–387 BC)		 Athens
Argos
Corinth
Thebes
Persian Empire
Other allies		 Sparta
Peloponnesian League		 Victory

(Peace of Antalcidas

dictated by Iran)

 Ionia ceded back to Achaemenid Iran. Boeotian league dissolved. Union of Argos and Corinth dissolved.
Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign
(385 BC)		 Persian Empire Cadusii Victory Negotiated peace with rival chiefs.
Revolt of the Satraps
(372–362 BC)		 Persian Empire Rebel satrapies Victory Rebellions chrushed.
Second conquest of Egypt
(c. 340 BC)		 Persian Empire Egypt Victory Egypt is conquered for a second time by Iran.
Macedon invasion of Iran
(355–328 BC)		 Persian Empire Macedon Defeat Iran conquered by the army of Alexander the Great.
Macedonian Empire (330-312 BC)
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great Macedon Ancient India Victory Hellenic conquest of great part of the Indus Valley.

Iranic confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha.

Wars of the Diadochi First War:

Second War:

Third War:

 First War:

Second War:

Third War:

 Defeat Death of Perdiccas.

Seleucus established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, then conquest Persia.

Seleucid Empire (312-129 BC)
Babylonian War (311–309 BCE) Seleucid Empire Antigonid dynasty Victory Seleucid control of Babylonia, Media, and Elam
Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BCE) Seleucid Empire Maurya Empire Defeat Treaty of the Indus
Syrian Wars (274–168 BC)[1] Seleucid Empire Ptolemaic Egypt Victory
Roman–Seleucid War (192–188 BC)[2] Seleucid Empire Roman Republic Defeat Peace of Apamea.
Parthian Empire
(247 BC–224 AD)
Seleucid–Parthian Wars
(238 BC–129 BC)		 Parthian Empire Seleucid Empire Victory • Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran.
Parni Conquest Parthia

(238 BC)

 Parthian Empire Seleucid Empire Victory • Rise of the Parthian Empire

• The beginning of the Seleucid–Parthian Wars

Parthian–Bactrian War (150 BC) Parthian Empire Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Victory Western Bactria annexed to the Parthian Empire
Battle of Ecbatana (129 BC) Parthian Empire Seleucid Empire Victory End of Hellenistic rule in Iran.
Armenian–Parthian War
(87–85 BC)		 Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia Defeat Osroene and Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great.
Battle of Carrahe

(53 BC)

 Parthian Empire Roman Republic Victory • Repelling the danger of the Romans

• Crassus killed

Antony's Parthian War

(36–20 BC)

 Parthian Empire Roman Republic Victory • Antony's was unsuccessful in campaign against Iran

• Ended by formal peace in 20 BC

Roman–Parthian Wars
(66 AD–216)		 Parthian Empire
Kingdom of Armenia		 Roman Republic
Pontus		 Status quo ante bellum Borders changed several times.
Parthian War of Caracalla

(216–217)

 Parthian Empire Roman Empire Victory
  • Rome is forced to pay tribute to Parthia
Sassanid Empire
(224–651)
Battle of Hormozdgan

(224)

 Sassanids Parthian Empire Victory • Fall of the Parthian Empire

• Rise of the Sassanid Empire

Roman-Sassanid Wars
(232–440)		 Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Status quo ante bellum Borders changed several times.
Battle Of Barbalissos

(253)

 Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Victory Shapur's army won against Valerian's army
Battle of Edessa

(260)

 Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Victory Valerian was captured
Shapur ll's Arab Campaign

(325)

 Sassanid Empire Arabs Victory
Julian's Persian expedition

(363)

 Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Victory Sasanian annexation of five regions & fifteen major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia
Battle of Avarayr

(451)

 Sassanid Empire Christian Armenians Victory Following Persian the victory, Yazdegerd jailed some Armenian priests and nobles and appointed a new governor for Armenia.
Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars

(484-560)

 Sassanid Empire Hephthalite Empire Victory The Hephthalite Empire breaks into minor kingdoms.
Byzantine–Sassanid Wars
(502–628)		 Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire Status quo ante bellum Borders changed several times.
Anastasian War

(502–506)

 Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire Victory * The Sassanian Empire captures Theodosiopolis and Martyropolis
Aksumite invasion of Himyar Himyarite Kingdom

Supported by:

Sassanid Empire

 Kingdom of Aksum

• Byzantine Empire

 Defeat
Iberian War

(526–532)

 Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire Victory *Sasanians retained Iberia

Byzantines retained Lazica

Byzantines paid tribute of 11,000 lbs (5,000 kg) gold

Lazic War

(541–562)

 Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire Victory Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
Ethiopian–Persian Wars
(570–578)		 Sassanid Empire

Supported by:

Jewish Himyarites

 Kingdom of Aksum

Supported by:

South Arabian Christians

 Victory Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom. (Yemen is annexed by the Sasanian Empire)
War for the Caucasus

(572–591)

 Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire Defeat • Khosrow II is restored to the Sasanian throne.

• Khosrow II gives the Byzantine Empire most of Persian Armenia and western half of Iberia after the Sasanian civil war of 589–591

First Perso-Turkic War
(588–589)		 Sassanid Empire Hephthalite Empire
Göktürks		 Victory The Sassanids captured Balkh.
Byzantine–Sassanid War

(602–628)

 Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire Status quo ante bellum
Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617/625)
Jewish rebels

Sassanid Empire

 Byzantine Empire status quo ante bellum Jewish surrender and expulsion after a briefly rule of Persians and Jews over parts of Byzantine Diocese of the East.
Second Perso-Turkic War
(606–608)		 Sassanid Empire Western Turkic Khaganate
Hephthalite Empire		 Victory Turkic invasion of Iran repelled.
Third Perso-Turkic War
(627–629)		 Sassanid Empire

Supported by:

Eastern Turkic Khaganate

 Western Turkic KhaganateSupported by:

• Byzantine Empire

• Tang china

 Defeat Byzantine control of Georgia.
Sasanian civil war of 628–632 The Parsig faction

The Nimruzi faction

 The Pahlav (Parthian) faction
Shahrbaraz's army		 Stalemate
Muslim conquest of Persia
(633–644) , (part of Early Muslim conquests)		 Sassanid Empire
Arab Christians

Supported by:

 Rashidun Caliphate

Kanarang

 Defeat Fall of the Sassanid Empire
Sasanids attempts to recuperate the Persian throne (657–679) Tang china

Sassanids in exile

 Rashidun Caliphate (until 661)

Umayyad Caliphate (from 661)

• Western Turkic Khaganate

 Stalemate The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (by Pei Xingjian) success and the Chinese established a "Persian military commandery" (波斯都督府) in the city of Zābol (疾陵城 Jilicheng) in Tokharistan, and Peroz was appointed as Military Commander (都督 Dudu). Then this government, with the capital at Zirang, fell in 673/674.

After that, Narsieh went west with his troops to liberate Iranshahr in 679 and fought against the Arabs in Takharistan for almost thirty years.

Battle of Ray (651) Rashidun Caliphate
House of Ispahbudhan		 Sasanian Empire
House of Mihran		 Defeat House of Ispahbudhan makes a peace agreement with the Rashidun Caliphate
Rashidun Caliphate (651-661) Battle of Ray (651) Rashidun Caliphate
House of Ispahbudhan		 Sasanian Empire
House of Mihran		 Victory House of Ispahbudhan makes a peace agreement with the Rashidun Caliphate
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb (647-709) Rashidun Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate		 Byzantine Empire
Kingdom of Altava
Kingdom of the Aurès
Kabyle confederations[3] Kingdom of Ouarsenis
Kingdom of Hodna
Various other Berber tribes and statelets		 Victory Muslims conquer Maghreb
Iranian Intermezzo (821-1090)
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana Abbasid Caliphate

Tibetan Empire Karluk mercenaries

 Principalities of Tokharistan

Sogdian principalities

Khwarazm

Fergana

Türgesh Kaghanate

Second Turkic Khaganate Tang china

 Victory
Second Fitna (muslim civil war of 680–692) Zubayrid Caliphate
Alids
Kharijites		 Umayyad Caliphate Defeat Kharijite faction, the Azariqa, captures Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids. Ex-Zubayrid loyalists help Umayyad to secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies in Persia. Then, Umayyad victory after Siege of Mecca.
Fourth Fitna (abassid civil war of 811–813/819) Al-Ma'mun (supported mostly by persian forces) Al-Amin (supported mostly by arab forces) Victory Defeat and death of al-Amin; al-Ma'mun is recognized as Caliph on 27 September 813. Tahir ibn Husayn rewarded as governor of Khorasan, which marked the beginning of the Tahirids.
Hamza ibn Azarak's Kharijites Rebellion in Sistan (823–828) Tahirid dynasty Kharijites Inconclused Hamza's death in 828 and the death of Talha shortly after put an end to this series of conflicts.
Mazyar uprising (839) Tahirid dynasty Spahbed Mazyar and

Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's forces

 Victory Mutasim Maziar was arrested and sent to Baghdad. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured.
Zaydid revolt of 864 Tahirid dynasty Hasan ibn Zayd's forces Defeat Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir of Tabaristan.
Caspian expeditions of the Rus' (864–1041) Abbasid Caliphate

• Khazars (from 965)

Alans

• Byzantine Empire (941)

Sarir

Volga Bulgaria

  Kievan Rus'

Oghuz Turks

• Khazars (until 943)

 Stalemate
  • Occupation of several areas on the outskirts of the Volga and the Dnieper by the Russians. Start of Russian expansionism on the Caucasus.
  • The disintegration of the Khazar Empire.
  • Sack of different areas by the Russians in Iranian territories near Caspian Sea.
  • The local Muslims defeated the Russians in ther attempts to conquest persian territories.
Samanid Conquest of North Iran(900–901) Samanid Empire Zaydids Victory Samanids took over the province of Tabaristan, Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan.
Saffarid dynasty
(861–1003)
Yaqub's campaigns to the east (861–870) Saffarid dynasty Zunbils

Kharijites

Medieval India

 Victory Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering them in the name of Islam.
Saffarid-Abbasid War (873–876) Saffarid dynastyAyyars Abbasid Caliphate Stalemate
Battle of Balkh (900) Saffarid Amirate Samanid Empire Defeat The Saffarids loses much territory to the Samanids in Khorasan, and were left with the control of Fars, Kerman and Sistan, but they also lost these provinces after a civil war.
Saffarid Campaign in the Fars province (900–904) Saffarid Amirate Abbasid Caliphate Victory Temporarily regained Fars, but the Saffarids withdrew soon afterwards.
Military expedition against Makran (907 or 908) Saffarid Amirate Ma'danids Victory Saffarids able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years of tribute.
Civil war between Tahir and the pretender Al-Layth (909-912) Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr Al-Layth Stalemate Sebük-eri, who had managed to win over Tahir's commanders, won an easy victory and captured the brothers. They were sent to the Caliph and imprisoned in Baghdad, though they were treated well for the remainder of their lives.
Buyid-Saffarid War (967-968) Saffarid dynasty Buyid dynasty Defeat Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.
Ghaznavid Dynasty
(962–1186)
March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India (1001-1027), (part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent) Ghaznavid Empire Medieval India Victory The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
Seljuq Empire
(1037–1194)
Battle of Dandanqan (1040) Seljuk Empire Ghaznavid Empire Victory • Fall of the Ghaznavid Empire

• Rise of the Seljuk Empire

Battle of Manzikert
(1071)		 Seljuk Empire Byzantine Empire Victory Seljuks enter Anatolia.
Byzantine–Seljuq wars
(1048–1308)		 Seljuk Empire Byzantine Empire

Empire of Trebizond
Crusader states

 Victory Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks.
First Crusade

(1095–1099)
Defeat
First Siege of Baghdad (1136) Seljuk Empire Abbasid Caliphate Victory al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east.
Second Crusade

(1147–1150)
Western front (Reconquista)
Wendish Crusade 		Victory
Second Siege of Baghdad (1157) Seljuk Empire Abbasid Caliphate Defeat Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.
Ghurid dynasty
(879–1215)
Battle of Ghazni (1148) Ghurid dynasty Ghaznavids Victory The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah and took the city while Bahram-Shah fled to India.
Battle of Ghazni (1151) Ghurid dynasty Ghaznavids Victory The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah, captured the city, and destroyed it as revenge for the execution of his brother Quṭb ud-Dīn in 1149.
First Battle of Tarain
(1191)		 Ghurid dynasty Chahamanas of Shakambhari Defeat Ghurid invasion of India repulsed.
Second Battle of Tarain
(1192)		 Ghurid dynasty Chahamanas of Shakambhari Victory * Mu'izz al-Din conquers much of north-west India including Delhi
  • Fall of the Chahamanas of Shakambhari dynasty
Battle of Chandawar
(1193)		 Ghurid dynasty Gahadavala dynasty Victory The victory of this battle gave Muhammad of Ghor control of much of northern India
Nizari Ismaili state
(1090–1273)		 Nizari–Seljuk conflicts
(1090-1194)		 Nizari Ismaili state style="background:#ffffff"Seljuk Empire Victory
Khwarazmian Dynasty
(1077–1231)
Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia
(1218–1221), (part of Mongol invasion of Central Asia and the Mongol invasion of Persia)		 Khwarazmian dynasty

Nizari Ismaili state Abbasid Caliphate

 Mongol Empire Defeat Khwarezmia added to the Mongol Empire.
Timurid dynasty
(1370–1507)
Campaigns of Timur
(1380–1402)		 Timurid dynasty Golden Horde
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
Muzaffarids
Jalayirid Sultanate
Tughlaq dynasty		 Victory
Timurid Civil Wars
(1405–~1501)		 Various factions Various factions Collapse of the dynasty Rise of the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty.
Safavid dynasty
(1501–1736)
Persian-Uzbek Wars
(1502–1510)		 Safavid Empire Uzbeks Victory Fall of the Shaybanid Empire.
Persian–Portuguese War (1507–1622) Safavid Empire

Imamate of Oman Supported by:

British East India Company

 Portugal Portuguese Empire

Supported by:

Spain Spanish Empire

 Victory The Iranian military sought to punish the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf for the Iranians' grievances of Gambron, not only liberating the island of Hormuz but also forcing the Portuguese to withdraw to Mombasa in Kenya.

Britain recognized Iran's sovereignty over the entire Persian Gulf.

Battle of Chaldiran
(1514)		 Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Defeat End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523
(1532–1555), (part of French–Habsburg rivalry)		 Safavid Empire Supported by:
Habsburg monarchy[4]		 Ottoman Empire Supported by:
France		 Defeat Ottomans captured Lower Mesopotamia and Baghdad. First partition of the Caucasus between the Ottomans and Persians. Western Armenia and western Georgia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan and the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan remain in Persian hands
Battle of Jam (1528) Safavid Empire Uzbeks Victory Safavids Empire defeated Uzbeks and reconquest Herat.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578
(1578–1590)		 Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Defeat Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (First Stage)
(1603–1612)		 Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (Second Stage)

(1612 - 1618)

 Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Serav (1618)
Capture of Ormuz

(1622)

 Safavid Empire

British East India Company

 Portugal Portuguese Empire (Iberian Union) Victory Ormuz annexed to Persia
Mughal–Safavid War of 1622
(1622–1623)		 Safavid Empire Mughal Empire Victory Kandahar falls to Persia
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623
(1623–1639)		 Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire Defeat Permanent partition of the Caucasus; Western Georgia and Western Armenia goes to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, Eastern and Southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control over Mesopotamia.
Mughal–Safavid War of 1649
(1649–1653)		 Safavid Empire

• Khanate of Bukhara

 Mughal Empire Victory Persia recaptured Kandahar
Russo-Persian War of 1651
(1651–1653)		 Safavid Empire  Russia Victory Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the Terek River destroyed, and its garrison expelled.
Russo-Persian War of 1722
(1722–1723)		 Safavid Empire  Russian Empire
Cossack Hetmanate
Kingdom of Kartli
Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels		 Defeat Russians capture Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad for about a decade.

Partition of Iran with the Ottomans in Treaty of Constantinople (1724).

Siege of Isfahan
(1722)		 Safavid Empire Hotaki dynasty Defeat

(Regime change)

 Afghan control of most of Iran.
Hotaki Dynasti (1722-1729)
Ottoman–Hotaki War 1724–1727 Hotaki dynasty Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Hamedan
Return of Safavids(Nader)
(1726–1729)		 Safavid Empire Hotaki dynasty

Supported by:

Ottoman Empire

 Victory

(Regime change)

 End of the Afghan rule in Persia.
Battle of Zarghan
(1730)		 Safavid Empire Hotaki dynasty Victory Afghans Expulsed from Iran (Persia)
Ottoman-Safavid war of 1730 (Nader) (1730–1735) Safavid Empire

• Erivan Khanate

 Ottoman Empire

• Autonomous Republic of Crimea Crimean Khanate

 Victory Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus.

•Treaty of Constantinople

Afsharid dynasty
(1736–1796)
Nader Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738) Afsharid dynasty Hotaki dynasty Victory End of the Hotaki dynasty
Nader Conquest of the Persian Gulf (1738–1747) Afsharid dynasty Omani Empire

Pirates

 Victory The Persian empire becomes the arbiter of the Persian gulf until the collapse of the empire.
Nader invasion of India
(1738–1739)		 Afsharid dynasty Mughal Empire Victory Persian plundering of India.
Nader Conquest of Central Asia (1738–1740) Afsharid dynasty Khanate of Bukhara

Khanate of Khiva

 Victory the conquest of the Central Asian khanates.
Nader Invasion of Daghestan (1741–1745) Afsharid dynasty
Victory The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1743
(1743–1746)		 Afsharid dynasty  Ottoman Empire Stalemate Treaty of Kerden, Status Quo Ante Bellum
Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar
(1747–1796)		 Afsharid dynasty Qajar dynasty Regime change Mohammad Khan Qajar became the Shah of Iran.
Zand dynasty
(1751–1779)
Ottoman-Persian War of 1775
(1755–1776)		 Zand dynasty Ottoman Empire Victory Basra captured by Persia.
Persian-Dutch War (1765) Zand dynasty Netherlands Dutch colonial empire Victory Kharg Island reconquested by Persia and destruction of Fort Mosselstein.
Qajar dynasty
(1785–1925)
Battle of Krtsanisi
(1795)		 Qajar Iran Kartli-Kakheti
Imereti		 Victory Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranian troops. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia.
Persian Expedition
(1796)		 Qajar Iran  Russian Empire Victory
  • Tactical Russian victory
  • Strategic Persian victory
  • Russian withdrawal after the death of Catherine II
Russo-Persian War of 1804
(1804–1813), (Part of Napoleonic Wars and Russian conquest of the Caucasus)		 Qajar Iran

Supported by:

  Russian Empire Supported by: Defeat Treaty of Gulistan. Iran irrevocably cedes most of its Caucasus territories (Dagestan, Georgia, and most of the Azerbaijan Republic) to Russia.
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821
(1821–1823)		 Qajar Iran  Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum.
Russo-Persian War of 1826
(1826–1828)		 Qajar Iran  Russian Empire Defeat Treaty of Turkmenchay. Iran irrevocably cedes the remainder of its Caucasus territories comprising parts of the contemporary Azerbaijan Republic that were not ceded yet in 1813, as well as all of what is nowadays the Republic of Armenia.
Siege of Herat
(1837–1838)		 Qajar Iran Emirate of Herat

East India Company

 Defeat Successful Persian siege at Herat. Breach eventually repelled. Temporary British occupation of Kharg Island. Persian withdrawal from Herat.
Siege of Herat

(1856)

 Qajar Iran Emirate of Herat

Supported by:

United Kingdom United Kingdom

 Victory Successful siege of Herat. Continued occupation until Persia's compliance with the Treaty of Paris. Installment of Sultan Ahmad Khan as puppet ruler of Herat.
Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857)		 Qajar Iran United Kingdom United Kingdom
East India Company
Afghanistan		 Defeat Persian force occupies and later withdraws from Herat.
Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) Qajar Iran

Supported by:

 Russian Empire

 Iranian constitutionalists

Supported by:

 Ottoman Empire
Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran		 Stalemate
Revolt of Salar-al-Daulah

(1911–1913)

 Qajar Iran Forces of Salar-al-Daulah Victory Rebellion suppressed
Persian Campaign
(1914–1918) (Part of World War I)		 Qajar Iran
Jungle Movement		  Russian Empire

 British Empire
 British Raj Assyrian volunteers

 Ottoman Empire

 German Empire

 Stalemate
Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan (1915–1921) (Part of Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War) Qajar Iran
 Russian Empire (1915–1917)

 British Empire

 Jungle revolutionaries Persian Socialist Soviet Republic

Supported by: Soviet Russia (since 1920)

 Victory
Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922) Qajar and Pahlavi Iran Irregular Kurdish militias Victory Revolt suppressed.
Mohammad Khiabani's uprising (1920) Qajar Iran Mohammad Khiabani's forces

Azerbaijan rebels

 Victory Revolt suppressed.
Pessian's revolt (1921) Qajar Iran Autonomous Government of Khorasan Victory Revolt suppressed after the death of Mohammad Taqi Pessian.
1921 Persian coup d'état (1921) Qajar Iran Persian Cossack BrigadeSupported by:

United Kingdom United Kingdom

 Defeat
Sheikh Khazal rebellion (1924) Qajar and Pahlavi Iran Sheikhdom of Mohammerah

Bakhtiari Tribesmen

Arab separatists

Supported by:

United Kingdom United Kingdom

 Victory
Pahlavi Dynasty
(1925–1979)
Simko Shikak revolt (1926) Iran

Assyrian volunteers Assyrian levies

 Irregular Kurdish militias Victory Revolt suppressed. Simko Shikak fled to Mandatory Iraq
Jafar Sultan revolt (1931) Iran Jafar Sultan's Kurdish rebels Victory Revolt suppressed.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
(1941) (Part of World War II)		 Iran  Soviet Union
United Kingdom United Kingdom
 India		 Defeat Abdication of Rezā Shāh, Allied occupation of Iran.
Hama Rashid revolt (1941-1944) Iran Kurdish tribesmen Victory Hama Rashid driven into Iraq
Iran Crisis of 1946
(1945–1946)		 Iran Mahabad
Azerbaijan
Supported by:
 Soviet Union		 Victory Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan.
Dhofar Rebellion
(1963–1976)[6]		 Iran
 Oman		 PFLOAG
PFLO		 Victory Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman.
1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran (1967) Iran Revolutionary Committee leadership: Victory Kurdish revolt suppressed:


Insurgency in Balochistan (1973-Present) Iran

 Pakistan

 Baloch separatist groups

Taliban-aligned groups

Supported by:

 Ongoing Mostly repressed the insurgence.
Arvand Conflict
(1974–1975)		 Iran Iraq Victory
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
(1974–1975)		 KDP
Iran
 Soviet Union[7]
Supported by:
 Israel[8]
 United States[9]		 Iraq Defeat
Islamic Republic of Iran
(1979–)
Iranian Revolution and Consolidation
(1979–1983)		  Iran Iran Imperial State


 Islamic Republic victory Rival political factions and separatist movements crushed.

Tens of thousands of political executions in the aftermath (7,900 from 1981 to 1985, 3,800 to 33,000 in 1988, unknown in 1986–1987 or 1979–1980).

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran (1979)  Iran KDP-I

Komala

IPFG

Supported by:

Iraq Iraq

 Victory Iranian victory. Pockets of KDPI resistance remained until 1996
1979 Khuzestan insurgency (1979)  Iran DRFLA

APCO

PFLA

AFLA Supported by: Iraq Iraq

 Victory
  • Uprising quelled
Qatif conflict (1979-Present) (part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict)  Iran

Shia militants

  Saudi Arabia Ongoing Mostly repressed from 1983 to 2011 by Saudi government. Massive executions by Sunni government against Shia rebels.
1982 Amol uprising (1982)  Iran Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) Victory Most of communist leadership and members are arrested or killed.
Multinational Force in Lebanon
(1982–1984) (part of Lebanese Civil War)		 Islamic Jihad Organization
Iran Iran
 Syria
Progressive Socialist Party
Amal Movement 		 United Kingdom

 France
 United States
 Italy

Stalemate Syrian Allied victory[10]
Iran–Iraq War
(1980–1988)		  Iran
KDP
PUK
Badr Brigades		 Iraq Iraq
MEK
PDKI		 Stalemate Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598.

Return to status quo, observed by UNIIMOG.

KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)  Iran KDP-I Victory KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996.
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
(2004–present)		  Iran Jundallah (Iran) Ongoing Capture of Abdolmalek Rigi.

Dissolution of Jundallah.

2005 Ahvaz unrest (2005)  Iran Iranian Arabs Victory Unrest quelled
2006 Lebanon War
(2006) (part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict)		  Iran
Hezbollah

 Lebanon

  Israel Stalemate U.N brokered ceasefire through UNSCR 1701
Iran–PJAK Conflict
(2004–present)		  Iran
 Turkey		 PJAK Ongoing PJAK withdraws from Iranian territory
Syrian Civil War
(2011–present)
(Iranian intervention)		 Syria Syria
Hezbollah
 Iran
 Russia		 Syria Free Syrian Army
Islamic Front
al-Nusra Front
Islamic State		 Ongoing Rebel and Islamist uprisings quelled in much of Syria.

Most of Syria now controlled by Syrian Government, which is supported by Iran. Islamic State in Syria defeated near the end of 2017.

Insurgency in Bahrain (2011-present) (part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict)
  • Saraya al Karar
  • Asa’ib al-Muqawama al-Bahrainia
  • Imam al-Mahdi Brigades
  • al-Haydariyah Brigades

Supported by:

 Iran

  Bahrain Supported by:  Saudi Arabia Ongoing Ongoing insurgency by militant groups, supported by Iran, to topple government of Bahrain.
War in Iraq
(2014–2017)		  Iraq
Peshmerga
 United States
 Iran
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Badr Organization
Hezbollah
Kata'ib Hezbollah		 Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant Victory Iraqi government and allied victory against ISIL.

End of ISIL territorial control in Iraq; ongoing ISIL insurgency

Yemeni Civil War
(2014–present)		 Supreme Political Council Cabinet of Yemen
Saudi-led coalition 		Ongoing
Western Iran clashes (2016–present)  Iran PDKI

PJAK

Komala

PAK

Khebat

Supported by:

 Saudi Arabia[13]

 Ongoing Restart of armed resistance against the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, Eastern Kurdistan has not yet become a Kurdish state.

See also

Notes
  1. academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/book/7205/chapter-abstract/151843342?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 2023-06-23. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "SELEUCID EMPIRE". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  3. "L'Islamisation du maghreb central (Viie-xie siècle)". Islamisation et arabisation de l'Occident musulman médiéval (Viie-xiie siècle). Bibliothèque historique des pays d'Islam. Éditions de la Sorbonne. 16 October 2015. pp. 103–130. ISBN 9782859448738.
  4. Habsburg–Persian alliance
  5. Franco-Persian alliance
  6. The rebellion started already in 1962, but Iran did not intervene before 1973.
  7. "18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)".
  8. "18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)".
  9. Tripp, Charles (2007). A History of Iraq. Cambridge University Press. pp. xii. ISBN 9780521702478.
  10. Friedman, Thomas L. (1984-04-08). "America's Failure in Lebanon". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  11. "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982.
  12. Brinkley, Joel (March 11, 1984). "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times.
  13. "Stratfor: The World's Leading Geopolitical Intelligence Platform". worldview.stratfor.com. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
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