Great albatross

The wandering albatross and the southern royal albatross are the largest of the albatrosses and are among the largest of flying birds. They have the largest wingspans of any bird, being up to 3.5 m (11 ft) from tip to tip, although the average is a little over 3 m (9.8 ft). Large adult males of these two species may exceed 11 kg (24 lb) in weight, as heavy as a large swan.

Facial features of various Diomedea species.

The great albatrosses are predominantly white in plumage as adults, with birds becoming whiter as they age. The two royal albatrosses at all ages and the larger, older male wandering albatrosses are totally white-bodied, while adult females and younger animals of the other species have dark pencilling marks on the edges of their feathers. Generally the smaller species or subspecies and the juveniles have more dark brown colour. The recently discovered Amsterdam albatross retains the dark brown plumage of juvenile birds into adulthood.

The great albatrosses range across the Southern Ocean, and nest (for the most part) on isolated oceanic islands. The wandering albatrosses nest on islands around the Southern Ocean, from the Atlantic Ocean (South Georgia and Tristan da Cunha), to the Indian Ocean and New Zealand's Subantarctic islands. The royal albatrosses nest only on New Zealand's Subantarctic islands, with one unusual colony on New Zealand's Otago Peninsula.

The genus Diomedea was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[3] The genus name is from Greek mythology. When the hero Diomedes died his companions were turned into white seabirds.[4] The type species was designated as the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) by George Robert Gray in 1840.[5][6]

Species

The genus contains six species:[7]

Image	Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
	Diomedea epomophora	southern royal albatross	Campbell Island,Adams Island and Auckland Island in the Auckland Islands
	Diomedea sanfordi	northern royal albatross	Chatham Islands (Forty-fours Island, Big Sister Island, and Little Sister Island), Enderby Island in the Auckland Islands
	Diomedea exulans	wandering albatross	South Georgia Island, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Prince Edward Islands, and Macquarie Island
	Diomedea antipodensis	Antipodean albatross	Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands and Campbell Island
	Diomedea dabbenena	Tristan albatross	Gough Island
	Diomedea amsterdamensis	Amsterdam albatross	Amsterdam Island, part of the French Southern Territories in the southern Indian Ocean,

The earliest known fossils of the genus are from the Middle Miocene, about 12–15 mya. By that time, the genera Phoebastria and Diomedea had already diverged.

Fossil species[8][9]

• Diomedea milleri (Round Mountain Silt Middle Miocene of Sharktooth Hill and possibly Astoria Middle Miocene of Oregon, US)
• Diomedea sp. (Late Miocene of Valdez Peninsula, Antarctica)[8]
• Diomedea sp. (Early Pliocene of South Africa)[8]
• Diomedea sp. (Early Pliocene of Bone Valley, Florida, US)[8]
• Diomedea thyridata Wilkinson, 1969 (Upper Miocene, Beaumaris Bay Fossil Site, Australia) [10][11]

At least four species were found in the Early Pliocene deposits of Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina in the US.[8] These may in part be identical with the forms mentioned above. Assignment of the undescribed taxa to Diomedea is tentative since most of them were discovered before the splitting of this genus. Especially the Southern Hemisphere species probably belong to other genera.

• List of albatross breeding locations

• Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Subfamily Diomedeinae". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 12 Feb 2009.
• Brooke, Michael (2004): Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. ISBN 0-19-850125-0
• Tickell, W.L.N. (2000): Albatrosses. Pica Press, Sussex. ISBN 1-873403-94-1