1792 Unzen landslide and tsunami
The 1792 Unzen landslide and tsunami resulted from the volcanic activities of Mount Unzen (in the Shimabara Peninsula of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan) on 21 May. This caused the collapse of the southern flank of the Mayuyama dome in front of Mount Unzen, resulting in a tremendous tsunami, killing 15,000 people altogether.[2] It was also called Shimabara erupted, Higo affected (島原大変肥後迷惑), (Shimabara means the central mountain of the Shimabara Peninsula) since many people were killed by this tsunami in Higo (Kumamoto Prefecture, situated 20 km (12.4 mi) across the Ariake Sea).
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| Local date | May 21, 1792 |
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| Magnitude | 6.4 Ms[1] |
| Epicenter | 32.8°N 130.3°E |
| Areas affected | Japan: Kyushu, Shimabara, Nagasaki |
| Tsunami | Yes |
| Casualties | 15,000 deaths from landslide and megatsunami (estimate) |
Volcanic activities
Towards the end of 1791, a series of earthquakes occurred on the western flank of Mount Unzen which gradually moved towards Fugen-dake (one of Mount Unzen's peaks). In February 1792, Fugen-dake started to erupt, triggering a lava flow which continued for two months. Meanwhile, the earthquakes continued, shifting nearer to the city of Shimabara. On the night of 21 May, two large earthquakes were followed by a collapse of the eastern flank of Mount Unzen's Mayuyama dome, causing a landslide which swept through the city of Shimabara and into the Ariake Sea, triggering a great tsunami.
Mount Unzen (center) and Mayuyama (right) showing the destruction, recent photo
Mayuyama of Shimabara Peninsula, from the sea of Shimabara City
Megatsunami
It is not known whether the collapse occurred as a result of an eruption of the dome or as a result of the earthquakes. The tsunami struck Higo Province on the other side of Ariake Bay before bouncing back and hitting Shimabara again. Out of an estimated total of 15,000 fatalities, around 5,000 are thought to have been killed by the landslide, around 5,000 by the tsunami across the bay in Higo Province, and a further 5,000 by the tsunami returning to strike Shimabara. The initial wave once reached a height of 330 ft (100 m), classing this tsunami as a megatsunami. At the Osaki-bana point Futsu town, the waves locally grew to a height of 187 ft (57 m) due to the effect of sea bottom topography.
Monuments
As of July, 1991, the following monuments have been found:[3]
| Kind of Monument | Kumamoto Prefecture | Nagasaki Prefecture | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Memorial monument | 43 | 41 | 84 |
| Tsunami border monument | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| Graves | 16 | 90 | 106 |
| Simple monument | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Others | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| Total | 74 | 134 | 208 |
Lake Shirachi
Lake Shirachi is a pond in Shimabara city, Nagasaki Prefecture which was created after the landslide at Mayuyama created by the inpouring of underground water. Its size was first 1 km (south-north) and 300m 400m (east to west), but the production of a water exit river made it smaller and it is now 200 m by 70 m.
Tsukumojima (99 Islets)
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As a result of the destruction, Tsukumojima or 99 islets or rocks were distributed near Shimabara city. In the same Nagasaki Prefecture, there are 99 islands or Kujūkushima distributed from Sasebo city to Hirado city. These islands are different from Tsukumojima.
See also
References
- National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- Johnston, Eric (1 March 2011). "Latest volcano show: Shinmoe". Japan Times. p. 3. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- 200 Years after the Kansei Great Tsunami, Symposium and Exhibition of Unzen Disaster Booklet published by Newspaper Museum, Yoyasu Machi, Kumamoto-shi, 1991