Foreign relations of Mali

Following independence in 1960, Mali initially followed a socialist path and was aligned ideologically with the communist bloc. Mali's foreign policy orientation became increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over time. Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 1992, Mali's relations with the West in general and the United States in particular have improved significantly. U.S.-Malian relations are described by the U.S. Department of State as "excellent and expanding," especially given Mali's recent record of democratic stability in the volatile area of West Africa and its avowed support of the war on terrorism. Mali is reported to be one of the largest recipients of U.S. aid in Africa.[1]

Politics of Mali
Constitution
Government
Parliament
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
flag Mali portal
Nations with which Mali has diplomatic relations.
A Malian Visa

Mali is active in regional organizations such as the African Union. Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, is one of Mali's major foreign policy goals. Mali feels threatened by the potential for the spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those neighbors are often uneasy. General insecurity along borders in the north, including cross-border banditry and terrorism, remain troubling issues in regional regions.[1]

Although Azawad, a region spanning the expansive north of Mali, was proclaimed independent in April 2012 by Tuareg rebels, Mali has not recognised the de facto state.[2] Britain has closed its embassy; ECOWAS has declared an embargo against Mali, aiming to squeeze out Malian oil supplies; closed Mali's assets in the ECOWAS regional bank and has prepared a potential intervention force of 3,000 troops. France has declared it will assist in a potential intervention.[3]

Multilateral membership

Mali is a member of the United Nations (and many of its specialized agencies), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). It also belongs to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU); Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC); Non-Aligned Movement (NAM); an associate member of the European Community (EC); and African Development Bank (ADB).

Mali is active in regional organizations. It participates in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic Monetary Union (UEMOA) for regional economic integration; Liptako-Gourma Authority, which seeks to develop the contiguous areas of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso; the Niger River Commission; the Permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel (CILSS); and the Senegal River Valley Development Organization (OMVS).

Bilateral relations
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria22 July 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1963 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Mali to Algeria Mr. Tidjani Guisse.[4]

During the Tuareg rebellion of 2012, the Algerian consulate was seized by at least two people wearing explosives belts. Seven hostages were taken, including the consul. In regards to Azawad's UDI, Algeria's Prime Minister has declared it would never "accept questioning Mali's territorial integrity" Algeria has planned to co-ordinate with MNLA to work towards freeing the hostages.

  • Algeria has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Algiers.
 Argentina 8 September 1964 Both countries cestablished diplomatic relations on 8 September 1964[5]
 Armenia21 February 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1994[6]

 Australia 15 March 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1984 when first non-resident Ambassador of Mali to Australia Mr. Boubacar Toure presented his credentials[7]
 Azerbaijan 26 November 1996
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 November 1996[8]
  • The Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Kingdom of Morocco is accredited to the Republic of Mali.[9]
 Bahrain 6 June 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1977[10]
 Barbados 22 July 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 2021[11]
 Belgium 1 August 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1963 when M. Gerard Walravens, first Ambassador of Belgium to Mali , resident in Abidjan , presented his letters of credentials to President Modibo Keita.[12]
 Benin 27 August 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1965 when first ambassador of Mali to Dahomey (resident in Niamey) Mr. Hangadoumbo Toure presented his credentials.[13]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 December 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1994[14]
 Botswana 5 June 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 2007[15]
 Brazil13 February 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 1962.[16]
  • Brazil has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Brasília.
 Bulgaria 23 October 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 1960.[17]
 Burundi 4 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 November 1964 when appointed first Ambassador of Mali to Burundi (resident in Dar es Salaam) Mr. Boubacar Diallo[18]
 Canada7 January 1963See Canada–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1963[19]

Mali established its embassy in Canada in 1978, with its first appointed ambassador Zana Ousmane Dao,[20] while Canada's embassy in Mali has been open since 1995.[21] Canada has moved from Mali's sixth-largest donor of bilateral official development assistance in 2000 to third-largest in 2007.[22] The value of Canada's exports of goods to Mali exceeded imports from Mali by Cdn.$22m. between 1990 and 2008.[23] Natural Resources Canada estimated that Canadian mining investment in Mali reached Cdn.$500 million in 2009,[24] and in 2005, 73 mining concessions were held by Canadian firms in Mali.[25]

  • Canada has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Ottawa.
 Chile 5 September 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1963[26]
 China25 October 1960See China–Mali relations

China established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Mali on 25 October 1960[27]

  • China has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Beijing.[28]
 Colombia 29 September 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1988[29]
 Comoros 16 February 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2016 when Ambassador of Mali to Comoros Mr. Mahamane Aoudou Cisse presented his credentials to President Dr. Ikililou Dhoinine.[30]
 Republic of Congo 27 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 November 1964 when Ambassador of Mali to Congo-Brazzaville Mr. Alioune Diakite, presented his credentials to President Alphonse Massamba-Debat.[31]
 Cote d'Ivoire 16 April 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1962 when M. Amadou Hampate Ba has been appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary with the rank and prerogatives of Ambassador of Mali to Republic of Cote d'Ivoire (resident in Abidjan).[32]
 Croatia 13 September 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 2001[33]
 Cuba30 December 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1960[34]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Havana.
 Cyprus 26 January 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 1990 when first Ambassador of Mali to Cyprus Mr. Sinaly Coulibaly presented his credentials[35]
 Czech Republic 10 August 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 August 1960.[36]
 Dominican Republic 15 September 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 2006[37]
 Ecuador 17 April 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 2015[38]
 El Salvador 23 September 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2014[39]
 Eritrea 16 February 2012 Both countreies established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2012 when Ambassador of Mali to Eritrea Mr. Moussa Diakite, has presented his credentials to President Isaias Afwerki.[40]
 Estonia 13 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1992[41]
 Ethiopia 23 March 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1964 when first Ambassador of the Republic of Mali , Mr. Modibo Diallo , has presented his credentials to Emperor Haile Selassie[42]
 Finland18 August 2005See Finland–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 2005[43]

 France20 August 1960

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1960[44]

Mali has a longstanding relationship with France, its former colonial ruler, but relations have been described as ambivalent rather than close. Mali dropped out of the Franc Zone shortly after independence, not rejoining until 1967. One contentious issue between the two nations is the frequent expulsion of illegal Malian immigrants from France since 1996.[1]

However, France has played a significant part in helping Mali via military support in the Northern Mali conflict, with soldiers of the two nations' armies working together to take back territory from the rebels.[45]

  • France has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Paris.
 Gambia 25 June 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1971 when Gambia's first Ambassador to Mali , Mr. Samuel Jonathan Okiki Sarr , presented his credentials to the Head of States , Lieut. Traore.[46]
 Georgia 31 May 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 2012[47]
 Germany 23 September 1960 See Germany–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1960[48]

 Ghana 14 October 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1960 when established Embassy of Mali in Ghana and appointed first Charges d'Affaires Mr. Sow Oumar in Accra[51]
 Guatemala 7 July 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 2006[52]
 Guinea 7 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1962 when M. Thiemoko Compah has been appointed as Minister Resident of Mali to Republic of Guinea.[53]
 Hungary 12 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1961[54]
 Iceland 23 July 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 2004[55]
 India3 February 1962See India–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1962.[56]

 Indonesia 21 June 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1965 when M. Souraedi Tashi , Indonesia's first Ambassador to Mali , presented his credentials to President Modibo Keita.[59]
 Iran 12 April 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 April 1975[60]
 Italy 27 April 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1962 when first Ambassador of Mali to Italy (resident in Paris) Mr. Bokar N'Diaye presented his credentials to President Giovanni Gronchi.[61]
 Jamaica 17 December 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 2003[62]
 Japan 18 January 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1962 when has been appointed ambassador of Japan to Mali with residence in Ghana Mr. Susumu Nakagawa.[63]
 Jordan 12 September 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 September 2006 when Ambassador of Mali to Jordan Mr. Mamadou Kaba, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[64]
 Kazakhstan 26 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 November 1992[65]
 Kenya 4 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 November 1964 when appointed first Ambassador of Mali to Kenya (resident in Dar es Salaam) Mr. Boubacar Diallo[66]
 Kuwait 3 July 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 July 1963 when Mali's first Ambassador to Kuwait presented credentials to Amir Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah.[67]
 Kyrgyzstan 5 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1992[68]
 Laos 2 January 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 January 1977[69]
 Latvia 26 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 November 1992[70]
 Lebanon 9 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 1961 when first Lebanese Ambassador to Mali (resident in Accra) Dr. Karim Azqul presented his credentials to President Modibo Keita.[71]
 Liberia 14 October 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1960 when established Embassy of Mali in Liberia and appointed first Charge d'Affaires Mr. Sango Ibrahima in Monrovia[72]
 Libya17 November 1972See Libya-Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1972 when the first Libyan Ambassador to Mali, Muhammad Ahmad Mograhi, presented his credentials to President Mousa Traore.[73]

  • Libya has an embassy in Bamako.
  • Mali has an embassy in Tripoli.
 Lithuania 21 November 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1995[74]
 Luxembourg 15 December 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1965.[75]
 Malawi 2 August 2023 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 2023 when Ambassador of Mali Mr. Bakary Coulibaly, presented his credentials to President of Malawi Dr. Lazarus Chakwera.[76]
 Maldives 16 October 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1980.[77]
 Malta 8 December 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 December 1980.[78]
 MauritaniaSee Mali–Mauritania relations

Since Mauritania negotiated a boundary dispute with Mali in 1963, ties between the two countries have been mostly cordial.[79] Mali and Mauritania have cooperated on several development projects, such as the OMVS and a plan to improve roads between Nouakchott and Bamako.[79] This cooperation somewhat lessened Mali's dependence on Senegal and Ivory Coast.[79] Although relations were warm with other black African states, since 1965 the orientation of Mauritania's foreign policy has been geared towards relations with North African countries.[79]

  • Mali has an embassy in Nouakchott.
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Bamako.
 Mauritius 1 December 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 2003[80]
 Mexico23 March 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1977[81]
  • Mali is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[82]
  • Mexico is accredited to Mali from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco and has an honorary consulate in Bamako.[83]
 Moldova 27 September 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2004[84]
 Monaco 26 January 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 2012[85]
 Mongolia 25 January 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1961[86]
 Montenegro 10 May 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 2012[87]
 Namibia 27 October 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 2004 when has been accredited non-resident Ambassador of Mali to Namibia Mr. Sinaly Coulibaly.[88]
   Nepal 19 November 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 November 2009.[89]
 Netherlands11 July 1964See Mali–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1964 when has been accredited Ambassador of the Netherlands to Mali with residence in Dakar.[90]

 New Zealand 6 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1983 when first Mali Ambassador to New Zealand (resident in Peking), Mr. Boubacar Toure presented his credentials to the Governor-General[91]
 Nicaragua 27 July 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1993 when Ambassador of Mali to Nicaragua Mr. Souleymane Yacouba Sidibe has presented his credentials.[92]
 Nigeria 1 August 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1962[93]
 Norway 17 June 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1977[94]
 Pakistan1964Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1964 when has been accredited Ambassador of Pakistan to Mali Mr. J. G. Kharas.[95]
  • Mali is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
 Paraguay 25 June 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 2010[96]
 Peru 16 July 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1998[97]
 Poland12 May 1961See Mali–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1961[98]

 Portugal 17 December 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1976.[99]
 Romania 1 December 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1960[100]
 Russia14 October 1960See Mali–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1960[101]

 Rwanda 6 January 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 January 1987 when Ambassador of Mali Mr.Moktar Kounta El Bakaye presented his credentials to President of Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana.[102]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11 June 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 2007[103]
 Seychelles April 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 2001.[104]
 Singapore 29 August 1989 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1989.[105]
 Slovakia 12 February 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1993.[106]
 Slovenia 3 December 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1992[107]
 South Africa 6 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994[108]
 South Korea27 September 1990

Both countries estadlished diplomatic relations on 27 September 1990[109]

  • Mali is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Beijing, China.
 Spain20 August 1964See Mali–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1964[110]

  • Mali has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Bamako.
 Sri Lanka 19 January 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 2012[111]
 Sudan 19 August 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1962.[112]
 Sweden 25 January 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1965 when first Ambassador of Sweden to Mali with residence in Abidjan Mr. Karl Henrik Anderson , presented his letters of credentials.[113]
  Switzerland 26 May 1961 Both coutties established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1961[114]
 Tajikistan 15 October 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1993.[115]
 Tanzania 24 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1964 when first Ambassador of Mali to Tanzania presented his credentials to President Julius Nyerere[116]
 Thailand 15 September 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1981.[117]
 Turkey17 April 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1963 when accredited first Ambassador of Turkey to Mali (resident in Accra) Mr. Kamran Acet.[118]
  • Mali has an embassy in Ankara.[119]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bamako.[119]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$57 million in 2019 (Mali's exports/imports: 8.6/48.4 million USD).[119]
 Turkmenistan 16 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1992[120]
 Uganda 4 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 November 1964 when appointed first Ambassador of Mali to Uganda (resident in Dar es Salaam) Mr. Boubacar Diallo[121]
 Ukraine 5 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1992[122]
 United States24 September 1960See Mali–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 1960[123] The bilateral agenda is dominated by efforts to increase broad-based growth, improve health and educational facilities, promote the sustainable use of natural resources, reduce the population growth rate, counter the spread of highly infectious diseases, encourage regional stability, build peacekeeping capabilities, institutionalize respect for human rights, and strengthen democratic institutions in offering good governance. Mali currently is a small market for U.S. trade and investment, but there is potential for considerable growth as its economy expands.[124]

 Uzbekistan 13 February 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 1997[125]
 Venezuela 24 December 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 December 1976[126]
 Vietnam 31 October 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1960[127]
 Zambia 2 October 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1987 when has been accredited Ambassador of Mali to Zambia (Resident in Cairo) Mr. Elbekaye Moctar Kounta.[128]
 Zimbabwe 23 March 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 2006 when Ambassador of Mali to Zimbabwe (resident in Pretoria), presented his credentials to President Mugabe.[129]

See also

References
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