T44 (classification)

People who are amputees compete in this class, including ISOD A4 and A9.[6][7][8] In general, track athletes with amputations should consider track surfaces, and avoid asphalt and cinder .[7]

Type of amputation for an A4 classified sportsperson.

This class competes in T44 and F44.[6][7][9] In modern pentathlon, they compete in P44.[10] Shank length for people in this class is not uniform, with competitors having different lengths of leg found below the knee.[10] People in this class use a three-part prosthetic limb when competing in athletics: a socket, a shank, and a foot.[7] People in this class can use standard starting blocks because their amputation generally allows for the use of a standard starting position.[7] Use of a specially made carbon fibre running prosthetic leg assists runners in this class in lowering their heart rate compared to using a prosthetic not designed for running.[11] Runners in this class can have lower metabolic costs compared to elite runners over middle and long distances.[11]

Inside the class, shank length does not impact the distance that male long jumpers can jump.[10] A study comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics found no significant difference in performance times between women in A3 and A4 in the javelin; women in A2, A3 and A4 in the long jump; men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus; men in A2, A3 and A4 in the discus; men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin; men in A2, A3 and A4 in the javelin; men in A2, A3 and A4 in the shot put; men in A2, A3 and A4 in the high jump; men in A4, A5 and A6 in the high jump; and men in A1, A2, A3 and A4 in the 400 meter race.[12]

Because of low participation rates in men's T43 races, the class has been combined with the T44 class. The combined class was then called T44, and included both single and double below the knee amputees. There was a push in 2008 to avoid this happening because of a perception that double below knee amputees had a competitive advantage compared to single below knee amputees.[9][13][14] Subsequent research related to results for men at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London confirmed this to be the case for both the 200 meters and 400 meters.[9]

The nature of a person's amputations in this class can effect their physiology and sports performance.[7][15][16] Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).[7] Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower.[16] People in this class use around 7% more oxygen to walk or run the same distance as someone without a lower limb amputation.[16]

People in this class can have problems with their gait. There are a number of different causes for these issues and suggested ways to modify them. For a gait that has abrupt heel contact, the cause can be excessive heel lever. This can be fixed by realigning their prosthetic foot. For jerky knee motions, the cause could be a loose socket in the knee or inadequate suspension. In that case, the socket might need replacing or they may need to realign the prosthesis. If they have prolonged heel contact, the cause could be problems with the heel lever in their prosthesis or a worn heel. Increasing heel stiffness or realigning the prosthesis corrects these issues. In some cases, prolonged heel contact or knees remaining fulling extended is a problem with training prosthesis use. Foot drag - often caused by an ill-fitting prosthesis - can be corrected by shortening the length of the prosthesis. Uneven length strides can be a result of problems with hip flexion or insecurity about their walk, both of which can be corrected by physical therapy.[15]

Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson.

Members of the ISOD A9 class compete in T42, T43, T44, F42, F43, F44, F56, F57, and F58.[6][7][8] The shank length of people in this class can differ dramatically.[17] A study comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics found no significant difference in performance in times between men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus; men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin; and men in A8 and A9 in the shot put.[12]

The nature of an A9 athletes's amputations can effect their physiology and sports performance.[7][16] Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).[7] Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower.[16] They are also more prone to injuries including rotator cuffs tearing, shoulder impingement, epicondylitis and peripheral nerve entrapment.[16]

People who are Les Autres compete in this class. This includes LAF3 and LAF5 classified athletes.[6][18] In general, Les Autres classes cover sportspeople with locomotor disabilities regardless of their diagnosis.[19][20][21][22][23][24]

In athletics, LAF3 competitors may compete in T44. This is a standing class for people with weakness in one leg muscle or who have joint restrictions.[6] At the 1984 Summer Paralympics, LAF1, LAF2 and LAF3 track athletes had the 60 meters and 400 meter distances on the program.[6] There was a large range of sportspeople with different disabilities in this class at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.[6]

LAF3 is an Les Autres sports classification.[6][25] Sportspeople in this class use wheelchairs on a regular basis as a result of reduced muscle function. They have normal trunk functionality, balance and use of their upper limbs.[25] Medically, this class includes people with hemiparsis, and hip and knee stiffness with deformation in one arm. It means they have limited function in at least two limbs. In terms of functional classification, this means the sportsperson uses a wheelchair, has good sitting balance and has good arm function.[26] For the 1984 Summer Paralympics, LAF3 was defined by the Games organizers as, "Wheelchair bound with normal arm function and good sitting balance."[27]

LAF5 competitors can be classified into several athletics classes including F42, F43, and F44.[6][28][29] People in this class have normal functionality in their throwing arm.[28] At the 1984 Summer Paralympics, LAF4, LAF5 and LAF6 track athletes had the 100 meters and 1,500 meters on their program. In field events, they had shot put, discus, javelin and club throws. No jumping events were on the program for these classes.[30] There was a large range of sportspeople with different disabilities in this class at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.[30] In 1997 in the United States, this class was ambulant for field events It was for people with reduced function in their lower limbs or who had balance problems. People in this class had normal function in their throwing arm.[31]

LAF5 is an Les Autres sports classification.[6][32] This is an ambulant class for people with normal upper limb functionality but who have balance issues or problems with their lower limbs.[32] Medically, this class includes people with contracture of the hip or knee, paresis of one arm, or kyphoscoliosis. In practice, this means they have limited function in at least one limb. In terms of functional classification, this means the sportsperson is ambulatory with good arm function. They have issues with balance or reduced function in their lower limbs.[26]

Functional profile of a wheelchair sportsperson in the F8 class.

A profile of disability type of an F8 sportsperson.

F8 is standing wheelchair sport class.[33][34] The level of spinal cord injury for this class involves people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level. This means they can sometimes bear weight on their legs.[35] In 2002, USA Track & Field defined this class as, "These are standing athletes with dynamic standing balance. Able to recover in standing when balance is challenged. Not more than 70 points in legs."[36] In 2003, Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "In a sitting class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs. Are unable to recover balance in challenged standing position."[33] In Australia, this class means combined lower plus upper limb functional problems. "Minimal disability."[37] It can also mean in Australia that the athlete is "ambulant with moderately reduced function in one or both lower limbs."[37] In Australia, the corresponding class for based on disability type classes are A2, A3, A9, and LAF5.[37]

Field events open to this class have included shot put, discus and javelin.[33][38] In pentathlon, the events for this class have included Shot, Javelin, 200m, Discus, 1500m.[33] For F8 javelin throwers, they can throw the javelin from a standing position and they use a javelin that weights .8 kilograms (1.8 lb).[39]

Performance wise, a 1999 study of discus throwers found that for F5 to F8 discus throwers, the upper arm tends to be near horizontal at the moment of release of the discus. F5 and F8 discus throwers have less average angular forearm speed than F2 and F4 throwers. F2 and F4 speed is caused by use of the elbow flexion to compensate for the shoulder flexion advantage of F5 to F8 throwers.[40] A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F8 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F9 throwers.[39]

F9 is a standing wheelchair sport class used in the United States.[33][41][42] It is sometimes referred to as Standing F8.[33][42] This is a standing class for people with neurological disorders, the only one of the nine wheelchair sport classes for standing competitors.[33][41] The level of spinal cord injury for this class is largely confined to the sacral region, or involves people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level. This means they can sometimes bear weight on their legs.[43] In 2003, Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "Is a standing class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs. Able to maintain Balance when in a challenged standing position. Internationally this class would compete in the 42,43,44 class with other ambulatory classes. Justification: Internationally there is no longer a wheelchair standing class."[33] In some competitions, F8 and F9 classes have been merged as F9, or they compete as F42, F43, or F44.[33][42]

In javelin, F9 throwers throw the javelin from a standing position and use a javelin that weighs .8 kilograms (1.8 lb).[39][44] A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F9 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 and F3 throwers.[39] Throwers or all types in this class use a stopboard, making them the only wheelchair class that requires the use of one.[45] In junior events in the United States, the F9 class does not participate in the pentathlon, while F3 to F8 do.[46]