11th millennium BC

The ability to sail was not only a Neolithic creation.[1] Franchthi Cave provides indirect evidence of pre-Neolithic (11th Millennium BC) seafaring, as well as the early Holocene Mesolithic colonization of Corsica and other Mediterranean islands.[1] It is possible to investigate the question posed by Cauvin's research in regard to both sides of the Middle Eastern and Atalhöyük data.[2] The first part focuses on the evidence from the Middle East as a whole and discusses the elements involved in the development of established settlements beginning in the 11th millennium BC.[2] The assertion can, however, also be examined in light of the domestication of cattle at Atalhöyük itself in the 7th millennium BC (c. 9 ka or 8950 BP).[2] One of the most important resources in dry nations is dung, which is used by traditional societies all over the world for construction, cooking, heating, and decoration.[3] It is widely believed that similar events occurred in the past, particularly following the domestication of herbivores in the 11th millennium BC.[3]

The Klementowice inventory is a member of the Magdalenian technocomplex, according to a typological examination.[4] The frequency of the basic tool groups (end-scrapers, burins, truncated pieces, backed pieces, perforators, and combined tools) is most closely matched by that in Moravian inventories, which J. K. dated to horizon II of the Magdalenian culture in Central Europe and to the end of the 13th (c. 15 ka or 14,950 BP) to early 11th millennium BC.[4] The presence of arched backed blades may contest the dating of the entire inventory of the Bling Interstadial.[4] It is necessary to reevaluate the circumstances surrounding the formation of sedentary farming communities in Southeast Turkey in light of the discovery of a native Epipalaeolithic tradition.[5] While the construction traditions were distinct, the establishment of sedentary populations during the Younger Dryas period here is similar to that of the Levant during the Natufian.[5] The precise role that the intricate interactions between indigenous advancements and cross-regional cultural interchange played in the surprisingly early flowering of sedentary societies in Upper Mesopotamia in the 11th and 10th millennium BC is still unknown.[5]

Since diagnostic artifacts from the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory contain pottery and polished stone tools, this period, which spans from the 11th millennium BC to roughly 300 BC (c. 2.3 ka or 2,250 BP), has been referred regarded as the Neolithic in the tradition of North-eastern Asian archaeology.[6] With the use of shellfish, fish, nuts, and roots, the subsistence pattern can instead be thought of in more generic terms as Mesolithic.[6]

Fertile Crescent wood sones 11,000 BC (in Norwegian)

There are several later masseboth that exist today, mostly Nabatean ones.[7] This bulk reveals that masseboth initially arrived in the desert during the 11th millennium BC, became increasingly common starting in the 6th millennium BC (c. 8 ka or 7,950 BP), and maintained their dominance there until the early Islamic period.[7] They typically outnumbered people from the rest of the Near East by a significant margin.[7] However, despite being well-established in the desert for many millennia, masseboth did not become widespread in the fertile zone until the early 2nd millennium BC.[7] The Körtik Tepe people principally obtained obsidian from numerous outcrops on the Bingöl and Nemrut Dağ massifs around the late 11th–early 10th millennium BC.[8] The information also points to a minor difference in the way these materials were transported, with Bingöl B (calc-alkaline) materials arriving at the site as part-worked cobbles and/or prefabricated cores, and Bingöl A and Nemrut Dağ peralkaline obsidian coming as cortical nodules.[8] Although this is the earliest Melian obsidian that we have found on Crete, the use of these raw materials for distant labor has a longer history, having been used by populations from mainland Greece in the Upper Palaeolithic period of the 11th millennium BC.[9] The Kazachka site provides a unique collection of data spanning the era between 10,000 and 1000 BC.[10] Data from the 11th millennium BC are available from the Ust-Karenga site.[10] Mehmet Özdoğan summarizes new findings made around Anatolia. Previously seen of as the recipient of ideas from the south-eastern Neolithic, Anatolia is today recognized as a social-economic hub that inspires its neighbors.[11] There is a plethora of convincing evidence pointing to a Neolithic that began to emerge at the end of the 11th millennium BC, spanning several locations, and developed into unique identities.[11] These areas are represented by unique structures, shrines, artwork, and artifacts that reflect their various economic and religious systems.[11]

The light brown pumice found at the Mesolithic site of Staosnaig on Colonsay can be geochemically associated to the pumice deposits found on the southern flanks of Katla.[12] Although the eruption that created this pumice cannot be precisely dated, it most likely took place between the late 8th and early 11th millennium BC.[12] The brown pumice discovered at the Mesolithic site of Staosnaig and the Vikurhóll pumice discovered on the southern flanks of Katla can both be geochemically associated to the pumice.[12] This and the ancient pumice share a lot of geochemical similarities with the Vedde Ash, which was deposited in Northwestern Europe during the 11th millennium BC.[12] It's unclear at this time if Katla experienced multiple geochemically related eruptions or just one.[12] While copper objects have been used in Asia Minor since the 11th millennium BC, they were only widely used in the 6th and 5th millennium BC (c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka or 7950 BP to 6950 BP) in the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Basin.[13]