2022 West Lothian Council election
The 2022 West Lothian Council election took place on 5 May 2022. Elected positions in all 9 wards created as a result of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 were up for election, with each ward electing three or four Councillors using the single transferable vote (STV) system form of proportional representation, with 33 Councillors being elected in total.
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All 33 seats to West Lothian Council 17 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Background
2017 results
Party | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNP | 13 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 39.39 | 37.29 | 23,218 | 11.36 | |
Labour | 12 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 36.36 | 29.04 | 18,082 | 9.06 | |
Conservative | 7 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 21.21 | 23.21 | 14,449 | 14.42 | |
Independent | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3.03 | 4.96 | 3,088 | 0.31 | ||
Scottish Green | 0 | - | - | - | - | 2.72 | 1,695 | New | |
Liberal Democrats | 0 | - | - | - | - | 2.62 | 1,632 | 2.24 | |
TUSC | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0.092 | 57 | New | |
UKIP | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0.064 | 40 | 0.09 | |
Following the 2017 West Lothian Council election, the Labour and Conservative groups worked together in the chamber to hold a majority,[1] although both parties denied this claim.[2] This agreement led to Cllr Lawrence Fitzpatrick being appointed Council Leader and Conservative Cllr Tom Kerr was appointed Provost of West Lothian.
There were two by-elections in 2021 which saw each main party field candidates. The Livingston South by-election held in March 2021 following the retirement of SNP Cllr Peter Johnston resulted in the SNP retaining the seat.[3] Meanwhile in the October 2021 East Livingston and East Calder by-election which was called following the death of Labour Cllr Dave King resulted in a gain for the SNP.[4] In the weeks following the by-election Labour Cllr Angela Doran-Timson joined the Conservatives.[5][6]
In November 2021, SNP Councillors tabled a motion of no-confidence against Cllr Fitzpatrick's administration. The motion failed following support from the Conservatives.[7]
Retiring Councillors
Councillor | Ward | Party | |
---|---|---|---|
Tom Kerr | Linlithgow | Conservative | |
David Tait | Linlithgow | SNP | |
Dom McGuire | Livingston North | Labour | |
David Dodds | Fauldhouse and the Breich Valley | Labour | |
John McGinty | Bathgate | Labour | |
Sarah King | Armadale and Blackridge | SNP |
SNP Councillor Frank Anderson was deselected by his party. He announced that he would stand as an Independent candidate in East Livingston and East Calder.[8]
Candidates standing
Party | No. of candidates |
Change (from 2017) | |
---|---|---|---|
SNP | 17 | 6 | |
Labour | 16 | 0 | |
Conservative | 9 | 0 | |
Liberal Democrats | 9 | 0 | |
Green | 9 | 1 | |
Family | 5 | 5 | |
Independent | 4 | 2 | |
Alba | 3 | 3 | |
ISP | 1 | 1 |
Results
Party | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNP | 15 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 45.45 | 37.86 | 22,424 | 0.57 | |
Labour | 12 | 0 | 0 | 36.36 | 28.57 | 16,921 | 0.47 | ||
Conservative | 4 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 12.12 | 15.92 | 9,427 | 7.29 | |
Independent | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3.03 | 6.37 | 3,775 | 1.41 | ||
Liberal Democrats | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3.03 | 4.78 | 2,831 | 2.16 | |
Scottish Green | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.27 | 3,119 | 2.60 | ||
Alba | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.39 | 232 | New | ||
Scottish Family | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.77 | 457 | New | ||
ISP | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.07 | 43 | New | ||
Ward summary
Ward | % |
Cllrs |
% |
Cllrs |
% |
Cllrs |
% |
Cllrs |
% |
Cllrs |
% |
Cllrs |
Total Cllrs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNP | Lab | Green | Conservative | Lib Dem | Others | ||||||||
Linlithgow | 26.26 | 1 | 19.54 | 1 | 13.22 | 0 | 19.83 | 0 | 20.33 | 1 | 0.33 | 0 | 3 |
Broxburn, Uphall and Winchburgh | 41.88 | 2 | 29.61 | 1 | 4.35 | 0 | 17.73 | 1 | 3.72 | 0 | 2.71 | 0 | 4 |
Livingston North | 48.60 | 2 | 23.75 | 1 | 4.48 | 0 | 20.68 | 1 | 3.85 | 0 | 1.95 | 0 | 4 |
Livingston South | 38.99 | 2 | 32.38 | 1 | 4.34 | 0 | 11.68 | 1 | 2.21 | 0 | 10.40 | 0 | 4 |
East Livingston and East Calder | 41.79 | 2 | 21.12 | 1 | 6.62 | 0 | 18.29 | 1 | 3.31 | 0 | 8.87 | 0 | 4 |
Fauldhouse and the Breich Valley | 38.33 | 1 | 40.16 | 2 | 3.65 | 0 | 14.16 | 0 | 2.33 | 0 | 1.38 | 0 | 3 |
Whitburn and Blackburn | 38.62 | 2 | 37.37 | 2 | 3.10 | 0 | 18.50 | 0 | 2.41 | 0 | 4 | ||
Bathgate | 40.42 | 2 | 38.73 | 2 | 3.79 | 0 | 14.14 | 0 | 2.02 | 0 | 0.90 | 0 | 4 |
Armadale and Blackridge | 22.05 | 1 | 14.12 | 1 | 2.59 | 0 | 10.56 | 0 | 0.95 | 0 | 49.73 | 1 | 3 |
Total | 37.86 | 15 | 28.57 | 12 | 5.27 | 0 | 12.12 | 4 | 4.78 | 1 | 7.61 | 1 | 33 |
Wards
Linlithgow
- 2012: 1 x Conservative, 1 x SNP, 1 x Labour
- 2017: 1 x Conservative, 1 x SNP, 1 x Labour
- 2022: 1 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Liberal Democrat
- 2017-2022 Change: 1 x Liberal Democrat gain from Conservative
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||
SNP | Pauline Orr | 26.26% | 1,869 | |||||
Liberal Democrats | Sally Pattle | 20.33% | 1,447 | 1,457 | 1,466 | 1,901 | ||
Conservative | Chris Horne | 19.83% | 1,411 | 1,413 | 1,445 | 1,484 | 1,508 | |
Labour | Tom Conn (incumbent) | 19.54% | 1,391 | 1,406 | 1,413 | 1,733 | 1,788 | |
Scottish Green | Pamela Barnes | 13.22% | 941 | 988 | 992 | |||
Scottish Family | Rik Smith | 0.81% | 58 | 59 | ||||
Electorate: 12,435 Valid: 7,117 Spoilt: 53 Quota: 1,780 Turnout: 57.7%[11] |
Broxburn, Uphall and Winchburgh
- 2012: 2 x Labour, 2 x SNP
- 2017: 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2022: 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2017-2022 Change: No Change
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||||
SNP | Diane Calder (incumbent) | 29.04% | 1,990 | |||||||||
Labour | Ann Davidson | 19.04% | 1,305 | 1,321 | 1,329 | 1,336 | 1,345 | 1,430 | ||||
Conservative | Angela Doran-Timson (incumbent[LAB]) | 17.73% | 1,215 | 1,220 | 1,222 | 1,239 | 1,252 | 1,299 | 1,305 | 1,328 | 1,611 | |
SNP | Janet Campbell (incumbent) | 12.84% | 880 | 1,419 | ||||||||
Labour | Hazel McLeod | 10.56% | 724 | 732 | 735 | 745 | 752 | 773 | 819 | 981 | ||
Scottish Green | Cam Wright | 4.35% | 298 | 317 | 332 | 345 | 383 | 447 | 449 | |||
Liberal Democrats | Charles Corser | 3.72% | 255 | 261 | 264 | 275 | 287 | |||||
Alba | Phil Noble | 1.39% | 95 | 100 | 103 | 115 | ||||||
Scottish Family | Kenneth Sutherland | 1.33% | 91 | 92 | 93 | |||||||
Electorate: 16,643 Valid: 6,853 Spoilt: 167 Quota: 1,371 Turnout: 42.2%[13] |
Livingston North
- 2012: 2 x SNP, 2 x Labour
- 2017: 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2022: 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2017-2022 Change: No Change
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||||
SNP | Robert De Bold (incumbent) | 29.51% | 2,133 | |||||||
SNP | Andrew Miller (incumbent) | 19.09% | 1,380 | 1,945 | ||||||
Labour | Anne McMillan | 18.63% | 1,347 | 1,380 | 1,447 | |||||
Conservative | Alison Adamson (incumbent) | 17.37% | 1,256 | 1,265 | 1,275 | 1,275 | 1,315 | 1,391 | 1,495 | |
Labour | Michael Rae | 5.12% | 370 | 375 | 399 | 399 | 429 | 538 | ||
Scottish Green | Mark Wilkinson | 4.48% | 324 | 351 | 550 | 550 | 572 | 636 | 749 | |
Liberal Democrats | Catrina McDonald | 3.85% | 278 | 288 | 309 | 310 | 329 | |||
Scottish Family | Robert Bell | 1.95% | 141 | 146 | 158 | 158 | ||||
Electorate: 18,312 Valid: 7,229 Spoilt: 166 Quota: 1,446 Turnout: 40.4%[15] |
Livingston South
- 2012: 2 x Labour, 2 x SNP
- 2017: 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2021 (by-election): 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2022: 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2017-2022 Change: No Change
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ||||
SNP | Maria Macaulay | 29.76% | 2,252 | ||||||||||
Labour | Lawrence Fitzpatrick (incumbent) | 26.80% | 2,028 | ||||||||||
Conservative | Peter Heggie (incumbent) | 11.68% | 884 | 888 | 946 | 954 | 984 | 1,013 | 1,032 | 1,034 | 1,134 | 1,385 | |
SNP | Moira Shemilt (incumbent) | 9.23% | 698 | 1,344 | 1,374 | 1,385 | 1,403 | 1,459 | 1,631 | ||||
Labour | Craig Smith | 5.58% | 422 | 430 | 736 | 745 | 786 | 841 | 911 | 931 | 1,106 | ||
Independent | Eddie Anderson | 5.08% | 384 | 393 | 422 | 434 | 453 | 601 | 657 | 680 | |||
Scottish Green | Cameron Glasgow | 4.34% | 328 | 360 | 381 | 386 | 424 | 443 | |||||
Independent | Eddie Millar | 4.27% | 323 | 333 | 347 | 362 | 373 | ||||||
Liberal Democrats | Caron Lindsay | 2.21% | 167 | 171 | 189 | 195 | |||||||
Scottish Family | Margaret Hamilton | 1.06% | 80 | 82 | 87 | ||||||||
Electorate: 19,101 Valid: 7,566 Spoilt: 118 Quota: 1,514 Turnout: 40.2%[17] |
East Livingston and East Calder
- 2012: 2 x Labour, 2 x SNP
- 2017: 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2021 (by-election): 3 x SNP, 1 x Conservative
- 2022: 2 x SNP, 1 x Labour, 1 x Conservative
- 2017-2022 Change: No Change
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||||
SNP | Carl John (incumbent) | 26.43% | 1,741 | ||||||||
Conservative | Damian Doran-Timson (incumbent) | 18.29% | 1,205 | 1,213 | 1,239 | 1,279 | 1,288 | 1,310 | 1,317 | 1,377 | |
Labour | Danny Logue | 16.38% | 1,079 | 1,095 | 1,106 | 1,164 | 1,437 | ||||
SNP | Veronica Smith | 9.44% | 622 | 907 | 915 | 927 | 936 | 946 | 1,287 | 1,499 | |
Independent | Frank Anderson (incumbent[SNP]) | 7.55% | 497 | 508 | 519 | 539 | 542 | 551 | 583 | ||
Scottish Green | Neal Drummond | 6.62% | 436 | 474 | 478 | 534 | 542 | 560 | 585 | 686 | |
SNP | Thomas Ullathorne | 5.92% | 390 | 426 | 426 | 427 | 433 | 435 | |||
Labour | Andy Rafferty | 4.74% | 312 | 318 | 319 | 330 | |||||
Liberal Democrats | Robert Howden | 3.31% | 218 | 224 | 230 | ||||||
Scottish Family | Ruth Hutchison | 1.32% | 87 | 88 | |||||||
Electorate: 17,970 Valid: 6,587 Spoilt: 121 Quota: 1,318 Turnout: 37.3%[19] |
Fauldhouse and the Breich Valley
- 2012: 2 x Labour, 1 x SNP
- 2017: 2 x Labour, 1 x SNP
- 2022: 2 x Labour, 1 x SNP
- 2017-2022 Change: No Change
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||||
SNP | Pauline Clark (incumbent) | 25.47% | 1,292 | |||||||
Labour | Cathy Muldoon (incumbent) | 21.94% | 1,113 | 1,114 | 1,123 | 1,158 | 1,202 | 1,363 | ||
Labour | Craig Meek | 18.22% | 924 | 925 | 930 | 948 | 975 | 1,219 | 1,295 | |
Conservative | Elaine Fairbairn | 14.16% | 718 | 718 | 720 | 740 | 754 | |||
SNP | Greg McCarra | 12.85% | 652 | 671 | 693 | 700 | 778 | 801 | 804 | |
Scottish Green | Neil Barnes | 3.65% | 185 | 186 | 197 | 216 | ||||
Liberal Democrats | Gillian Pattle | 2.33% | 118 | 118 | 127 | |||||
Alba | Hani Mohamed | 1.38% | 70 | 70 | ||||||
Electorate: 12,714 Valid: 5,072 Spoilt: 148 Quota: 1,269 Turnout: 41.1%[21] |
Whitburn and Blackburn
- 2012: 2 x Labour, 2 x SNP
- 2017: 2 x Labour, 1 x SNP, 1 x Conservative
- 2022: 2 x Labour, 2 x SNP
- 2017-2022 Change: 1 x SNP gain from Conservative
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||
SNP | Jim Dickson (incumbent) | 28.26% | 1,734 | ||||||
Labour | George Paul (incumbent) | 20.16% | 1,237 | ||||||
Conservative | Bruce Fairbairn (incumbent) | 18.50% | 1,135 | 1,139 | 1,139 | 1,175 | 1,187 | ||
Labour | Kirsteen Sullivan | 17.21% | 1,056 | 1,069 | 1,076 | 1,122 | 1,189 | 1,747 | |
SNP | Mary Robertson Dickson | 10.37% | 636 | 1,085 | 1,085 | 1,095 | 1,196 | 1,230 | |
Liberal Democrats | Derek Pattle | 2.41% | 148 | 152 | 152 | ||||
Scottish Green | Carole Racionzer | 3.10% | 190 | 203 | 204 | 231 | |||
Electorate: 16,945 Valid: 6,136 Spoilt: 204 Quota: 1,228 Turnout: 37.4%[23] |
Bathgate
- 2012: 2 x Labour, 2 x SNP
- 2017: 2xLabour; 1 x SNP; 1 x Conservative
- 2022: 2 x Labour, 2 x SNP
- 2017-2022 Change: 1 x SNP gain from Conservative
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||||
Labour | Harry Cartmill (incumbent) | 33.67% | 2,496 | ||||||||
SNP | William Boyle (incumbent) | 24.36% | 1,806 | ||||||||
SNP | Pauline Stafford | 16.05% | 1,190 | 1,265 | 1,507 | ||||||
Conservative | Charles Kennedy (incumbent) | 14.14% | 1,048 | 1,162 | 1,167 | 1,168 | 1,174 | 1,208 | 1,236 | ||
Labour | Tony Pearson | 5.06% | 375 | 1,015 | 1,023 | 1,027 | 1,034 | 1,094 | 1,246 | 1,774 | |
Scottish Green | Siobhan Flannigan | 3.79% | 281 | 323 | 351 | 360 | 392 | 425 | |||
Liberal Democrats | John Mackenzie | 2.02% | 150 | 186 | 191 | 192 | 195 | ||||
Alba | Gordon Dent | 0.90% | 67 | 74 | 83 | 85 | |||||
Electorate: 18,082 Valid: 7,413 Spoilt: 138 Quota: 1,483 Turnout: 41.8%[25] |
Armadale and Blackridge
- 2012: 1 x Independent, 1 x Labour, 1 x SNP
- 2017: 1 x Independent, 1 x Labour, 1 x SNP
- 2022: 1 x Independent, 1 x Labour, 1 x SNP
- 2017-2022 Change: No Change
Party | Candidate | FPv% | Count | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||
Independent | Stuart Borrowman (incumbent) | 48.92% | 2,571 | ||||||
SNP | Lynda Kenna | 22.05% | 1,159 | 1,407 | |||||
Labour | Andrew McGuire (incumbent) | 14.12% | 742 | 1,110 | 1,130 | 1,148 | 1,196 | 1,319 | |
Conservative | Chris Terry | 10.56% | 555 | 789 | 790 | 794 | 820 | 834 | |
Scottish Green | Sophie Brodie | 2.59% | 136 | 232 | 264 | 291 | 308 | ||
Liberal Democrats | Helen Mackenzie | 0.95% | 50 | 107 | 110 | 121 | |||
ISP | John Hannah | 0.82% | 43 | 78 | 91 | ||||
Electorate: 13,162 Valid: 5,256 Spoilt: 58 Quota: 1,315 Turnout: 40.4%[27] |
Aftermath
Although the SNP won the most seats, Labour were chosen to run the council after doing a deal with the Conservatives. The council resembles the set up after the previous election, with Labour running a minority administration with loose coalition support from the four Conservative councillors, the Independent Stuart Borrowman and Liberal Democrat, Sally Pattle.[28]
In response to the announcement, former Labour councillor and MSP Neil Findlay, who represented Fauldhouse and the Breich Valley from 2003 to 2012, called his own party "shameful [for] voting Tories into office", saying the Conservatives were "the enemy of my class".[29]
Notes
References
- "Labour warns against West Lothian Council coalition with Tories". BBC News. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- "Labour denies minority deal with Tories in West Lothian". Edinburgh Evening News. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- Faulds, Allan (16 March 2021). "Livingston South (West Lothian) By-Election Result". Ballot Box Scotland. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- Faulds, Allan (6 August 2021). "By-Election Result: East Livingston and East Calder". Ballot Box Scotland. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- Swanson, Ian (25 October 2021). "West Lothian Labour councillor defects to Tories after marrying Tory group leader". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- Sommerville, Stuart (27 October 2021). "Labour councillors express "huge surprise" at colleague defecting to Tories". Edinburgh Live. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- Sommerville, Stuart (24 November 2021). "West Lothian Council: SNP Motion of no confidence fails". Falkirk Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- Sommerville, Stuart (31 March 2022). "West Lothian's longest serving councillor accuses SNP of ageism as he anticipates being dropped from the party". West Lothian Courier - Daily Record. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- "NOTICE OF POLL - West Lothian Council" (PDF). West Lothian Council. West Lothian Council. 30 March 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 1 Linlithgow)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 1 Linlithgow)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 2 Broxburn, Uphall and Wincburgh)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 2 Broxburn, Uphall and Winchburgh)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 3 Livingston North)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 3 Livingston North)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 4 Livingston South)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 4 Livingston South)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 5 East Livingston and East Calder)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 5 East Livingston and East Calder)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 6 Fauldhouse and the Breich Valley)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 6 Fauldhouse and the Breich Valley)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 7 Whitburn and Blackburn)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 7 Whitburn and Blackburn)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 8 Bathgate)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 8 Bathgate)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Candidate Votes Per Stage Report (Ward 9 Armadale and Blackridge)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- "Declaration of Results (Ward 9 Armadale and Blackridge)" (PDF). West Lothian Council. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- Sommerville, Stuart (24 May 2022). "West Lothian council to be run by Labour after 'grubby coalition' with Tories". Edinburgh Live.
- Garton-Crosbie, Abbi (27 May 2022). "Key Scottish Labour figures blast 'shameful' Tory council deals". The National. Retrieved 20 July 2022.