Historical Armenian population

Accurate or reliable data for historical populations of Armenians is scarce, but various scholars and institutions have proposed estimates for different periods.

For most recent data on Armenian populations, see Armenian population by country.

Ancient and medieval estimates

According to the Armenian National Atlas (2007), there were 2.5 to 3.5 million Armenians in the first century BC. The number of Armenians within the Armenian Highland rose to around 6 million by the early 13th century, prior to the Mongol invasion.[1]

Elizabeth Redgate argues that the population of historical Armenia may never have exceeded 5 or 6 million as most of its extent was not fit for settlement.[2]

19th and early 20th century

In his 1847 book Lands of the Bible: Visited and Described, the Scottish missionary John Wilson estimated the total Armenian population at 2.5 million, with 1 million in the Russian Empire, 1 million in the Ottoman Empire and 0.5 million in Persia and "other distant lands." In the same book, he quoted the figures provided by Lucas Balthazar (Ղուկաս Պալդազարեան), the "intelligent editor" of the Smyrna-based Armenian newspaper The Dawn of Ararat («Արշալոյս Արարատեան», Arshaluys Araratian). Balthazar estimated 5 million Armenians overall, with 2 million in Russia, 2 million in Turkey and 1 million in Persia, India and elsewhere.[3]

Armenian population worldwide, estimated by Édouard Dulaurier (c. 1850). Total: 4,000,000[4]

  Ottoman Empire (62.5%)
  Russian Empire (30%)
  Persia (3.75%)
  Austrian Empire (0.625%)
  South and Southeast Asia (0.625%)
  Elsewhere (2.5%)

The 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1875) cited Édouard Dulaurier's estimates c. 1850: "approximately four millions of Armenians in the world, of whom 2,500,000 were inhabitants of the Ottoman empire, 1,200,000 of the Russian empire, 25,000 in the empire of Austria, 150,000 in Persia and Azerbaijan, 25,000 in continental India and the Archipelago of Asia, and the remaining 100,000 scattered in various countries."[4]

In his 1862 book The Turkish Empire. In its Relations with Christianity and Civilization, Richard Robert Madden wrote that the Armenian population worldwide is estimated at 4 million, of whom an estimated 2,400,000 in the Ottoman Empire ("an approximate computation, and probably below the truth"), 900,000 in the Russian Empire, 600,000 in Persia, 40,000 in India and "other realms of Asia", and 60,000 in "various European countries."[5]

In 1876 J. Buchan Telfer, Captain in the Royal Navy and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, quoted the figures provided by Garabed Ghazarosian in his 1873 The Universal Year Book (Տիեզերական տարեցոյց). According to the source, there were a total of 4.2 million Armenians worldwide, including 2.5 million in Turkish dominions, 1.5 million in Russia, 34,000 in Persia, 14,600 in Austria, 15,000 in England, India and other British possessions, 8,400 in Romania, 8,000 in Egypt, and 120,000 in other countries.[6][7]

At the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions, Armenian activist Minas Tcheraz claimed that there were 5.1 million Armenians in total, including 80,000 Catholics and 20,000 Protestants.[8]

In his 1896 book Story of Turkey and Armenia Reverend James Wilson Pierce estimated 2.4 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1.25 million in the Russian Empire, 150,000 in Persia, 100,000 in Europe and 5,000 in the United States.[9]

Ottoman Empire
See also: Ottoman Armenian population

Russian Empire

According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, there were 1,173,096 native speakers of Armenian in the empire.[10] The religious statistics indicated there to be 1,179,241 Armenian Apostolics and 38,840 Catholic Armenians, amounting to a total of 1,218,081.[11]

Estimates by John Foster Fraser (1907)[12] and Richard G. Hovannisian (2005)[13] put the number of Armenians within the Russian Empire in the early 20th century at around 2 million. According to official estimates, 1,859,663 Armenians lived in Russia's Caucasus Viceroyalty alone in 1916.[14]

20th century

1911

Armenian population worldwide, estimated by Malachia Ormanian (1911). Total: 3,508,950

  Ottoman Empire (48.7%)
  Russian Empire (45%)
  Elsewhere (6.3%)

Malachia Ormanian, a scholar and former Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, estimated the population of Christian Armenians by the dioceses of the Armenian Apostolic Church in his 1911 book The Church of Armenia.[15] It is the most detailed population distribution estimates available prior to the Armenian genocide. Robert Hewsen wrote that "Ormanian's figures appear moderate and reasonable, although this does not necessarily make them precise."[16] Levon Marashlian notes that "the purpose of Ormanian's book was not to provide comprehensive population statistics" and that "his numbers for [Armenian] Protestants and Catholics may be even more incomplete" than for Armenian Apostolics.[17]

Country/territory Armenians
 Ottoman Empire 1,709,550
 Russian Empire 1,579,500
Persia 83,400
United States 50,000
Western Europe
(United Kingdom Great Britain, France,  Belgium,   Switzerland)		 21,000
Bulgaria 20,000
Egypt 15,500
Romania Romania 10,000
Austria-Hungary 9,000
India & Indochina 6,000
Netherlands Dutch East Indies 4,000
Greece 1,000
Total 3,508,950

21st century

2012

Armenia Encyclopedia, 2012[22]

Previous (historical) censuses

By country
Soviet statistics from 1926 to 1989 for the former Soviet republics are given below and not repeated in this table.
Country/territory[lower-alpha 3] Ethnic Armenians People born in Armenia
(of any ethnicity)
 Armenia 3,145,354 (2001 census)[23]
2,961,801 (2011 census)[24]		 2,927,306 (2001 census)[25]
2,821,026 (2011 census)[26]
 Russia 1,130,491 (2002 census)[27][28]
1,182,388 (2010 census)[29]		 481,328 (2002 census)[30]
511,150 (2010 census)[31]
 United States 212,621 (1980 census)[32]
308,096 (1990 census)[33]
385,488 (2000 census)[34]
474,559 (2010 ACS)[35]		 36,628 (1920 census)[36][37]
32,166 (1930 census)[38]
65,280 (2000 census)[39]
89,261 (2010 ACS)[40]
 Georgia 248,929 (2002 census)[41]
168,102 (2014 census)[42]		 9,158 (2014 census)[43]
 Artsakh[lower-alpha 4] 137,380 (2005 census)[44]
144,683 (2015 census)[45]		 14,676 (2005 census)[46]
16,335 (2015 census)[47]
 Canada 37,500 (1996 census)[48]
40,505 (2001 census)[49]
50,500 (2006 census)[50]
55,740 (2011 census)[51]
63,810 (2016 census)[52]		 2,195 (2006 census)[53]
4,165 (2016 census)[54]
 Turkey 77,000 (1927 census)[55]
61,000 (1935 census)[55]
60,000 (1945 census)[55]
60,000 (1955 census)[55]
 Abkhazia[lower-alpha 5] 44,869 (2003 census)[56][57]
41,906 (2011 census)[58]
 Australia 14,667 (2001 census)[59]
15,761 (2006 census)[60]
16,698 (2011 census)[61]
19,247 (2016 census)[62]		 1,159 (2016 census)[62]
 Kazakhstan 14,758 (1999 census)[63]
13,776 (2009 census)[64]
 Bulgaria 13,677 (1992 census)[65]
10,832 (2001 census)[66]
6,552 (2011 census)[67]
 Romania 12,175 (1930 census)[68]
6,441 (1956 census)[69]
3,436 (1966 census)[70]
2,342 (1977 census)[71]
1,957 (1992 census)[72]
1,780 (2002 census)[73]
1,361 (2011 census)[74]
 Belarus 10,191 (1999 census)[75]
8,512 (2009 census)[76]
9,392 (2019 census)[77]
 Cyprus 1,197 (1921 census)[78]
3,377 (1931 census)[78]
3,962 (1946 census)[79]
3,378 (1960 census)[80]
1,831 (2011 census)[lower-alpha 6][81]
 Poland 1,082 (2002 census)[82]
3,000 (2011 census)[83]
 Latvia 83 (1935 census)[84]
2,644 (2000 census)[84]
2,632 (2011 census)[85]
 Lithuania 1,477 (2001 census)[86]
1,233 (2011 census)[86]
 Hungary 1,165 (2001 census)[87]
3,571 (2011 census)[87]
 Tajikistan 995 (2000 census)[88]
434 (2010 census)[88]
 New Zealand 228 (2013 census)[89]
276 (2018 census)[90]

Former countries and territories
Country/territory Ethnic Armenians People born in Armenia
Lebanese Republic 31,992 (1932 census)[91]
 Hatay State 24,911 (1936 census)[92][93]
 Kingdom of Egypt 17,188 (1927 census)[94]
United Kingdom Mandatory Palestine 3,210 (1922 census)[95]
3,524 (1931 census)[95]
 British India 1,705 (1911 census)[96] 40 (1911 census)[97]
United Kingdom British Singapore 16 (1824 census)[98]
19 (1826 census)[99]
34 (1836 census)[100]
81 (1931 census)[101][102]

Soviet republics (1926–1989)

The distribution of Armenians in the Soviet Union according to the 1979 census

  Armenian SSR (65.6%)
  Azerbaijan SSR (11.5%)
  Georgian SSR (10.8%)
  Russian SFSR (8.8%)
  Rest (3.3%)

Precise figures are available for the number of Armenians in the Soviet Union and its constituent republics because all censuses in the USSR enumerated people by ethnicity.

Republic 1926[103][104] 1939[105][106] 1959[107][108] 1970[109][110] 1979[111][112] 1989[113][114] Born in ArmSSR (1989)[115]
Soviet Union 1,567,568 2,152,860 2,786,912 3,559,151 4,151,241 4,623,232 2,971,930
Armenian SSR 743,571 1,061,997 1,551,610 2,208,327 2,724,975 3,083,616 2,570,422
Azerbaijan SSR 282,004 388,025 442,089 483,520 475,486 390,505 137,027
↳ NKAO 111,694 132,800 110,053 121,068 123,076 145,450 2,834
Georgian SSR 313,741 415,013 442,916 452,309 448,000 437,211 37,742
↳ Abkhazia 13,477 49,705 64,425 74,850 73,350 76,541 3,078
Russian SFSR 195,410 218,156 255,978 298,718 364,570 532,390 151,484
Uzbek SSR 14,976 20,394 27,370 34,470 42,374 50,537 12,280
Ukrainian SSR 10,631 21,688 28,024 33,439 38,646 54,200 36,498
Turkmen SSR 13,859 15,996 19,696 23,054 26,605 31,829 4,436
Kazakh SSR 7,777 9,284 12,518 14,022 19,119 10,756
Tajik SSR 1,272 2,878 3,787 4,861 5,651 2,302
Kirghiz SSR 728 1,919 2,688 3,285 3,975 1,701
Byelorussian SSR 99 1,814 1,751 2,362 2,751 4,933 2,912
Moldavian SSR 1,218 1,336 1,953 2,873 1,318
Latvian SSR 1,060 1,511 1,913 3,069 1,399
Lithuanian SSR 471 508 955 1,655 895
Estonian SSR 648 604 845 1,669 758

See also

References
Notes
  1. 89.7% of 3,072,000 (as of 1979)
  2. "Additionally, over 1,000,000 Islamized Armenians"
  3. Non-UN member states are indicated in italics.
  4. Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is a disputed area. It is de facto independent, but is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.
  5. The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Georgia in 1992, Abkhazia is formally recognised as an independent state by 5 UN member states (two other states previously recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while the remainder of the international community recognizes it as as de jure Georgian territory. Georgia continues to claim the area as its own territory, designating it as Russian-occupied territory.
  6. Cypriot citizens only
Citations
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  2. Redgate, A. E. (2000). The Armenians. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 9780631220374.
  3. Wilson, John (1847). The Lands of the Bible: Visited and Described in an Extensive Journey Undertaken with Special Reference to the Promotion of Biblical Research and the Advancement of the Cause of Philanthropy, Vol. II. London: William Whyte & Co. pp. 479-480.
  4. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, Volume II. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. 1875. p. 548.
  5. Madden, Richard Robert (1862). The Turkish Empire: In Its Relations with Christianity and Civilization, Volume 2. London: T. Cautley Newby. p. 121.
  6. Telfer, J. Buchan (1876). The Crimea and Transcaucasia, being the narrative of a journey in the Kouban, in Gouria, Georgia, Armenia, Ossety, Imeritia, Swannety, and Mingrelia, and in the Tauric Range. Volume I. London: Henry S. King & Co. p. 256.
  7. Ghazarosian, Garabed (1873). Տիեզերական տարեցոյց վասն 1873 թուականին Քրիստոսի եւ Հայոց ՌՅԻԳ : Ա տարի (in Armenian). Constantinople: Aramean Press. p. 264. PDF
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