K2-72

K2-72
Observation data; Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000
Constellation	Aquarius
Right ascension	22h 18m 29.25485s[1]
Declination	−09° 36′ 44.3811″[1]
Characteristics
Spectral type	M2.7 V
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	−42.92±3.35[1] km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 195.834 mas/yr[1] ; Dec.: 74.259 mas/yr[1]
Parallax (π)	15.0346 ± 0.0277 mas[1]
Distance	216.9 ± 0.4 ly ; (66.5 ± 0.1 pc)
Details
Mass	0.27+0.08; −0.09[2] M☉
Radius	0.33±0.03[2] R☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.831963±0.152 cgs
Temperature	3360+87; −86[2] K
Age	Unknown Gyr
Other designations
	EPIC 206209135, 2MASS J22182923-0936444
Database references
SIMBAD	data
Extrasolar Planets; Encyclopaedia	data

K2-72 (also designated EPIC 206209135) is a cool red dwarf star of spectral class M2.7V located about 217 light-years (67 parsecs) away from the Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. It is known to host four planets, all similar in size to Earth, with one of them residing within the habitable zone.

Nomenclature and history

K2-72 also has the 2MASS catalogue number J22182923-0936444. Its EPIC (Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog) number is 206209135.

The star's planetary companions were discovered by NASA's Kepler Mission, a mission tasked with discovering planets in transit around their stars. The transit method that Kepler uses involves detecting dips in brightness in stars. These dips in brightness can be interpreted as planets whose orbits move in front of their stars from the perspective of Earth. The name K2-72 derives directly from the fact that the star is the catalogued 72nd star discovered by the K2 mission to have confirmed planets.

The designation b, c, d, and e derives from the order of discovery. The designation of b is given to the first planet orbiting a given star, and e to the last.[3] In the case of K2-72, there were four planets, so only letters b to e are used. At first the planets were all thought to be smaller than Earth. However, in 2017, new analysis by Martinez et al. and Courtney Dressing found that K2-72 was significantly larger than previous estimates, and found that the planets were all larger than Earth, although all are still expected to be rocky.

Stellar characteristics

K2-72 is a M-type star that is approximately 27% the mass of and 33% the radius of the Sun, according to the analysis done by Dressing et al. The results found by Martinez et al. suggest a larger star, with about 36% the radius and mass of the Sun. Both give a luminosity estimate between 0.013 and 0.015 solar luminosities. It has a surface temperature of between 3360 and 3370 K and its age is unknown. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old[4] and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.[5]

The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 15.309. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye and can only be observed with a telescope.

Planetary system

The star is known to host four planets, all likely to be rocky. Only one (K2-72e) is currently known to reside inside the habitable zone, although K2-72c may straddle the inner edge.

The K2-72 planetary system[2]
Companion (in order from star)	Mass	Semimajor axis (AU)	Orbital period (days)	Eccentricity	Inclination	Radius
b	—	0.040+0.004 −0.005	5.577212+0.000417 −0.000419	0.110000+0.196982 −0.087659	89.15+0.59 −0.86°	1.08±0.11 R_🜨
d	—	0.050+0.004 −0.006	7.760178±0.001496	0.110000+0.207832 −0.092330	89.26+0.50 −0.69°	1.16±0.13 R_🜨
c	—	0.078+0.007 −0.01	15.189034+0.003128 −0.003149	0.110000+0.201970 −0.091536	89.54+0.32 −0.44°	1.01±0.12 R_🜨
e	—	0.106+0.009 −0.013	24.158868+0.003726 −0.003850	0.110000+0.198676 −0.086832	89.68+0.22 −0.32°	1.29+0.14 −0.13 R_🜨

References

Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
"NASA Exoplanet Archive". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR].
Fraser Cain (16 September 2008). "How Old is the Sun?". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
Fraser Cain (15 September 2008). "Temperature of the Sun". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.

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[GaiaDR3-1] Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.

[K2-72_archive-2] "NASA Exoplanet Archive". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-13.

[planetnaming-3] Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR].

[4] Fraser Cain (16 September 2008). "How Old is the Sun?". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.

[5] Fraser Cain (15 September 2008). "Temperature of the Sun". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.