Vocabulary Formation

In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels.

The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of base words and derived words.

Guiding Principles for Vocabulary Formation

The vocabulary is built on base words, that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by:

The meaning of each letter of the word.
The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: fixed vs. variable.
How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language.
The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about).
The logic of its composition.
The mnemonic associations this word suggests.

The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called vocabulary-building rules, which are spelled out below.

Base Words

Base words are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups:

Group 1: consisting of nouns
Group 2: consisting of prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs.

Base words of the Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters:

The first, a consonant called the classifier
The second, a vowel¹ called the ordinal
The third, a consonant called the generic

Examples:

Base Word Composition
CLASSIFIER	ORDINAL	GENERIC	MEANING
t	o	b	man
d	o	t	society
p	o	t	tree

Note 1: A bit of a misnomer. The vowel is really one in a range of cardinal numbers from 0 - 9 (a - yu) See Cardinal Numbers). For example, in Group 1 base words, the ordinal is often the vowel o, the zeroth number. Many of the ordinal vowels are just cardinal numbers 0-9 (o-yu).

Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammaticatical ending such as -er (verb infinitive) or -a (adjective marker):

Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words
b-....put	p-....go
s-....be	x-....do
d-....say	t-....know
ab....on	ob....off
bu....to	bi....from
if-....love	uf-....hate
fi-....good	fu-....bad
va....yes	vo....no
*vya^-**....true	vyo-....false
a....one	o....zero

* As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case includes those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides y or w. So, for purposes here, ya, ye, yi, yo, yu, wa, and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "vowels".

Consonants and Their Meanings

The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart:

Consonants and Their Meanings
CONSONANT	GROUP 1 CLASSIFIER	GROUP 1 GENERIC	GROUP 2 CLASSIFIER	IN NUMBERS
b	organ, health	organism	gesture, position
d	society	family	communicating
f	vegetation	textile, clothing	volition, attributes
g	--	measurement	quantity, attributes
j	time	time	time
k	--	health	change, risk, attributes
l	--	element, food, liquid	--	ten
m	nature	place, building, furniture, metal	temperature, light	ml = million mr = billion
n	commerce	--	--
p	animal, vehicle	motion	movement
r	--	tool, machine	--	thousand
s	form, image, furniture	thing	being, form, thing	hundred
t	human, body	person, animal	intelligence, knowing
v	plant, color	linen	truth, attributes
x	--	--	action, doing, making
z	--	precious, art	spatial, attributes

The following consonants have semantic functions rather than, or in addition to semantic values:

l and r: Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: baer....to lean, baler....to press, barer....to crush;
y: Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. voa....negative -> vyoa....false, or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. ama....hot -> ayma....warm.
h: Used functionally only in certain interjections like hoy....goodbye, conjunctions like ven....if, and determiners like his....this, and has no semantic value.
w: Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. tob....person -> twob....man, or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. uber....to send -> ubwer....to be sent, or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. awa....one, or 4) sometimes to substitute for y when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. jwo....late, instead of jyo.
n: In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in ana....only, or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as fian....goodness from fia....good, or from a verb, such axnen....behaving from axner....to behave.

Vowels and Their Meanings

Vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types:

numeric
geo-specific
oppositional
positional
vectorial
special

Numerical Vowel Values

The numeric value of vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with y are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in base words. See the section on Vowels.

Numeric Values of Vowels
ORDINAL VOWEL	o	a	e	i	u	yo	ya	ye	yi	yu
ORDINAL NUMBER	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
ORDINAL NUMERAL	zero	one	two	three	four	five	six	seven	eight	nine

Scalar Vowel Values

These numeric vowels can be used as the ordinal in base words that form a scalar, hierarchical, or taxonomic series, eg.:

Scalar Values
0	1	2	3	4	5
tob human	tab body	teb head	tib trunk	tub arm	tyob leg
fob vegetation	fab tree	feb fruit	fib trunk	fub branch	fyob root
vob plant	vab grass	veb tuft/ear	vib stem	vub twig	vyob tuber

Geo-specific Vowel Values

Geo-specific Vowel Values
VOWEL	MEANING	EXAMPLE BASE WORD	EXAMPLE BASE WORD	EXAMPLE BASE WORD
o	outer space, top level	mop....orbit	mom....outer space	mol....nature
a	air, gas, sky	map....wind	mam....sky	mal....air
e	ground, soil, solid	mep....road	mem....land	mel....soil
i	liquid, water, sea	mip....river	mim....sea	mil....water
u	underground, mineral, substance	mup....tunnel	mum....underground	mul....mineral

Oppositional Vowel Values

In Group 2 words:

Oppositional Vowel Values
a ⇔ ya	intermediate	i ⇔ yi
⇑ positive ⇓negative	e ⇔ ye	⇑ positive ⇓negative
o ⇔ yo	value	u ⇔ yu

positive a constasts with negative o
positive ya contracts with negative yo
positive i contracts with negative u
positive yi contracts with negative yu
e and ye are in-between values

Directional and Positional Vowel Values

Positional Vowel Values
	a
u	e	i
	o

a....on, above, north

e....center, middle, equator

o....off, below, south

i....right, east

u....left, west

Directional and Positional Vowel Values
A
U		a ↓	↓ a	↑ ya	ya ↑		I
	u →		e	ye		→ i
	→ u		e	ye		i →
	→ yu		E			yi →
	yu →					→ yi
		↑ o	o ↑	yo ↓	↓ yo
O

Explanation of the above chart:

If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs
Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words.

Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart
A	position		on, above, north	amer....north
a	movement	(free)	on	baer....lean
a	movement	(contact)	onto	aber....put on
ya	movement	(free)	up, ascend	byaer....lift
ya	movement	(contact)	up, get up, set up	yaber....raise
O	position		under, lower, south	omer....south
o	movement	(free)	off	boer....hang
o	movement	(contact)	on the bottom of, underneath	oper....get off
yo	movement	(free)	down	pyoser....fall
yo	movement	(contact)	fall	yoper....rise
U	position		left, west	umer....west
u	movement	(free)	move toward the center, come	uber....send
u	movement	(contact)	reach the center, arrive	pyuer....reach
yu	movement	(free)	near, approach	yuber....approach
yu	movement	(contact)	near, reach	byuser....touch
I	position		right, east	imer....east
i	movement	(free)	from the center out, go away	pier....go away
i	movement	(contact)	from the center out, leave	iper....leave
yi	movement	(free)	away, go far	yiper....go far
yi	movement	(contact)	from afar, originate	pyiser....originate
E	position		center, equator	emer....equator
e	rest		between	eb....between
e	rest		at, stay, hold	bexer....hold
ye	movement		in, into, enter	yeper....enter
ye		(contact)	contain	byeer....contain

Special value of certain vowels

The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular contrast with

the prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural.

Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.

The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words

The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier and the generic consonants. The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words in the following chart is the letter o, which is also the cardinal number zero, thus, it's the zeroth element of a descending hierarchy or pseudo-hierarchy of terms. Therefore the middle vowel in the following words is called scalar:

Examples:

Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants
BASE WORD	CLASSIFIER CONSONANT	GENERIC CONSONANT
tob....person	t = human	b = organism
tod....family	" " "	d = society
tof....clothing	" " "	f = textile
tov....lingerie	" " "	v = linen
tol....nourishment	" " "	l = food
tom....building	" " "	m = place
dob....state	d = society	b = organism
dop....military	" " "	p = movement
dot....society	" " "	t = human
dom....city	" " "	m = place
nom....place	n = commercial	m = place
nog....degree	" " "	g = measurement
nof....cloth	" " "	f = cloth
nov....linen	" " "	v = linen
nod....point	" " "	d = communication
job....time	j = time	b....organism
fob....vegetation	f = vegetable	b = organism
vob....crop	v = plant	b = organism
xob....staff	x = action	" " "
vos....flower	" " "	s = thing
voz....color	" " "	z = art, precious
som....furniture	s = thing	m = place
mos....masonry	" " "	s = thing
mor....universe	" " "	r = machine
mol....nature	" " "	l = substance
pot....animal	p = movement	t = human, animal
bok....illness	b = organ	k = health, risk

Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not scalar or hierchical, but geo-physical, directional, or mnemonic in some way. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart.

Other Group 1 Base Words

d = communication
daz....dance
dez....theater
diz....comedy
duz....music
dyez....cinema
drez....poetry
din....story
dun....word
dyun....name
dyan....sentence
dyes....book
dar....language

dr = write
drof....board
draf....card
dref....paper
drov....cardboard
drav....notebook
drev....page
drar....pencil
drir....typewriter
drur....printer

m = universe
mop....orbit
map....wind
mep....road
mip....river
mup....tunnel
mag....fire
mog....ash
meg....stone
mug....metal
mez....crystal
mak....electricity
mek....powder
mav....flame
mov....smoke
maf....cloud
maj....daytime
moj....night
man....light
mon....dark

n = commerce
naz....value
nas....money
nax....price
nyaz....wealth
nyan....stack
nox....expense
nyox....waste
nex....saving
nyex....storing
nix....earning
nyix....order
nux....pay
nyux....supply
nun....merchandise
nyun....product
nuz....jewel
nem....location
nyem....place
nyeb....box
nab....row
nap....order

j = time
jag....age

s = thing
sag....number
saz....sculpture
san....form
son....thing (abstract)
sin....image
siz....painting
sun....thing (concrete)
syan....kind
syen....style
syin....subject
syun....object
sar....instrument
sir....machine
sor....engine
sor....motor

t = human / intelligence
taz....statue
tez....bust
tuz....art
toz....skin color
tyez....culture
tin....doctrine
tun....science
tyan....class
tyen....trade
tyun....idea
tos....sensation
tes....meaning
tot....god

The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words

The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival (-a), adverbial (-ay), and verbal inflections (-er, -ser, -xer, etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem.

The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative.

Examples:

Stems of Group 2 Base Words
CLASSIFIER CONSONANT	POSITIVE	INTERMEDIATE	NEGATIVE	POSITIVE	NEGATIVE
j = time	ja....before	je....during	jo....after	ji....since	ju....until
" " "	aj....past	ej....present	oj....future	ij....beginning	uj....end
" " " *	taj....birth	tej....life	toj....death	tij....awake state	tuj....sleep
" " "	jwa....early	jwe....on time	jwo....late	yij....opening	yuj....closing
g = measurement	ga....more	ge....equal	go....less	giⁿ....point	guⁿ....angle
" " "	ag^a....big	eg^a....normal	og^a....small	ig^a....fast	ug^a....slow
" " "	yag^a....long	yeg^a....normal	yog^a....short	yig^a....hard	yug^a....soft
" " "	gya^a....thick	gye^a....enough	gyo-....thin	gyi^a....solid	gyu^a....fragile
k	ka^xer....find	ke^xer....seek	ko^xer....hide	ki^a....oblique	ku^a....lateral
" " "	ak^er....win	ek^er....play	ok^er....lose	ik^a....full	uk^a....empty
" " "	yak^er....expect	yek^er....try	yok^er....suprise	yik^a....difficult	yuk^a....easy
" " "	kya^a....mobile	kye^a....haphazard	kyo^a....fixed	kyi^a....heavy	kyu^a....light
m = nature	am^a....hot	--	om^a....cold	im^a....wet	um^a....dry
f^er....want				fi^a....good	fu^a....bad
" " "	fya^a....holy	--	fyo^a....profane	fyi^a....useful	fyu^a....harmful
" " "	yaf^er....be able	yef^er....must	yof^er....cannot	yif^er....dare	yuf^er....fear
" " "	af^er....may	ef^er....need	of^er....be prohibited	if^er....love	uf^er....hate
v = beauty, veracity	va....yes	ve....maybe	vo....no	vi^a....beautiful	vu^a....ugly
" " "	av....for	ev^a....neutral	ov....against	iv^a....happy	uv^a....sad
" " "	vya^a....true	vye^a....relative	vyo^a....false	vyi^a....clean	vyu^a....dirty
" " "	yav^a....innocent	yev^a....fair	yov^a....guilty	yiv^a....free	yuv^a....captive
z = (spatial)	za....in front of	ze....in the middle of	zo....in back of	zi^a....right	zu^a....left
" " "	zay....ahead	zey....across	zoy....back, re-
" " "	zya^a....wide	zye....through	zyo^a....narrow	zyi^a....flat	zyu^a....round
" " "	az^a....strong	ez^a....moderate	oz^a....weak	iz^a....straight	uz^a....curved
" " "	yaz^a....convex	yez....along	yoz^a....concave	yiz....beyond	yuz....around
b-^er....put	ba^xer....agitate	be^(xer)....at, (hold)	bo^xer....calm	bi^(er/xer)....from, (take/pull)	bu^(er/xer)....to, (give/push)
" " "	ab(^er)....on,(put on)	eb^(er)....between,(block)	ob(^er)....off,(take off)	ib^(er)....away,(receive)	ub^(er)....toward,(send)
" " "	bya^ser....stand	bye^xer....tap	byo^ser....hang	byi^(ser)....since,(originate)	byu^(ser)....up to,(touch)
" " "	yab^(er)....up,(raise)	yeb^(er)....in,(enter) oyeb^(er)....out,(exit)	yob^(er)....down,(lower)	yib^(er)....far,(remove)	yub^(er)....near,(bring)
p^er....go	pa^ser....move	pe^ser/xer....wait/trap	po^ser....stop	pi^er/xer....leave/catch	pu^er/xer....arrive/throw
" " "	pya^ser/xer....jump up/launch	pye^ser/xer....encounter/strike	pyo^ser/xer....fall/drop	pyi^ser....emanate	pyu^ser....reach
" " "	yap^er....rise	yep^er....enter	yop^er....descend	yip^er....go far	yup^er....approach
" " "	ap^er....get on	ep^er....stop	op^er....get off	ip^er....go away	up^er....come
s^er....be	sax^er....form	sex^er....build		siⁿ....image	su^er....provide
" " "	as^er....become	es^er....exist	os^er....cease to be
x-....do	xa^ler....execute	xe^ler....celebrate	xo^ler....fail	xi^ler....undertake	xu^ler....provoke
" " "	ax^er....act	ex^er....function	ox^er....abstain	ix^er....effect	ux^er....cause
" " "	yax^er....be busy	yex^er....work	yox^er....be idle	yix^er....use	yux^er....help
t^er....know tr^er....be familiar with	ta^xer....remember	te^xer....think	to^xer....forget	ti^xer....study	tu^xer....teach
d^er....say dr^er....write	da^ler....talk	de^ler....state dye^er....read	do^ler....silence	di^er....ask	du^er....suggest
h- = (deictic)	ha^(a)....the	he^a....some	ho^a....which?	hi^a....this	hu^a....that
" " "	hya^(a)....all	hye^a....any	hyo^a....no	hyi^a....same	hyu^a....other
	ay....and	ey....or	oy....but
	yaⁿ....together		yoⁿ....apart
(numbers)	a....one	e....two	o....zero	i....three	u....four
" " "	ya....six	ye....seven	yo....five	yi....eight	yu....nine
(prefix)			lo-....dis- lyo-....dis-

* Mixed root. taj/tej/toj instead of yaj/yej/yoj, because the human letter root t is more intuitive.

Note: The opposition (y)a-(y)e-(y)o is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but (y)i-(y)u is two-way, without any intermediary sense.

Table of Arch-morphemic Patterns

The table below lists most all the arch-morphemes that make up the vocabulary of Mirad represented as formulaic patterns. An arch-morpheme is the zeroth or most representative element of a set of words that share a sequence of ordinal vowels. A formulaic pattern describes that sequence as an arch-morphemic pattern. First, here is an explanation of the formulae use in the table:

An uppercase consonant is the classifier of the morpheme. If there are two consonants, then the second is the generic consonant.
A superscript lr means "either l or r" (semantic intensifiers).
A superscript sx means "either the intransitive verb formant s or the transitive verb formant x.
A pair of parentheses means that the letter or letters are included with the rest of the morpheme in only some realizations of that arch-morphemic pattern.
A pair of brackets ([ ]) means that the enclosed letters get realized one at a time in sequence.
a^geo means the 5 geo-specific ordinal vowels (o, a, e, i, and u.
o^hier means the ordinal vowels with zero at the base.
a^hier means the ordinal vowels starting with one (a).
a^3opp means the opposed vowels a, e, o.
a^2opp means the opposed vowels a and o.
i^2opp means the opposed vowels i and u.
a^scal means the scalar vowels with no particular hierarchy.
a^tax means a complex taxonomy with a combination of consonants

and ordinal vowels.

y means the glide y.
The dash (-) at the end means that a verb infinitive ending -er or something must follow to make the morpheme an independent word. No hyphen means that the morpheme is a complete word as is.

Morpheme Patterns
ARCH-MORPHEME PATTERN	MIRAD EXPANSIONS	ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS
A
-[aei]b	-ab/-eb/-ib	leadership stub suffixes
-a^3opp	-a/-e/-o	tense suffixes: past/present/future
a^3oppy	ay/ey/oy	and/or/but
-[aeou]-	-ay-/-ey-/-oy-/-uy-	aspect infixes: perfect/progressive/imminent/hypothetical
-a^2oppy-	-ay-/-oy-	suffixes: full of/devoid infixes
-a	-a	adjective suffix
-ay	-ay	adverb suffix
B
a^posdirB	ab/eb/ob/ib/ub/yab/yeb/yob/yib/yub	prepositions/adverbs: on/between/off/away/toward/up/down/in/far/near
(a^posdir)B^lr-	b-/bl-/ab-/eb-/ob-/ib-/ub-/yab-/yeb-/yob-/yib-/yub-/yabl-/yebl-/yobl-/yibl-/yubl-/yebr-	gesture verbs: put/carry/put on/take off/receive/send/raise/lower/take away/bring/haul/contain/down/banish/lock
B([^lr)a^posdir[^lr^sx]-	bas-/bes-/bos-/bis-/bus-/bax-/bex-/box-/bix-/bux-/bal-/bel-/bol-/bar-/byas-/byes-/byos-/byis-/byus-/byax-/byex-/byox-/byix-/byux-/blax-/blix-/blux-/brax-/brex-/brix/brux-	gesture verbs: stir/stay/be calm/retire/spring/budge/hold/quieten/pull/push/press/stand up/stick/stoop/emanate/contact/erect/beat/hang/derive/touch/rouse/drag/drive/shake/uproot/kick
B(^lr)a^5oppk-	bak/bek-/bok/bik/buk/byak/byek/byok/blok-/brok	health/treat/sick/care/wound/hygiene/cure/pain/suffer/agony
Ba^5oppy	bay/bey/boy/bi/be/bu	'prepositions: with/by/without/from/at/to
-yeB	-yeb	stub suffix for container
D
[D(y)i^2opp^lr)-	di-/du-/dil-/dul-/dir-/dur-/dyu-	ask/suggest/beg/insist/require/urge/call
D([ry](e/o))-	d-/dye-/dr-/dro-	say/read/write/erase
D([ry])[aeiu]z	daz/dez/diz/duz/dyez/drez	dance/theater/comedy/music/cinema/poetry
D([yr])[aeui][ns]	din/dyan/dyun/dyes/dras/dres/	word/name/sentence/story/document/note/book
Da^3oppl-	dal-/del-/dol-	talk/declare/be silent
Do^geom	dom/dam/dem/dim	city/airfield/park/fountain
Do^hierm	doam/doem/doim	township/village/hamlet
Do^geop	dop/dap/dep/dip/diep	military/air force/army/navy/marine
a^hierDo^geop^lrat	dapat/adapat/...edaplat/edaprat...	ranks: airman/airman basic/first lieutenant/major general
Do^hierb	dob/dab/deb/dib/dub	state/government/leader/administration/minister
a^hierDeb	adeb/edeb/ideb/udeb/yodeb/yadeb/yedeb/yideb/yudeb	emperor/monarch/prince/duke/marquis/lord/viscount/baron
a^hierDob	adob/edob/idob/udob/yodob/yadob/yedob/yidob/yudob	empire/kingdom/principality/duchy/marquisate/dominion/viscounty/barony
Doo^hierb	doob/doab/doeb/doib/doub	nation/homeland/state/county/municipality
Do^hiert	dot/dat/det/dit/dut	society/friend/comrade/citizen/gentle-person
Do-	do-	stub prefix meaning public/official
Dra^3opp[fv]	draf/dref/drof/drav/dref/drov	card/paper/board/notebook/page/cardboard
Dreux-	dreux-	pronounce
Dreuz-	deuz-	sing
-D	-d	alternate for person stub suffix in rare cases
F
(y)a^5oppf-	af-/ef-/of-/if-/uf-/yaf-/yef-/yof-/yif-/yuf-	modal verbs: may/should/may not/like/hate/can/must/cannot/dare/fear
F(i^2opp)-	f-/fi-/fu-	want/good/bad
Fo^hierb	fob/fab/feb/fib/fub/fyob	plant/tree/fruit/trunk/branch/root
Fao^hierb	faob/faab/faib/fayeb/fayob	wood/sap/frame/leaf/bark
a^taxFab	afab/efab/ifab/ufab...	fruit and nut trees: apple tree/pear tree/cherry tree/prune tree/apricot tree/peach tree/quince tree...
a^taxFab	afeb/efeb/ifeb/ufeb/yofeb/yafeb.../alofeb/lafeb/lefeb/lifeb/lufeb/fefeb/fifeb...	fruits and nuts: apple/pear/cherry/prune/apricot/peach.../quince/nut/hazlenut/blackberry/orange/mandarin/lemon/grapefruit/date/banana...
Fu[fv]	fuf/fuv	pipe/nail
Fya^2opp-	fya-/fyo-	holy/profane
Fyi^2opp-	fyi-/fyu-	useful/harmful
G
a^3oppG-	ag-/eg-/og-	big/re-/little
Gi^2opp-	gi-/gu-	point/angle
Ga^3opp	ga-/ge-/go-	more/equal/less
Gla^3opp	gla-/gle-/glo-	much/some/little
Gra^3opp	gra-/gre-/gro-	too/enough/not enough
Gwa^3opp	gwa-/gwe-/gwo-	most/just/least
Gya^2opp-	gya-/gyo-	thick/thin
Gyi^2opp-	gyi-/gyu-	solid/delicate
i^2oppG-	ig-/ug-	fast/slow
ya^3oppG-	yag-/yeg-/yog-	long/medium/short
yi^2oppG-	yig-/yug-	hard/soft
H
Ho^5opp	ho-/ha-/he-/hi-/hu-/hya-/hye-/hyo-/hye-/hyi-/hyu-	determiners: what/the/some/this/that/no/all/any/same/other
Hi^2oppy	hiy/huy	expletives: voici/voila
Hwa^3oppy	hway/hwey/hwoy	expletives: thanks/you're welcome/sorry
Hya^3oppy	hyay/hyey/hyoy	expletives: bravo/what a/boo
Hu	hu	'relative complementizer: that/which
I
-i^2opp</sup-	as in testier grasp vs. testuer explain	subject/object-oriented verb formant infix
-i	as in tami houses	plural noun suffix
J
a^5oppJ	aj/ej/oj/ij/uj	past/present/future/beginning/end
Jo^hiern	job/jab/jeb/jib/jub/jwob/jwab/jweb	time/year/season/month/day/hour/minute/second
Ja^5opp	ja/je/jo/ji/ju	before/during/after/since/until
Jea^hierB	jeab/jeeb/jeib/jeub	seasons: spring/summer/autumn/winter
Joa^hierB	joab/joeb/joib/joub	era/period/epoch/age
Jia^hierB	jiab/jieb/jiib/jiub/jiyob/jiyab/jiyeb/jiyib/jiyub/jilob/jilab	months: month/January/February/March/April/May/June/July/August/September/October/November/December
Jua^hierB	juab/jueb/juib/juub/juyob/juyab/juyeb/	Days of the week: Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/Thursday/Friday/Saturday/Sunday
Jw[ae]P	jwap/jwep	moment/instant
Jwa^3opp	jwa/jwe/jwo	early/on time/late
Jwa^3oppf-	jwaf-/jwef-/jwof-	unripe/fresh/stale
Jwa^2oppj	jwaj/jwoj	ancient times/latter days
ta^5oppJ	taj/tej/toj/tij/tuj	birth/life/death/wake/sleep
yi^2oppJ	yij/yuj	open/close
j[ou]d	jod/jud	occasion/date
ja^2opp	jag-/jog-	old/young
-J	-j	stub suffix for time
K
[i^2oppK-	ik-/uk-	full/empty
a^3oppK-	ak-/ek-/ok-	win/play/lose
K(y)a^3opp-	kya-/kye-/kyo-	change/haphazard/static
Ka^3oppx-	kax-/kex-/kox-/kas-	find/seek/hide
Ki^2opp-	ki-/ku-	oblique/lateral
Kyi^2opp-	kyi-/kyu-	heavy/light
ya^3oppK-	yak-/yek-/yok-	expect/attempt/surprise
yi^2oppK-	yik-/yuk-	difficult/easy
L
-(y)[aeiu]L-	-al/-el/-il/-ul/-yel	gas/food/liquid/oil/substance stub suffix
-[fs[aeiu]L-	fyel/syel	wax/plastic
-L-	-l-	semantic intensifying infix
Lo-	lo-	semantic reverser prefix meaning -dis, de-, un-
-L-	-l-	tens infix
M
(a^scal)Mez-	mez/amez/emez/imez/umez/yomez/yamez/yemez	crystal/diamond/topaz/ruby/emerald/lapis lazuli/amethyst/sapphire
-((y)[aeiu])M	-m/-am/-em/-im/-um/-yem	stub suffix for place/house/place/room/compartment/space
(y)a^2oppM-	am-/om-/yam/yom	hot/cold/fire/ice
M(y)a^geok	mak/mek/meik/miek/myek/myeik/muk	electricity/powder/paste/sand/putty/mineral
Ma^geof	maf/mef/mif/miaf	cloud/brick/fog/mist
Mea^scalv	meav/meev	ceramic/pottery
Ma^2oppn	man/mon	light/dark
Ma^3oppv	mav/mev/mov	flame/porcelain/smoke
Ma^3oppz-	maz-/mez/moz-	white/crystal/black
Mo^geog	mag/meg/mog/mug/maeg	fire/stone/ash/metal/coal
a^hier(y)maeg	amaeg/emaeg/imaeg/eymaeg	charcoal/peat/lignite/coke
M(y)o^geol	mol/mal/mel/mil/mul/meil/mial	nature/air/soil/water/matter/mud/steam
Mo^geom	mom/mam/mem/mim/mum	outer space/sky/land/sea/underground
Mo^geop	mop/map/mep/mip/mup	orbit/wind/road/river/tunnel
Mo^geor	mor/mar/mer/mir/mur	universe/star/planet/world/satellite
Mo^hiers	mos/mas/mes/mis/mus	masonry/wall/door/window/stairs
Ma(a^hier)f	maf/maaf/maef/maif/mauf/mayof/mayaf/mayef/mayif/mayuf/malof	cloud/stratus/cumulus/stratocumulus/cumulonimbus/nimbostratus/altostratus/altocumulus/cirrus/cirrostratus/cirrocumulus
Ma(a)r	mar/maar	star/sun
Mu(a)r	mur/muar	satellite/moon
Maa^hierl	maal/mael/mail/maul/mayol	atmosphere/troposphere/stratosphere/ionosphere/exosphere
Maa^hierp	maap/maep/maip/maup/mayop	wind/puff/breeze/gust/gale/typhoon
Mea^hierr	Mear/Meer/Meir/Meur/Meyor/Meyar/Meyer/Meyir	planet/Mercury/Venus/Earth/Mars/Jupiter/Uranus/Pluto
Me(a^hier)m	meam/meem/meim/meom/meum	country/region/territory/countryside/zone
Mea^hierg	meag/meeg/meig/meug/meyog/meyag/meyeg/meyig/meyug	stone/marble/slate/granite/clay/chalk/limestone/alabaster/china/gypsum
m^2oppJ	moj/maj	day/night
me^geo	meb/mob/mub	mountain/chasm/promontory
Me(y)(a^hierb	meab/meeb/meib/meub/meyob/meyab	mountain/mound/hill/knob/ridge/bump
Me(y)(a^hierb	moab/moeb/moib/moub/moyob/moyab/moyeb	gulf/ravine/cave/ditch/crevice/hole/dimple
Mea^hierz	meaz/meiz/meyaz	marble/granite/pastel
Me(a^hier)p	meap/meip/meup	path/lane/trail
Mi(a^hier)m	miam/miem/miim/mium/miyom/miyam	lake/lagoon/marsh/pond/pool/puddle
Mi(a^hier)p	miap/miep/miip/miup	stream/brook/rivulet/tributary
Mo(a^hier)v	moav/moev	smoke/haze
Mo[eu](y)f	moef/mouf	wrinkle/fold
Mu[fv]	muf/muv	pole/rod
Mu[gk]	mug/muk	metal/mineral
(y)i^2oppM-	im-/um-/yim/yum	wet/dry/flood/draught
-Ml-	-ml-	millions infix
-Mr-	-mr-	billions infix
-M	-m	stub suffix for place
N
-(a)N	-n/-an	abstract quality ending, ex. ifan goodness
-eN	-en	present participle ending, ex. tyoyapen running
-iN	-in	stub ending for tin -ism, ex. totin deism
-oN	-on	abstract noun stub ending for son matter
-uN	-un	concrete noun stub ending for sun thing
No^hierf	nof/naf/nef/nif/nuf/nyof/nyaf/nyef/nyif/nyuf	cloth/fabric/knit/fiber/button/knot/mesh/rope/film/bag/package
Ne(a^hier)f	nef/neaf/neef/neif/neuf/neyof/neyaf/neyef/neyif/	knit/net/lace/braid/stitch/wicker/loop/wale/strip/plait
No^scalv	nov/niv/nyov/nyev/nyiv	linen/thread/ribbon/bag/string
Nao^hierf	naaf/naef/naif/nauf/nayof/nayaf/nayef/nayif	material/drape/canvas/velvet/denim/corduroy/nylon/rayon
N(y)[au][sz]	naz/nas/nyaz/nuz	value/money/jewel/wealth
No^scalg	nog/nag/neg/nig	degree/dimension/level/space
No^scald	nod/nad/ned/nid	point/line/plane/volume
Na^5oppx-	nax-/nex-/nox-/nix-/nux-/nyax-/nyex-/nyox-/nyix-/nyux-	cost/save/spend/earn/pay/accumulate/stock/waste/order/deliver
Na[a](y)[bp]	nab/naab/nayb/nap	rank/order/file/turn
N(y)e[mbf]	nem/nyem/nyeb/nyef	place/box/container/bag
O
o^hier	o/a/e/i/u/yo/ya/ye/yi/yu	numerals: 0-9
o-	o-	semantic reverser prefix: un-, non-, ex. oteatwa unseen
P
(a^posdir)P(^lr)-	p-/ap-/ep-/op-/ip-/up-/yap-/yep-/yop-/yip-/yup-/yapl-/yepl-/yopl-/yipl-/yupl-/yapr-/yepr-/yopr-	verbs of motion: go/get on/intervene/get off/leave/come/rise/descend/enter/get away/approach/climb/invade/escape/dive/flee/swoop in on/clamber up/break in/tumble
P^lra^posdir^sx-	pas-/pax-/pes-/pex-/pos-/'pox-/pix-/pus-/pux-/plas-/plax-/plex-/plos-/plox-/plix-/plus-/plux-/pras-/prex-/prox-/prix-/prus-/prux-	action verbs: move (intr.)/move (tr.)/wait/trap/rest/calm down/catch/jump/throw/quake/shake/beat/dive/dunk/seize/lunge/thrust/tremble/crash/drown/rape/discharge/shoot
a^taxP(y)o^geo(l)t	pot/pat/pet/pit/pelt/pyot...	animal/bird/land animal/fish/insect (and too many to name)
a^taxP(y)o^geo(l)d	pad-/ped-/pid-...	animal noises
Po^geop-	pop-/pap-/pep-/pip-/pup-	travel/fly/ride/sail/tunnel
P[aiu]r	par/pir/pur	cart/cycle/vehicle
-P-	-p-	verb of motion formant
R
-eR	-er	infinitive suffix
-[aiu]R	-ar/-ir/-ur	instrument/machine/engine stub suffix
-R-	-r-	semantic intensifying infix
-R-	-r-	thousands infix
'S
(a^5opp)S-	as-/es-/os-/is-/us-	intransitive verb formant: be/become/exist/disappear/result/act/operate/effect/cause
So^scaln	son/san/sen/sin/sun/syan/syen/syin/syun	matter/form/being/image/thing/kind/style/subject/object
-S-	-s-	hundreds infix
S[ae]^sx-	sax-/sex-/sas-	make/build/evolve
S[aiu]z	saz/siz/suz	sculpture/painting/work of art
So^hierm		furniture/dresser/table/chair/bed
-S	-s	thing stub suffix'
S[aiu]r	sar/sir/sur	instrument/machine/engine
T
T^lr(i^2opp	t-/tr-/ti-/tu-	know/recognize/find out/inform/familiarize
T(y)[aeiu]n-	tyan/tyen/tin/tun	class/profession/doctrine/science
To^hierb	tob/tab/teb/tib/tub/tyob	human/body/head/trunk/arm/leg
To^hier[fv]	tof/taf/tef/tif/tuf/tyof/tov/tav	clothing/outfit/hat/jacket/pants
To^hierd	tod/tad/ted/tid/tud/tyod/tyed	family/spouse/parent/sibling/child/people/kin
To^scall	tol/tel/til/tul/tyal	nourishment/food/drink/dish/meal
Ta^5oppx-	tax-/tex-/tox-/tix-/tux-	remember/think/forget/study/teach
T[ieo]s-	tis-/tes-/tos-	learn/mean/feel
To^hiert	tot/tat/tet	god/angel/priest
To^hierm	tom/tam/tem/tim/tum	building/house/hall/room/compartment
To^hierp	top/tap/tep/tip/tup	soul/physique/mind/emotion/member
Tao^hierb	taob/taab/taeb/taib/taub/tayob/tayab/tayeb/tayib/tayub	flesh/lymph/muscle/bone/nerve/skin/fat/hair/cartilage/gland
Tea^hierb	teab/teeb/teib/teub/teyob	eye/ear/nose/mouth/neck
Tea^hier[fv]	teaf/teef/teif/teuf/teyof/teav/teev/teiv/teuv/teyov	head/neck clothing/linen: blinder/earmuff/muffler/muzzle/tie/eye patch/handkerchief/mask/collar
Ti(k)a^hierb	tiab/tieb/tiib/tiub/tiyob/tiyab/tiyeb/tiyub/tikab/tikeb/tikib/tikub	chest/lung/heart/belly/kidney/bladder/testicles/ovary/penis/esophagus/stomach/liver/pancreas/bowels/intestine/anus
Tia^hier[fv]	tiuf/tiyuf/tiav/tiuv/tiyuf	trunk of body clothes: corset/train/shirt/underwear/train
tua^hierb	tuab/tueb/tuib/tuub/tuyob/tuyab/tuyeb/tuyib/tuyub	shoulder/upper arm/elbow/forearm/wrist/hand/fist/palm/finger
Tu^hier[fv]	tuyaf/tuyov/tuyuf/tuyav	glove/cuff/fingerstall, mitten, and other clothes for arms and downward
T(y)^3oppz	taz/tez/toz/tyez	statue/culture/complexion/art/magic
Tyo(a^hier)[fv]	tyof/tyoif/tyouf/tyoyof/tyoyaf/tyoyef/tyoyif	clothes for legs: pants/kneepad/puttee/shoe sole/shoe/knee sock/stocking/sock/thigh length sock/ankle sock
Tyoa^hierb	tyoab/tyoeb/tyoib/tyoub/tyoyob/tyoyab/tyoyeb/tyoyib/tyoyub	hip/thigh/knee/tibia/ankle/foot/heel/sole/toe
-T	-t	person stub suffix
-uT	-ut	agent suffix
(y)a^5oppT	at/et/it/ot/ut/yat/yet/yit/yot/yut	personal pronouns
V
o^taxVab	ovob/avob/evob/ivob/uvob/yovob/yavob/yevob/yuvob...	grasses, cereals, etc.: cereal/wheat/rye/barley/buckwheat/millet/hop/rape seed/oat...
o^taxVeb	oveb/aveb/eveb/iveb/uveb,yoveb/yeveb/yiveb/leveb..	legumes: legume/bean/lentil/pea/broad bean/peanut/chickpea/soybean/sugarcane...
o^taxVab	ovol/avol/bavol/bevol/bivol/buvol/byovol/byavol/favol...	edible vegetables: bran/bread/tomato/eggplant/gourd/cucumber/gherkin/artichoke/leek...
a^{hier^hierVos}	avos/evos/lavos/levos/livos/luvos/lyovos/lyovos/lyavos/lyevos/lyivos...	flowers: lily/narcissus/lily of the valley/jonquil/geranium/daisy/luvos/hyacinth/tulip/dahlia/pansy...
(a^scal)Voz-	avoz-/evoz-/ivoz-/ovoz-/yovoz-/yevoz-/yivoz-	colors: white/yellow/red/blank/blue/lilac/purple
a^3oppV	av/ev/ov	for/neutral/against
i^2oppV-	iv-/uv-	happy/sad
yi^2oppV	yiv-/yuv-	free/captive
Va^3opp(y)	va/ve/vo/vay/vey/voy	yes/maybe/no/really/possibly/not
Va^3oppn	van/ven/von	'complementizers: that/if/lest
Vi^2opp-	vi-/vu-	beautiful/ugly
Vo^hierb	vob/vab/veb/vib/vub	crop/grass/tuft/stem/twig
Vya^3opp-	vya-/vye-/vyo-	true/relative/false
Vyi^2opp-	vyi-/vyu-	clean/dirty
ya^3oppV-	yav-/yev-/yov-	innocent/just/guilty
vyab	vyab	rule
W
-Wa	-wa	unit numeral suffix
-W-	-w-	masculinizing infix
-W-	-w-	passive voice infix
X
Xa^5opp^lr-	xa-/xe-/xo-/xi-/xu-/xal-/xel-/xol-/xil-/xul-	do/execute/exercise/undergo/result/cause/accomplish/practice/fail/undertake/provoke
(a^5opp)X^lr-	x-/ax-/ex-/ox-/ix-/ux-/yax-/yex-/yox-/yix-/xler-/yux-/axl-/ixl-/uxl-/yexl-yoxl-/yixl-/yuxl-/axr-/oxr-/yexr-/yixr-/yuxr-	do/act/operate/abstain/effect/cause/be busy/work/be idle/use/help/create/proceed/react/influence/labor/resign/hire/serve/carry out/violate/toil/exploit/slave
Xo^hierb	xob/xab/xeb/xib/xub	organization/staff/division/subsidiary
X(ej/ag/em/us)	xej/xag/xem/xus	event/frequency/office/cross
Y
Ya^2oppn	yan/yon	together/apart
-Yen	-yen	manner stub suffix
Yo-	yo-	strong semantic negative prefix
-Y-	-y-	intensifying semantic infix and prefix
-Y-	-y-	de-intensifying semantic infix and suffix
-Y-	-y	feminizing infix
Z
Za^3opp(y)	za/ze/zo/zay/zey/zoy	front/middle/behind/ahead/across/back
Zi^2opp>sup>	zi/zu	left/right
Zya^3opp-	zya-/zye/zyo-	wide/through/narrow
a^3oppZ-	az-/ez-/oz-	strong/moderate/weak
ya^3oppZ	yaz/yez/yoz	convex/flush/concave
Zyi^2opp-	zyi-/zyu-	flat/round
i^2oppZ-	iz/uz	straight/curved
yi^2oppZ-	yiz/yuz	beyond/around

Derived Words

Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building:

These consist of the following twelve rules:

Compounding
Affixation
Ordinal Vowel Scaling
Overlapping
Adding Ordinal Vowels
Swapping Generic Consonants
Coding scientific vocabulary
Marking Words for Gender
Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels
Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels
Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern
Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

Rule #1: Compounding

Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations.

Examples:

Compounding
COMPONENTS	COMPOUND
mar....star + tun....science	martun....astronomy
mag....fire + meb....mountian	magmeb....volcano
dob....state + mem....land	dobmem....territory
tul....dish + dras....something written	tuldras....menu
sin....picture + dras....something written	sindras....desription
tam....house + kyoxer....to fix (in place)	tamkyoxer....settle

Rule #2: Affixation

Prefixes

All adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes:

Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes
PREFIX	BASE	COMPOUND
ja....before	per....to go	japer....to precede
jo....after	per....to go	joper....to follow
va....yes	der....to say	vader....to affirm
jo....after	dras....something written	jodras....postscript
za....ahead	jub....day	zajub....tomorrow
yon....apart	mel....land	yonmel....island

Prepositional prefixes ending in b with verbs per and ber (and their derivations) lose the b before verbal elements based on per (go) and ber (put), as shown in the following chart:

Assimilation of b and p
PREFIX	BASE VERB	NEW VERB
yab....up	ber....put	yaber....raise (NOT: yabber)
yab....up	per....go	yaper....rise (NOT: yabper)
ab....on	ber....put	aber....put on, apply
ab....on	per....go	aper....get on, mount
yob....down	ber....put	yober....take down
yob....down	per....go	yoper....descend
ob....off	ber....put	ober....take off, remove
ob....on	per....go	oper....get off, dismount
yeb....in	bux....a push	yebux....impulse
yeb....in	pyoser....fall	yepyoser....collapse

The two or three first letters of a word can serve as prefixes. The adjective ending a is often dropped¹, as is the er or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped.

Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs
PREFIX	BASE VERB	COMPOUND VERB
oza....weak	der....say	ozder....whisper
yaga....long	der....say	yagder....ramble
aja....past	der....say	ajder....evoke
yoga....short	der....say	yogder....summarize
tyoyab....foot	per....go	tyoyaper....walk
dreer....write	sar....tool	dresar....pencil
tuyob....hand	dren....writing	tuyodren....manuscript
mam....sky	mil....water	mamil....rain

¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending a is retained when an adjective is compounded with xer or ser. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, aga + xer can produce agaxer....to magnify or agxer....to grow. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.

Commonly used prefixes:

Common Prefixes
PREFIX	MEANING	BASE WORD	PREFIXED WORD
o-	un-, expresses negation, opposition, opposite meaning	data....friendly	odata....unfriendly
lo-	un-, same as o but used where o is not clear or, to express dis-, meaning to reverse an action.	gla....many finuer...qualify	logla....rare lofinuer....disqualify
lyo-	un-, intense form of o-	odata....unfriendly	lyodata....inimical
av-	pro-	fyatin....religion	avfyatina....pro-religious
ev-	neutral, a(n)-	dofina....moral totina....theist	evdofina....amoral evtotina....atheist
ov-	anti-, counter-	dropek....war	ovdropeka....anti-war
hyas-	all-, pan-, omni-	tea....aware	hyastea....omniscient, all-knowing
ja-	before, ante-, pre-, fore-	taj....birth	jataja....pre-natal
jo-	after, post-	judrer....to date	jojudrer....post-date
yiz-	beyond, meta-	tapa....physical	yiztapa....metaphysical
ey(n)-	semi-, hemi-, half-	seuz....tone levelaya....sweet	eyseuz....demi-tone eylevelaya....semi-sweet
e(n)-	bi-, duo-, two-	jaba....annual teb....head	ejaba....biennial enteba....two-headed
i(n)-	tri-, three-	voz....color zyuk....wheel	invoza....tricolor inzyun....tricycle
u(n)-	quadri-, four-	tyoyab....foot kum....side gon....part	untyoyoba....quadriped unkuma....quadrilateral ungona....quadripartite
a(n)-	uni-, singular	xer....make/do san....form	anxer....unite asana....special
ya(n)-	multi-, together, plural	ser....be/become san....form ut....person	yanser....assemble yasana....general yauta....common, public
yo(n)-	dis-, se-, apart	xer....make/do il....liquid ut....person	yonxer....separate yoniler....unstick youta....alone, isolate
eg-	re-, again	anxer....unite vader....affirm	eganxer....reunite, egder....repeat egvader....reaffirm
eb-	inter-	dooba....national	ebdooba....international
eyb-	intra-	masa....mural	eybmasa....intramural

Comparison of Prefixes in English and Mirad

Here is a chart of the most productive prefixes in English of Latin, Greek, and Germanic origin and their most common counterparts in Mirad:

Comparison of Prefixes Used in English and Mirad
ENGLISH PREFIX	MEANING	ORIGIN	ENGLISH EXAMPLE	MIRAD EXAMPLE
a-, an-	without, un-, -less	GREEK	atonal	oseuza
ab-	away	LATIN	absence	ibsen
ab-	not, un-	LATIN	abnormal	olega, ozeta
ad-	to, toward	LATIN	advent	upen < ub-
after-	after	GERMANIC	aftermath	joxwas
anti-	against	GREEK	antidote	ovbokil
arch-	chief, first	GREEK	archangel	aatat
auto-	self	GREEK	autocracy	utdab
back-	back	GERMANIC	backstairs	zomus
bene-	well	LATIN	benefactor	fixut
bi-	two	GREEK	bicameral	entima
by-	beyond	GERMANIC	bypass	yizper
cent(i)-	hundred	LATIN	century	sojab
circ(um)-	around	LATIN	circulate	yuzper
co-	together	LATIN	cooperate	yanexer
con-, com-, cor-, col-	with	LATIN	convene	yanuper
counter-, contra-	against	LATIN	contradict	ovder
cross-	across	GERMANIC	crosswind	zeymep
de-	un-, reverse	LATIN	desalinate	omimolxer, mimolober
de-	down	LATIN	descend	yo(b)per < yob + per
deci-	ten	LATIN	decimeter	alonag
di-	two	GREEK	diode	enmep
dia-	throughout	GREEK	diachronic	zyajoba
dicho-	double	GREEK	dichotomy	engorbun
di(s)-	apart, un-	LATIN	disappear	oteaser
dys-	bad	GREEK	dysfunction	fuexen
ec(to)-	out	GREEK	ectomorph	oyebsan
en-, em-	in	GREEK	endemic	yebdita
endo-	within	GREEK	endomorphic	yebsana
equi-	equal	LATIN	equilateral	gekuma
eu-	good, nice	GREEK	euphemism	vidun
ex-, e-	out	LATIN	extract	oye(b)bixer
extra-	outside	LATIN	extraordinary	yizega
fellow-	fellow	LATIN	fellow-traveler	yanpoput, dat-
fore-	front	GERMANIC	foreskin	zatayob
gyro-	round, wheel	LATIN	gyroscope	zyunzebar
half-	half	GERMANIC	half-dead	eyntoja
hemi-	half	GREEK	hemisphere	eynzyunid
hect(o)-	hundred	GREEK	hectometer	asonak
hept(o)-	seven	GREEK	heptogonal	yeguna
hetero-	different	GREEK	heterogeneous	hyusauna
hexa-	six	GREEK	hexagongal	yaunguna
high-	high	GERMANIC	high-flying	yabpapea
homo-	same	GREEK	homogeneous	hyisauna
hyper-	over, too much	GREEK	hyperactive	graaxeya
hypo-	under, too little	GREEK	hypothermia	groaman
idio-	peculiar	GREEK	idiopath	asanbak
ill-	poorly	GERMANIC	ill-mannered	fubyena
in-	in	LATIN/GERMANIC	incoming	yebupea
in-	not, un-	LATIN	inadequate	ogrea
infra-	below	LATIN	infrared	oybivoza
inter-	between	LATIN	international	ebdooba
intra-	amid	LATIN	intramural	eybmasa
intro-	into	LATIN	introduce	yebber
iso-	equal	GREEK	isometric	genaga
kilo-	thousand	GREEK	kilogram	arokyik
macro-	big	GREEK	macrometer	agnagar
magn(i)-	big	LATIN	magnify	agaxer
mal-	badly	LATIN	malformed	fusana
many-	many	GERMANIC	many-hued	glavoza
maxi(m)-	biggest	LATIN	maximize	gyaxer
mega(lo)-	big	GREEK	megacephalic	agteba
meso-	middle	GREEK	mesomorph	zesanat
meta-	beyond	GREEK	metaphysical	yizmula
micro-	little	GREEK	microcosm	ogmir
mid-	middle	LATIN	midday	zejub
milli-	thousand	LATIN	milligram	arokyik
mini(m)-	tiny	LATIN	miniskirt	gyotyoyf
mis-	wrongly	LATIN	misunderstand	vyotider
multi-	many	LATIN	multilateral	glakuma
neo-	new	GREEK	neophyte	jogagsat
non-	not	LATIN	nonentity	oseas
nona-	nine	GREEK	nonagon	yuungun
oct(a)-	eight	GREEK	octagon	yigun
omni-	all	LATIN	omniscient	hyastea
ortho-	correct	GREEK	orthodontist	izteupibtut
out-	better	GERMANIC	outplay	gafieker
over-	too much	GERMANIC	overeat	grateler
pan-	all	GREEK	pantheon	hyastotyan
para-	alongside	GREEK	paraphrase	yeztesder
penta-	five	GREEK	pentagon	yoongun
per-	through	LATIN/GREEK	perpendicular	zyepyonada
poly-	many	GREEK	polyandry	glatadan
post-	after	LATIN	postscript	jodren
pre-	before	LATIN	preview	jateaxer, za-
pro	for	LATIN	pro-life	avtejina
pro-	forward	LATIN	progress	zaynogper
pseudo-	falsely	GREEK	pseudonym	vyodyun
quadri-	four	LATIN	quadrilateral	unkuma
quasi-	resembling, nearly	LATIN	quasi-scientific	yubtuna
quint-	five	LATIN	quintet	younatyan
re-	again	LATIN	redo	egxer
rect(i)-	straight	LATIN	rectilinear	iznada
retro-	backwards	LATIN	retrogress	zoynogser
semi-	half	LATIN	semi-sweet	eynlevelaya
sept-	seven	LATIN	septempartite	yegona
sext-	six	LATIN	sextuplicate	yaungeyxwas
sub-, sup-, sur-	below	LATIN	submarine	oybmimpar
super-, supra-	above	LATIN	superscript	aybdren
syn-, sym-, syl-	with	GREEK	symphony	yanduzutyan
tele-	far	GREEK	telephone	yibdalar
tetra-	four	GREEK	tetragon	ungun
trans-	across	LATIN	transfer	zeyber
tri-	three	GREEK/LATIN	trigram	indresin
ultra-	beyond, extremely	GREEK	ultranationalist	gwadoobina
un-	not	LATIN	untie	oyanxer
under-	below	LATIN	underarm	oybtub
under-	not enough	LATIN	underactive	groaxeya
uni-	one	LATIN	unicycle	anzyus

Suffixes

Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes.

Semantic Stub Suffixes

Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material.

Semantic Stub Suffixes
SEMANTIC SUFFIX	BASE WORD ORIGIN	SUFFIXED DERIVATIONS
-il....liquid, drink	mil....water	teabil....tear < teab....eye teubil....saliva < teub....mouth tayebil....sweat < tayeb....skin mamil....rain < mam....sky
-al....gas	mal....air	tiebal....breath < tieb....lung
-(e)l....food	tel....food	yapel....pork < yapet....swine taol < taob....flesh fel < feb....fruit
-ul....stuff	mul....substance	vixul....cosmetic < vix-....to beautify bekul....medecine < bek....treatment
-yel....oil, gel, wax, pulp	yel....oil	kafyel....olive oil < kaf-....olive apelatyel....wax < apelat....bee magyel....grease < mag....fire bekyel....salve < bek....treatment megyel....cement < meg....stone yanyel....paste < yan....together
-am....house	tam....house	apatam....chicken coop < apat....chicken apelatam....beehive < apelat....bee melyexam....farmhouse < melyex....agriculture datibam....hostel < datib....guest-reception
-(e)m....place	nem....place	vobyexem....plantation, farm < vob....plant + yex....work vabem....field < vab....grass abem....top, surface < ab....above, upper zem....middle < ze(a)....middle tim....room
-im....room	tim....room	tulim < tul....cuisine tujim....bedroom < tuj....sleep
-um....cell, booth	tum....compartment	pexum....cage < pexer....catch ilzyapixum....shower stall < ilzyapix....shower
-yem....space	nyem....enclosure	yomyem....icebox < yom....ice
-yeb....container	nyeb....container	zyeb....bottle < zye(f)....glass vosyeb....vase < vos....flower
-of....material	nof....cloth	tof....clothes < t-....human misof....curtain < mis....window faof....wood < fa(b)-....tree tayof....leather < tayo(b)....skin
-ov....linen	nov....linen	teyov....collar < teyob....neck
-ar....instrument	sar....tool	par....cart < p-....motion zyupar....rotor < zyup....turn gobrar....knife < gobrar....cut jwobar....watch < jwob....hour
-ir....machine	sir....machine	drir....typewriter < dr-....write gwobir....clock
-ur....large machine	sur....engine	purr....car jwoburr....grandfather clock < jwob....hour
-(u)n....thing	sun....thing	dun....word < d-....utter, say gofrun....piece, scrap < gofrer....rip, shread, tear zyiun....plaque, plate < zyia....flat vyun....spot < vyua....dirty
-on....abstract thing	son....issue	yovon....tort, wrong < yov....guilt
yen....manner, kind	byen....manner	texyen....opinion < tex....thought hiyen....this way, thus < hi-....this esyen....status < es-....exist
-in....-ism	tin....doctrine	totin....theism, religion < tot-....god Kristin....Christianity < Krist....Christ vyisatin....puritanism < vysiat....puritan, clean person otofin....nudism < otofa....nude
-uf....cylinder object	fuf....pipe	manuf....candle < man....light tiibuf....artery < tiib....heart miluf....toilet < mil....water movuf....cheminee < mov....smoke
-uv....cylinder object	fuf....pipe	suv....nail, peg, stud < s-....furniture muv....rod < m-....masonry
-ab....government	dab....government	ditab....democracy < dit....citizen
-eb....leader	deb....leader	xeb....boss < x-....do tameb....master of the house < tam....house
-ub....branch	tub....arm	patub....wing < pat....bird
-ad....language	-a + d(ar)....language	Fransad....French (language)
-uz....jewelry	nuz....jewel	teyobuz....necklace < teyob....neck teebuz....earring < teeb....ear
-u(er)....give	buer....give	tiebaluer....exhale < tieb....lung + al....air
-i(er)....take	bier....take	tiebalier....inhale < tieb....lung + al....air
-ui(er)....exchange	buier....exchange	tiebaluier....breathe < tieb....lung + al....air

Derviational Suffixes

Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech.

Derivational Suffixes
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX	FUNCTION	BASE WORD --> SUFFIXED DERIVATION
-er	NOUN --> VERBAL INFINITIVE	sag....count --> sager....to count
-n	PRESENT TENSE VERB --> VERBAL NOUN (GERUND) ADJECTIVE --> ABSTRACT NOUN	yexe....(he/she/...) works --> yexen....working via....beautiful --> vian....beauty yuba....near --> yuban....proximity, nearness
-a	NOUN --> ADJECTIVE ACTIVE VERB --> VERBAL ADJECTIVE (PRESENT PARTICIPLE) PAST PASSIVE VERB --> PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE)	mor....universe --> mora....universal ake....wins --> akea....winning teatwa....was seen -->teatwaa (or: teatwa....seen
-yea	VERB STEM --> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE)	zaypas-....progress --> zaypasyea....progressive
-y	ADJECTIVE --> ADVERB	iga....quick --> igay....quickly tea-....knowing-->teay....knowingly
-ut	VERB STEM --> AGENT NOUN one who Xes, -er	ak-....win --> akut ....winner

*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker -i fall under the latter category.

Normal Semantic Suffixes

Augmentative Suffixes

Augmentative Suffixes
AUGMENTATIVE SUFFIX	BASE WORD	SUFFIXED DERIVATION
-ag (augmentative)	tam....house	tamag....mansion
-ayg (affectionate augmentative)	sem....chair	semayg....big old chair
-yag (pejorative augmentative)	apet....horse	apetyag....nag

Diminutive Suffixes

Diminutive Suffixes
DIMINUTIVE SUFFIX	BASE WORD	SUFFIXED DERIVATION
-og (diminutive)	tam....house	tamog....hut
-oyg (affectionate diminutive)	tam....house	tamoyg....cottage
-yog (pejorative diminutive)	tam....house	tamyog....shack
-et (a smaller person)	twob....man	twobet....boy
-es (thing of lesser importance)	nas....money	nases....change, coin
-ud (child of, offspring)	tob....man	tobud....infant

Semantic Adjectival Suffixes

Semantic Adjectival Suffixes
ADJECTIVAL SUFFIX	MEANING	BASE WORD	SUFFIXED DERIVATION
-a	mor....universe	related to, -al, -ic	mora....universal
-aya	miek....dust	full of, -ous, -y	miekaya....dusty
-oya	vyun....spot	empty of, -less, -free	vyunoya....spotless
-ika	miek....dust	full of, -ous, -y	miekika....dusty
-uka	miek....dust	empty of, -less, -free	miekuka....dust-free
-yea	vyod....lie	given to doing X, -ive	vyodyea....mendacious, given to lying
-yena	tat....angel	like, -ly, -ic	tatyena....angelic

Other Semantic Suffixes

Other Semantic Suffixes
SUFFIX	BASE WORD	DERIVATION
-tun....science, ...ology	tej....life	tejtun....biology
-tut....-ologist, expert, -ist	dar....language	dartut....linquist
-tuin....theory	tob....mar	martuin....astrology
-yan....collection, aggregate	fab....tree	fabyan....forest
-tyen....trade, -ics	sir....machine	sirtyen....mechanics
-if....pet name	twed....father	twedif....papa
ifa....-philic, -loving	dyes....book	dyesifa....bibliophilic
ifwa....liked by	tyod....people	tyodifwa....popular
ufa....-phobic, -hating	toyb....woman	toybufa....misogynous
ufwa....hated by	tyod....people	tyodufwa....unpopular
yafa....able to	tyoyap-....walk	tyoyapyafa....ambulatory
yafwa....possible to	teat-....see	teatyafwa....visible
yofa....unable to	teat-....see	teatyofa....blind
yofwa....impossible to	dye-....read	dyeyofwa....illegible
yika....hard of...ing	teet-....hear	teetyika....hard of hearing
yikwa....hard to	teet-....hear	teetyikwa....hard to hear
yuka....easy at...ing	vatex-....believe	vatexyuka....gullible
yukwa....easily...ed	test-....understand	testyukwa....easily understood
yufa....fearful of, -phobic	tot....god	totyufa....god-fearing
yufwa....feared	hyat....everybody	hyatyufwa....feared by all
yiva....free to	kebi-....choose	kebiyiva....free to choose
efa....needful of	tel....food	telefa....hungry
efwa....necessary	tej....life	tejefa....vital
yefa....requiring, -worthy	dud....answer	dudyefa....responsible
yefwa....required, -worthy	fid-....laud	fidyefwa....praiseworthy
afa....authorized to	dokebi-....vote	dokebiafa....franchised
ofwa....prohibited to	movi-....smoke	moviofwagonem....no-smoking zone
yiva....free to	kebi-....choose	kebiyiva....free to choose
yivwa....free to be ...ed	kebi-....choose	kebiyivwa....optional
yuva....bound	tam....house	tamyuva....house-bound
ova....resistant, anti-	aagdovyab....constitution	aagdovyabova....anti-constitutional
ava....in favor of, pro-	tyodab....democracy	tyodabava....pro-democracy
eva....neutral	toos....gender	tooseva....gender-neutral

Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling

Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called first-level ordinal scaling.

First-level Ordinal Scaling

First-level Ordinal Scaling
t...b	m...r	j...b	m...s	t...m	d...b	f...b	s...m
tob....man	mor....universe	job....time	mos....floor (1st,2nd,etc.)	tom....building	dob....state	fob....plant	som....furniture
tab....body	mar....sun	jab....year	mas....wall	tam....house	dab....government	fab....tree	sam....armoire
teb....head	mer....planet	jeb....season	mes....door	tem....hall	deb....leader	feb....fruit	sem....table
tib....trunk	mir....earth	jib....month	mis....window	tim....room	dib....office	fib....tree trunk	sim....chair
tub....arm	mur....moon	jub....day	mus....stairs	tum....cell	dub....minister	fub....branch	sum....bed
tyob....leg		jwob*....hour				fyob....root
		jwab*....minute
		jweb*....second

* These would normally be jyob, jyab, and jyeb, but the y-glide is replaced by a w-glide for ease of pronunciation.

Second-level Ordinal Scaling

A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding a vowel immediately after the ordinal vowel of the word stem.

Examples:

Second-level Ordinal Scaling
mi...p	me...p	tu...b	tyo...b	ma...f
mip....river	mep....way	tub....arm	tyob....leg	maf....cloud
miap....stream	meap....road	tuab....shoulder	tyoab....hip	maaf....stratus
miep....brook	meep....path	tueb....upper arm	tyoeb....thigh	maef....cumulus
miip....rivulet	meip....trail	tuib....elbow	tyoib....knee	maif....stratocumulus
miup....torrent	meup....track	tuub....forearm	tyoub....shin	mauf....cumulonimbus
miyop....trickle		tuyob....wrist	tyoyob....ankle	mayof....nimbostatus
		tuyab....hand	tyoyab....foot	mayaf....altostratus
		tuyeb....fist	tyoyeb....heel	mayef....altocumulus
		tuyib....palm	tyoyib....sole	mayif....cirrus
		tuyub....finger	tyoyub....toe	mayuf....cirrostratus
		tulob....fingernail	tyolob....toenail	malof....cirrocumulus

Third-level Ordinal Scaling

A third-level hierarchy can be created by adding a third ordinal number vowel to the front of the word.

Example:

Third-level Ordinal Scaling
...tuyub
tuyub....finger
atuyub....thumb
etuyub....index
ituyub....middle finger
utuyub....ring finger
yotuyub....pinky

So, to sum up, we have:

Summary of Scaling
t...b	tob = human being
FIRST-LEVEL	tub....arm
SECOND-LEVEL	tuyub....finger
THIRD-LEVEL	atuyub....thumb

Scaling with Prefixed Numbering

We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words through prefixed numbering even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering.

Example:

Prefix Numbering
...dob	...pet	...mer
dob....state	pet....animal	deb....leader
adob....empire	apet....horse	adeb....emperor
edob....kingdom	epet....bull	edeb....king
idob....principality	ipet....ass	ideb....prince
udob....duchy	upet....ram	udeb....duke
yodob....marquisate	yopet....goat	yodeb....marquis
yadob....county	yapet....pig	yadeb....count
yedob....dominion	yepet....dog	yedeb....lord

Rule #4: Overlapping

When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in overlapping.

Examples:

Overlapping in Compounds
FIRST WORD	SECOND WORD	PORTMANTEAU
dom....city	mep....road	domep....boulevard
pat....bird	teub....mouth	pateub....beak
pat....bird	tub....arm	patub....wing
teypib....tooth	byok....pain	teypibyok....toothache

Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels

When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an o, replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word.

Examples:

idob....kingdom -> deb....chief -> ideb....king
udob....principality -> deb....chief -> udeb....prince

By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) wordd and the generic (final) consonant:

Examples:

mil....water + mal....air -> mial....vapor, steam

Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants

When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant.

Example:

tob↘

 ^human → tof....clothing

nof↗

 ^cloth

Swapping Generic Consonants
BASE WORD 1	BASE WORD 2	DERIVED WORD
tob....human	nov....linen	tov....lingerie
tab....body	nof....cloth	taf....suit
teb....head	nof....cloth	tef....hat
tib....trunk	nof....cloth	tif....vest
tyoyab....foot	nof....cloth	tyoyaf....shoe
tyoyab....foot	nov....linen	tyoyav....sock
tuyab....hand	nof....cloth	tuyaf....glove
doob^*....nation	nof....cloth	doof....flag
taob^*....flesh	tol....food	taol....meat

* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.

Rule #7: Coding Chemical Elements

When a group of elements has been classified by a cardinal enumeration following scientific rules, the indicated number replaces the classifier consonant and, with the generic consonant, forms the name of the chemical element.

Coding Chemical Elements
ENGLISH NAME	NUMBER OF ELECTRONS	METAL = mug GENERIC = m		MIRAD NAME
silver	47 = ulye	m		ulyem
aluminum	13 = ali	m		alim
iron	26 = elya	m		elyam
		METALLOID = mugs GENERIC = ms
phosphorus	15 = alyo	ms		alyoms
arbon	6 = ya	ms		yams
			GAS SUFFIX = al
hydrogen	1 = a	ms	al	amsal
nitrogen	7 = ye	ms	al	yemsal
oxygen	8 = yi	ms	al	yimsal
			LIQUID SUFFIX = il
mercury	80 = yilo	m	il	yilomil

Rule #8: Marking Words for Gender

Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in animate nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix w and the feminine infix y.

To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with w.
To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with y.

Examples:

Marking Words for Gender
GENDER NEUTRAL	MALE	FEMALE
tob....human being	twob....man	toyb....woman
tobet....young person	twobet....boy	toybet....girl
ted....parent	twed....father	teyd....mother
it....he/she/it	wit....he	iyt....she
apat....cock	apwat....rooster	apayt....hen

Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing, can be "femininized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for woman, rather than men, eg.:

Feminizing Nouns
MALE-ORIENTED	FEMALE-ORIENTED
taf....suit	tayf....dress
tyoyav....sock	tyoyayv....stockings
tiav....shirt	tiav....blouse

Rule #9: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels

A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific meanings, usually geographical.

Geo-specific Vowels:

o = outer space, abstract object, initial stuff
a = sky, air, gas
e = land, soil, solid
i = sea, water, liquid
u = underground, mineral, concrete object

Examples:

Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels
m...p	m...m	d...p	p...t	m...l	m...r
mop....orbit	mom....space	dop....military	pot....animal	mol....nature	mor....universe
map....wind	mam....sky	dap....air force	pat....bird	mal....air	mar....star
mep....road	mem....land	dep....army	pet....land animal	mel....soil	mer....planet
mip....river	mim....sea	dip....marine force	pit....fish	mil....water	mir....world
mup....tunnel	mum....underground			mul....mineral	mur....moon

This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on Hybrids for more on this subject.

Examples:

Hybrid nouns
FIRST-LEVEL DERIVATION	+ SPECIAL VOWEL	SECOND-LEVEL DERIVATION
pet....land animal	i....water, sea	peit....aquatic mammal
pelt....insect	a....air, sky	pelat....flying insect
mel....soil	i....water, sea	meil....mud
mal....air	i....water, sea	mial....vapor

Rule #10: Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels

The rule for deriving words with directional and positional vowels starts with the following schema:

Directional and Positional Vowel Values
A
U		a ↓	↓ a	↑ ya	ya ↑		I
	u →		e	ye		→ i
	→ u		e	ye		i →
	→ yu		E			yi →
	yu →					→ yi
		↑ o	o ↑	yo ↓	↓ yo
O

Explanation of the above chart:

If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs
Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words.

Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart
A	position		on, above, north	amer....north
a	movement	(free)	on	baer....lean
a	movement	(contact)	onto	aber....put on
ya	movement	(free)	up, ascend	byaer....lift
ya	movement	(contact)	up, get up, set up	yaber....raise
O	position		under, lower, south	omer....south
o	movement	(free)	off	boer....hang
o	movement	(contact)	on the bottom of, underneath	oper....get off
yo	movement	(free)	down	pyoser....fall
yo	movement	(contact)	fall	yoper....rise
U	position		left, west	umer....west
u	movement	(free)	move toward the center, come	uber....send
u	movement	(contact)	reach the center, arrive	pyuer....reach
yu	movement	(free)	near, approach	yuber....approach
yu	movement	(contact)	near, reach	byuser....touch
I	position		right, east	imer....east
i	movement	(free)	from the center out, go away	pier....go away
i	movement	(contact)	from the center out, leave	iper....leave
yi	movement	(free)	away, go far	yiper....go far
yi	movement	(contact)	from afar, originate	pyiser....originate
E	position		center, equator	emer....equator
e	rest		between	eb....between
e	rest		at, stay, hold	bexer....hold
ye	movement		in, into, enter	yeper....enter
ye		(contact)	up against, strike	pyexer....strike

Special value of certain vowels

The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular contrast with

the prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural.

Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.

Rule #11: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns

Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning.

For example, eu pattern in the word for mouth, teud can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning:

Mnemonic Pattern Derivation
PATTERN WORD teub....mouth	CLASSIFIER	GENERIC
teud....shout	t = human	d = communication
teuz....voice	t = human	z = art
deuz....song	d = communication	z = art
seuz....tone	s = thing	z = art
seux....sound	s = thing	x = action
xeus....noise	x = action	s = thing

More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations
PATTERN WORD teab....eye	(t)ea- = see	GENERIC
teaper....visit	" " "	p = go
teader....testify	" " "	d = say
teaxer....look	" " "	x = do
teaser....seem	" " "	s = be
teater....see	" " "	t = know
keaxer....scan	ke- = seek " "	x = do
vyaleaxer....check	vyal- = certain " "	x = do
yoneater....distinguish	yon- = apart " "	t = know
beaxer....guard	be- = hold " "	x = do

A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion.

Examples:

Shortening Long Compounds
WORD 1	WORD 2	LONG COMPOUND	SHORTENED COMPOUND
apet....horse	teuder....make a noise	*apeteuder	apeder....neigh
ipet....donkey	teuder....make a noise	*ipeteuder	ipeder....bray
vafeb....grape	il....liquid	*vafebil....grape juice	vafil....wine

Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound will give birth to a new words whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long.

Examples:

Building on Shortened Compounds
COMPOUND	NEW SHORTER WORD
tilabil....breast milk	bil....milk

The shorter word bil now gives rise to other compounds:

bilyig....cheese
bilyigem....cheese factory
bilyug....butter
bilyugyena....butter-like

Rule #12: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

Words which follow Rule #12 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation.

These nuances are obtained by:

Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel.

These vowels are:

a for a and ya

e for e and ye

i for i and yi

o for o and yo

u for u and yu

Examples:

Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel
WORD	NUANCED DERIVATION
nad....line	naad....rail
dob....state	doob....nation
vyab....rule	vyaab....system
vala....safe	vaala....sure

Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of less' intensity:

Deintensification with Post-y-gliding
WORD	MITIGATED DERIVATION
ifer....love	iyfer....like
iva....happy	iyva....glad
zyutom....tower	zyutoym....turret
ama....hot	ayma....warm
oma....cold	oyma....cool

Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of greater intensity:

Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding
WORD	ENHANCED DERIVATION
pot....wild animal	pyot....predator animal
pat....bird	pyat....bird of prey
tod....family	tyod....people
oma....cold	yoma....frozen
nuxer....pay	nyuxer....deliver

Following the ordinal vowel or the generic consonant with the intensifying liquid l or the further intensifying liquid r:

Intensification with L and R
WORD	L-INTENSIFIED	R-INTENSIFIED
ifer....love	ifler....be fond of	ifrer....adore
iva....happy	ivla....content	ivra....enchanted
vaa....affirmative	vala....sure	vara....evident
aga....big	agla....great	agra....capital
ga....more	gala....multiple	gara....exponential
baer....lean on	baler....press	barer....crush

Adding consonants other than l or r as the generic consonant:

Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like t, f, s, and z are used as the generic consonant, eg.:

Creating Nuances with Other Consonants
WORD	NUANCED DERIVATION
fua....bad	futa....wicked
gea....equal	geta....identical
vyaa....true	vyafa....precise
vyoa....false	vyosa....incorrect
yiga....hard	yigza....sour
yuga....soft	yugfa....smooth

Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa:

Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance
WORD	NUANCED DERIVATION
nab....row	nap....order
vyava....just	vyafa....precise
aut....myself	aud....individual, private person

Forming Adjectives

You can form an adjective by adding the suffix a to a substantive, adverb, or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized.

Examples:

Deriving Adjectives
NOUN	ADJECTIVE
taam....home	taama....domestic
doob....nation	dooba....national
tej....life	teja....vital
tyoyapyaf....ability to walk	tyoyapyafa....ambulatory
martun....astronomy	martuna....astronomical
PRONOUN	ADJECTIVE
at....I, me	ata....my
eut....yourself	euta....your own
hiyen....this kind	hiyena....this kind of
hot?....who?	hota?....whose?
GERUND	ADJECTIVE
ifeken....recreation	ifekena....recreational
VERB FORM	ADJECTIVE (= PARTICIPLE)
teje....(he) lives	tejea....living
tojo....will die	tojoa....moribund, about to die
tojbu....would kill	tojbua....lethal
twe....is known	twa....known

Adjectival Suffixes

Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just a.

Examples:

Deriving Other Adjectives
SUFFIX	MEANING	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
-aya	full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly
		voz....color	vozaya....colorful
		futax....resentment	futaxaya....resentful
		tiibil....blood	tiibilaya....bloody
		yilf....courage	yilfaya....courageous
-oya	bereft of, -less, un-
		voz....color	vozoya....colorless, pale
		tajyaf....talent	tajyafoya....untalented
-ika	full of, -ous, -ful, -y (same as -aya)
		map....wind	mapika....windy
-uka	bereft of, without, -less (same as -oya)
		nas....money	nasuka....broke, penniless
-yena	-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al, having the qualities of
		tobot....child	tobotyena....childish, infantile
		tot....god	totyena....divine, godly
		pit....fish	pityena....fish-like, fishy
-wa or -awa	-ed, past passive participle (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
		t-....know	twa or tawa....known
		dal-....speak	dalwa or dalawa....spoken, oral
		nisbu-....sell	nisbuwa....sold
-ea	-ing (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
		ot-....not know	otea....ignorant
		tej-....live	tejea....living, alive
		tuj-....die	tujea....dying
-yea	-ive, prone to Xing, given to X (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
		tujb-....kill	tujbyea....murderous
		tex-....think	texyea....pensive, thoughtful
		tox-....forget	toxyea....forgetful
		ax-....act	axyea....active
-uwa	-able, apt to be Xed (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	POTENTIAL PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
		ex-....operate	exuwa....operable
		tos....feel	tosuwa....palpable
		tex-....think	texuwa....conceivable
		tel-....eat	teluwa....edible
-yafa	-able, capable of Xing (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED
		teat-....see	teatyafa....sightful, able to see
		dyed-....read	dyedyafa....literate
-yafwa	-able, possible to be Xed (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED
		teat-....see	teatyafwa....visible
		tax-....remember	taxyafwa....memorable
		teet-....hear	teetyafwa....audible
		tel-....eat	telyafwa....edible
-yofa	incapable of Xing (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	NEGATIVE POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED
		teat-....see	teatyofa....blind
		tyoyap-....walk	tyoyapyofa....lame
		teet-....hear	teetyofa....deaf
		dal-....speak	dalyofa....dumb, incapable of speaking
-yofwa	un-X-able (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	NEGATIVE POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED
		teat-....see	teatyofwa....invisible
		teet-....hear	teetyofa....inaudible
		tox-....forget	toxyofa....unforgetable
		dal-....speak	dalyofa....unspeakable
-ifa	fond of, -phile (	NOUN STEM	ADJECTIVE
		pot....animal	potifa....pet-friendly
		hyitoob-....same-gender	hyitoobifa....homophile
		tobot....child	tobotifa....pedophile
		fitel....food	fitelifa....gourmand
		doob....nation	doobifa....patriotic
-ufa	adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic	NOUN STEM	ADJECTIVE
		tob....human	tobufa....misanthropic
		hyut-....other person	hyutufa....xenophobic
		toyb-....woman	toybufa....misogynist
-ef(w)a	needful of, (necessary to be X-ed)	NOUN OR VERB STEM	ADJECTIVE
		til....drink	tilefa....thirsty
		tel....food	telefa....hungry
		nas....money	nasefa....poor, needy
		yelb-....to oil	yelbefwa....squeaky, in need of oil
-yef(w)a	worthy of, (deserving of being X-ed)	NOUN OR VERB STEM	ADJECTIVE
		fid....praise	fidyefa....praiseworthy
		dud....answer	dudyefa....responsible
		tax-....remember	taxyefwa....memorable
-yuk(w)a	easy to, (easily X-ed)	VERB STEM	ADJECTIVE
		vatex-....believe	vatexyuka....gullible
		vatex-....believe	vatexyukwa....incredible, hard to believe
-yik(w)a	hard to, (hard of X-ing)	VERB STEM	ADJECTIVE
		teat-....see	teatyikwa....opaque
		teet-....hear	teetyika....hard of hearing

Adjectival Prefixes

Negating the Meaning of Adjectives

The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix o-.

Examples:

vlea....probable → ovlea....improbable
vyafa....perfect → ovyafa....imperfect
twa....known → otwa....unknown
bosa....calm → obosa....worried

Note: Occasionally, the prefix lo- is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case:

fwa....wanted
→ ofwa....prohibited < ofer....to prohibit
→ yofwa....impossible < yofer....to be unable
→ lofwa....unwanted < fer....to want (disambiguated)

The prefix lyo- is more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective:

data....friendly
odata....unfriendly
lyodata....inimical

dota....social
odota....unsocial
lyodota....savage

Table of Adjective Prefixes

As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones:

Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes
Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column
MIRAD PREFIX	ENGLISH PREFIX	ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES
o-	un-, a(n)-, in-, non-	obaka....unhealthy oyezyebeya....incontinent, oyelpea....non-invasive ototina....atheist
ov-	anti-, counter-	ovzuina....anti-leftist oviztida....counter-intuitive
av-	pro-	avhyitoosifa....pro-gay
kovyo-	pseudo-	kovyotepina....pseudo-intellectual
hya(s)-	all-, pan-, omni-	hyastea....all-knowing, omniscient
voy-	re-	voytajbwa....re-born
vyo-	mis-	vyoseudwa....mispronounced
eyn-	semi-, half-	eynlevelaya....semi-sweet eyntija....half-awake
yiz-, gwa-	ultra-, super-	gwadoobina....ultra-nationalist yizmola....supernatural
gro-	under-, hypo-	grojaga....under-aged
gra-	over-, hyper-, uber-	graagxwa....overgrown gratoseya....hypersensitive
gla-	multi-, many-, poly-	glakuma....multilateral glatadaya....polygamous
fu-	mal-, ill-	futeyenxwa....ill-conceived fusanxwa....malformed
fi-	well-	fitofabwa....well-dressed
yuyb-	quasi-, almost	yuybdaba....quasi-governmental
ja-	pre-, (a)fore-, pro-	jateyenxwa....pre-conceived jaigdawa....aformentioned
jo-	post-	jodropeka....post-war
oyeb-	extra-	oyebtada....extra-marital
yeb-	endo-	yebtayoba....endo-dermal
gwa-	macro-	gwamor....macrocosm
gwo-	micro-	gwomor....microcosm
ut-	auto-, self-, sui-	utpana....automatic uttojbua....suicidal
hyaewa-	ambi-	hyaewatesea....ambivalent
en-	bi-	entoosifa....bisexual
yuz-	circum-	yuzteaxea....circumspect
gel-	homo-	gelsauna....homogeneous
ogel-	hetero-	ogelsauna....heterogeneous
oyb-	infra-, sub-	oybivoza....infrared
ge-	iso-, equi-	gevoza....isochromatic
agra-	mega-	agratipa....megamaniacal
ku-	para-	kuega....paranormal
yuyb-	quasi-, almost	yuybdobyena....quasi-official
yib-	tele-, far-	yibpyuxea....far-reaching
zey-	trans-, cross-	zeymimaga....transoceanic
aaj-	paleo-	aajtoba....paleoloanthropic
eej-	neo-	eejvisauna....neoclassical

English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison

Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts:

English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared
ENGLISH SUFFIX	MEANING	MIRAD SUFFIX	ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES
-ful	full of	-aya, -ika	vozaya....colorful, tuzika....skillful
-ous	full of	-aya, -ika	nazika....precious, milaya....aqueous
-filled	full of	-aya, -ika	movika / movaya....smoke-filled
-y	full of	-aya, -ika	movika / movaya....smoky,
-ous	of, like	-a	totina....religious, vyosa....erroneous
-ly	like	-yena	totyena....godly, toybyena....womanly
-like	like	-yena	patyena....bird-like
-ish	like	-yena	tobotyena....childish
-y	like	-yena	fyabyena....fruity
-ic	like	-yena	tuzyena....artistic, silyena....acidic
-ic	of, related to	-a	tuna....scientific, , beka....therapeutic
-ical	of, related to	-a	zyunida....spherical, iztexa....logical
-ological	pertaining to the study of	-tuna	tejtuna....biological
-ist(ic)	pertaining to the doctrine of	-ina	doparina....militarist(ic), nasyanina....capitalist(ic)
-ophobic (and miso- prefix)	hating, fearful of	-ufa	yudatufa....xenophonic, tobyanufa....misanthropic
-ophilic (and philo- prefix)	loving	-ifa	tobotifa....pedophilic, tobifa....philanthropic
-al	like	-yena	pyotyena....bestial
-al	of, pertaining to	-a	teja....vital, amana....thermal
-less	without, empty of	-oya, -uka	tejuka....lifeless, tobotoya....childless
-free	without, empty of	-oya, -uka	yomuka....ice-free, vyosoya, error-free

Forming Adverbs

Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix a, in other words, by adding a y to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Examples:

Deriving Adverbs
ADJECTIVE	ADVERB
fia....good	fiay....well
vyaa....true	vyaay....truly
gyua....easy	gyuay....easily
iga....quick	igay....quickly
auta....personal	autay....personally

For brevity's sake, the stem of de-adjectival adverbs like those above can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example:

It tyoyape ig.....He walks fast.
Yit xa has fi.....They did it well.

Special Adverbs

Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in -ay.

Here are the principal such adverbs:

Special Adverbs
SPECIAL ADVERB
vay....indeed, really, certainly, do (cf. va....yes)
vey....possibly, may, might (cf. ve....maybe)
voy....not (cf. vo....no)
ga....more (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
gay....also, moreover, further, still
ge....as, equally (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
gey....even
go....less (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
goy....no longer, no more
gla....very
glay....quite, rather, so
gle....so
glo....not very, not so
gra....too
gre....enough, sufficiently, over-
gro....not...enough, inadequately, under-
gwa....most, super-
gwe....average
gwo....least, sub-
zay....ahead, forward
zoy....back

The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow:

AFFIRMATIVE: Va, at vay se tadsa.....Yes, I am indeed married.
DUBITIVE: Iyta dud se vey vyosa.....Her response is possibly wrong.
NEGATIVE: At voy se eta yuxrut.....I am not your slave.

The adverbs above beginning with g are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb:

Et se gla via.....You are very beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].
Et peya gra ig.....You were going too fast [=ADVERB].
It gra dale.....He talks [=VERB] too much.

Other special adverbs, which do not end in -ay, include the following, which can all be used in multi-word prepositions:

Adverbs Used in Prepositional Phrases
SPECIAL ADVERB	EXAMPLES
yab....up	Ha pat papa yab bu ha mam.....The bird flew up to the sky.
yob....down	Teaxu yob bu ha mel.....Look down to the ground.
yub....near	Besu yub bi ha mas.....Stay near the wall.
yib....far	Ha tobi igpia yib bi ha yovbyokam.....The people ran far from the prison.
ib....away	Teaxu ib, diwe.....Look away, please.
ub....this way	Tyoyapu ub him.....Walk toward this way.
yeb....in, inward, inside	Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa yeb!....Guess who just walked in!
oyeb....out, outside	It tyoyapa oyeb zye ha zames.....He walked out through the front door.
yuz....around	Yit daza yuz bi yat.....They danced around us.
yiz....beyond	Et yefe teaxer yiz bi hia tistam av yux.....You must look beyond this school for help.
iz....directly, straight	Pu iz bu hat.....Go right up to him.
zi....right	Uzpu zi!....Turn right!
zu....left	Hat uzpa zu.....He turned left.

Pro-adverbs

There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deitic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as pro-adverbs. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like hom? (where?), hoyen? (how?), hoj? (when?), hogla (to what extent?), and their answers, such as hum (there), heyen (somehow), and hyoj (never), hugla (so, to that extent). These words are discussed under the chapter on Deictic Determiners.

Forming Verbs

Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech.

Forming Verbs from Nouns

Verbs can often be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix er:

Denominal Verb Derivation
NOUN	VERB
syag....count	syager....to count
tof....clothes	tofer....to dress
teud....cry, shout	teuder....to cry, shout, exclaim
taj....birth	tajer....to be born
tej....life	tejer....to live
toj....death	tojer....to die
ej....present	ejer....to continue
ij....beginning	ijer....to begin
uj....end	ijer....to end
yuj....sleep	tujer....to sleep

Verb Formants

More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such verb formants are in this chart:

-ser....to be/become usually intransitive and stative (unite = become one)
-xer....to do/make usually transitive and dynamic (unite = make one)
-per....to go usually intransitive and a verb of motion (mount = get onto)
-ber....to put usually transitive and a verb of gesture (apply = put onto)
-ier a stub from the verb to take, usually an action verb benefiting the agent (eat = take food)
-uer a stub from the verb to give, usually an action verb benefiting the patient (feed = give food)
-der....to say, a verb of communication (affirm = say yes)
-ter....to know, verbs of the perception and knowledge (teater = see)

Verb Derivation with Verb Formants
NOUN	AUXILIARY VERB OR VERB STUB FORMANT	VERB
yav....innocence	der....to say	yavder....to acquit
yov....shame, guilt	aber....to apply, put on	yovaber....to shame, accuse
yov....shame, guilt	ober....to remove, take off	yovober....to excuse, exculpate
tof....clothes	aber....to apply, put on	tofaber....to dress, don
tof....clothes	ober....to remove, take off	tofober....to undress, strip
det....associate	ser....to be, become	detser....to associate
dat....friend	xer....to do, make	datxer....to befriend
san....form	ser....to be, become	sanser....to form (intransitive)
san....form	xer....to do, make	sanxer....to form (transitive)
tel....food	(b)ier....to take	telier....to eat, consume
tel....food	(b)uer....to give	teluer....to feed, nourish
if....pleasure	(b)ier....to take	ifier....to enjoy
if....pleasure	(b)uer....to give	ifuer....to please
taj....birth	(b)uer....to give	tajuer....to give birth
tej....life	(b)ier....to take	tejier....to come alive
tej....life	(b)uer....to give	tejuer....to bring to life
toj....death	(p)er....to go	tojper....to drop dead
toj....death	(b)er....to put	tojber....to kill
tij....wakefulness	(b)ier....to take	tijier....to wake up
tij....wakefulness	(b)uer....to give	tijuer....to awaken
tuj....sleep	(b)ier....to take	tujier....to fall asleep
tuj....sleep	(b)uer....to give	tujuer....to put to sleep
tax....memory	(b)ier....to take	taxier....to recall
tax....memory	(b)uer....to give	taxuer....to remind
yev....justice	der....to say, tell	yevder....to judge
vyan....truth	der....to say, tell	vyander....to tell the truth
vyon....falsehood	der....to say, tell	vyonder....to tell a lie
il....liquid	aker....to gain	ilaker....to take on liquid
il....liquid	oker....to lose	iloker....to leak, lose liquid
il....liquid	(b)ier....to take	ilier....to soak up
il....liquid	(b)uer....to give	iluer....to pour, water
il....liquid	ikser....to get full	ilikser....to be soaked (intransitive)
il....liquid	ikxer....to fill up	ilikxer....to flood, soak (transitive)
il....liquid	ukser....to become empty	ilukser....to drain (intransitive)
il....liquid	ukxer....to empty	ilukxer....to flush (transitive)
il....liquid	ser....to be, become	ilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive)
il....liquid	xer....to do, make	ilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive)
il....liquid	aber....to apply, put on	ilaber....to wash (transitive)
il....liquid	aper....to get on	ilaper....to float (intransitive)
il....liquid	per....to go	ilper....to flow (intransitive)
il....liquid	zyaber....to spread	ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive)
il....liquid	zyober....to squeeze	ilzyober....to squirt (transitive)
il....liquid	pyexer....to strike	ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid)
il....liquid	yujer....to close	ilyujer....to plug

Note that verbs ending in -ser and -ier are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in -xer and -uer are transitive. Also, -ier verbs are inchoative, while -uer verbs are benefactive or causative (making someone do something).

Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser

The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with -xer....to do, make, cause, and the intransitive group with -ser....to be, become.

The following chart shows how these verbs are formed:

Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser
ADJECTIVE	TRANSITIVE VERB	INTRANSITIVE VERB
aza....strong	azaxer....fortify, strengthen, make strong	azaser....get strong
oza....week	ozaxer....weaken	ozaser....grow weaker
kyia....heavy	kyiaxer....weigh down	kyiaser....grow heavy
kyua....light	kyuaxer....lighten, make lighter	kyiaser....get lighter
yana....together	yanaxer....bring together	yanaser....get together

The final adjective ending a is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the a makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart:

Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation
ADJECTIVE	TRANSITIVE VERB	INTRANSITIVE VERB
aga....big	agaxer....magnify	agaser....get big
	agxer....grow	agxer....grow up, mature

iga....fast	igaxer....accelerate	igaser....speed up
	igxer....rush	igser....hurry up

baka....healthy	bakaxer....make healthy	bakaser....get healthy
	bakxer....heal	bakser....heal

sana....formal	sanaxer....formalize	sanaser....become formal
	sanxer....form, shape	sanser....form, take shape

Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per

Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb ber....to put, while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb per....to go. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in b, the b is dropped. Here are some examples:

Verb Derivation with Ber and Per
PREPOSITON BASE	TRANSITIVE GESTURE VERB	INTRANSITIVE MOTION VERB
ab....on	aber....apply, put on	aper....mount, get on
eb....between	eber....block	eper....intervene
ob....off	ober....remove, take off	oper....dismount, get off
ib....away	iber....receive	iper....leave
ub....toward	uber....send	uper....come

yab....up	yaber....raise	yaper....rise
yeb....in oyeb....out	yeber....insert oyeber....take out	yeper....enter oyeper....exit
yob....down	yober....lower	yoper....descend
yib....far	yiber....take away	yiper....move away
yub....near	yuber....bring	yuper....approach

zay....forward	zayber....advance	zayper....advance, go forward
zey....across	zeyber....take across, transfer	zeyper....cross, go over, transit
zoy....back	zoyber....set back, return	zoyper....retreat, go back, return

iz....straight	izber....guide	izper....aim for
uz....crooked	uzber....divert	uzper....turn, diverge
yiz....beyond	yizber....take beyond	yizper....pass by
yuz....around	yuzber....take around	yuzper....go around

More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of ser and xer, plus the intensifiers y, l and r. In this more complex world, the last letter of the stem determines the transitivity: s for intransitive and x for transitive. Prepositions can also be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions.

Creating More Elaborate Verbs
GESTURE VERB	GESTURE VERB	MOTION VERB	MOTION VERB
INTRANSITIVE	TRANSITIVE	INTRANSITIVE	TRANSITIVE
	ber....put beer....have byeer....keep beler....carry bexer....hold	per....go

baer....lean on	baler....press yanbaler....compress yobaler....depress, suppress yuzbaler....hug zoybaler....repress barer....crush
baser....gesticulate	baxer....make a gesture abaxer....caress, pat	paser....move	paxer....move
byaser....stand up	byaxer....set up, erect	pyaser....jump up	pyaxer....shoot, launch
blaser....budge	blaxer....rouse ablaxer....massage	plaser....get excited	plaxer....excite aplaxer....sweep
braser....shake	braxer....shake abraxer....rub		apraxer....brush

beser....stay	bexer....hold zoybexer....restrain yobexer....detain, hold down	peser....wait	pexer....trap
byeser....behave	byexer....hit	pyeser....run into, bump into	pyexer....strike, knock yonpyexer....break yopyexer....knock down yanpyexer....fight apyexer....attack ovpyexer....offend kunpyexer....sideswipe tuyapyexer....slap
bleser....adhere	blexer....retain		plexer....pound, beat aplexer....assault yonplexer....shatter, burst
		yanpreser....implode yonpreser....explode	prexer....blast, bomb

boser....calm down boyser....rest	boxer....quieten, quell	poser....stop poyser....pause	poxer....stop
byoser....hang	byoxer....hang	pyoser....fall yonpyoser....decay	pyoxer....drop, throw down yopyoxer....topple

biser....originate	bixer....pull yanbixer....contract yonbixer....distract yubixer....attract yibixer....distract oyebixer....extract yebixer....push in		pixer....catch
bliser....spring	blixer....yank		plixer....snag, capture yiplixer....abduct

buser....be destined	buxer....push, drive zyobuxer....squeeze yebuxer....expel abuxer....impose	apuser....assault	puxer....throw, thrust
byuser....bump into	byuxer....touch yanbyuxer....contact	pyuser....run into	pyuxer....crash
bluser....swoop	bluxer....shove	pluser....lunge, pounce	pluxer....thrust zyapluxer....splatter

Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb baxer (and its intransitive partner baser) as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart:

Baxer Verbs
PREFIX	VERB
baxer....gesture, make a bodily motion
ab....on	abaxer....caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub
iz....straight	izbaxer....point
teb....head	tebaxer....nod
va....yes	vatebaxer....nod yes
vo....no	votebaxer....nod no
ve....maybe	vetebaxer....shrug
tuyab....hand	tuyabaxer....wave
tub....arm	tubaxer....flail, swing
teubab....tongue	teubabaxer....lick
teab....eye	teubaxer....wink
patub....wing	patubaxer....flap
tiyub....tail	tiyubaxer....wag
baser....gesticulate
ig-....fast	igbaser....jerk
zay....forward	igzaybaser....lurch
zoy....back	zoybaser....recoil
yob....down	yobaser....bow, bend down
ku-....side	kubaser....slide
ig-....fast	igkubaser....slip
iz....straight + uz....curved	uizbaser....sway, swagger, swish
zi....right + zu....left	zuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter

Forming Frequentative Verbs

A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by infixing the syllable eg- between the verb stem and verb ending. Here are some examples:

The -eg- Frequentative Infix
REGULAR VERB	FREQUENTATIVE VERB
paser....move	paseger....shake, shudder
pyaser....jump	pyaseger....bounce
paper....fly	papeger....flutter, flit
braser....shake	braseger....shudder, quiver, vibrate
teupixer....bite	teupixeger....nibble
ilzyaber....spray	ilzyabeger....sprinkle
pyexer....beat	pyexeger....batter, whip

Forming Hybrid Words with Alternating Components

Expressions with alternating components like back-and-forth, up-and-down, etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs:

Hybrid Words
ALTERNATING COMPONENTS	HYBRID EXPRESSION	EXAMPLES
yab....up + yob....down	yao(b)-....up-and-down	yaoper....fluctuate, yaopuser....bounce
a-....up, north, skyward + o-....down, south	ao-....vertical	aonada....vertical, aomera....north-south
za(y)....forth + zo(y)....back	zao(b)-....front-back/north-to-south	zaobaser....rock
bu....to + bi....from	bui-....to-and-from	buipar....shuttle, buipop....round-trip
ab....on + ob....off	ao(b)-....on-and-off	aoper....get on and off
yuj-....closed + yij-....open	yuij-....open-and-shut	yuijbar....switch, igyuijer....blink
uj-....stop + ij-....start	uij-....stop-and-start	uijparpan....stop-and-go traffic
(a)yeb....in + oyeb....out	aoye(b)-....in-and-out	igaoyeper....run in-and-out
yub....near + yib....far	yui(b)-....near-and-far	yuipoper....travel near-and-far
ub....toward + ib....away	ui(b)-....toward-and-away	uipen....coming and going
hum....there + him....here	huim....here-and-there	huimkexer....search high-and-low (here-and-there)
hus....that + his....this	huis....this-and-that	huisyexer....do odd jobs, work at this-or-that
hyut....other person + hyit....same person	hyuit....one another	hyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal

Here are some more examples:

More Hybrids
HYBRID WORD	ENGLISH GLOSS	ALTERNATING COMPONENTS
aogsen	fluctuation (in size)	ag- (big) + og- (little) + s- (become) + -en (-ing)
aonada	vertical	a- (up/north) + o- (down/south) + nad (line) + -a (adj.)
aopuys	hop-on-hop-off	a(p)- (on) + o(p)- (off) + puys- (hop)
buien	trading, swapping	bu- (give) + bi- (trake) + -en (-ing)
buip	traffic	bu- (to) + bi- (from) + p- (go)
buixar	pump	bux- (push) + bix (pull) + -ar (instrument)
buixek	tug-o-war	bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + ek (play)
buixnyem	drawer	bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + nyem (box)
byaosen	teetering, stumbling	byas- (stand) + byos- (fall) + -en (-ing)
diep	marine force	dip (sea force) + dep (land force)
duid	q&a, interview	dud (answer) + did (question)
eigpyexer	batter, whip	eg- (again) + ig- (fast) + pyexer (to hit)
gao	more-or-less	ga (more) + go (less)
glaojo	sooner or later	gla (very) + glo (slightly) + jo (after)
huimkexer	search here and there	hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -m (place) + kex (search) + -er (inf.)
huis	this-and-that	hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -s (thing)
hyuit	one another	hyu- (other) + hyi- (same) + -t (person)
kyaopen	fluctuation	kya- (mobile) + kyo (static) + -pen (going)
maluier	breathe	mal- (air) + u- (let out) + i- (take in) -er (inf.)
maojyex	double-shift work	maj (day) + moj (night) + yex (work)
maonig	flicker	man (light) + mon (dark) + ig- (fast)
maoza	black&white/gray	maza (white) + moza (black)
meil	mud	mel (soil) + mil (water)
memuiben	import-exports	mem (country) + ub- (send) + ib- (receive) + -en (-ing)
mial	vapor	mil (water) + mal (air)
mieg	reef	mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -g (stone)
miek	sand	mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -k (rocky substance)
miem	swamp	mim (sea) + mem (land)
mimpuin	dock	mim (sea) + pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place)
mimpyaos	surf	mim (sea) + pyas- (surge) + pyos- (sink)
mimuip	tide	mim (sea) + up- (come) + ip- (go)
peit	amphibian	pet (land animal) + pit (sea creature)
puim	kiss-and-ride zone	pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place)
puixek	baseball	pux- (pitch) + pix- (catch) + ek (play)
teabyuij	blink	teab (eye) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open)
tuijea	nodding off	tuj- (sleep) + tij (wake) -ea (-ing)
uijdal	stutter	uj- (finish) + ij- (start) + dal (speech)
uipeni	comings & goings	up- (come) + ip (go) + -en (-ing) + -i (pl.)
uiza	serpentine, snaky	uza (crooked) + iza (straight)
vao?	yes or no?	va (yes) + vo (no)
vaod	decision	va (yes) + vo (no) + d- (say)
yaobar	elevator	yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + -ar (instrument)
yaobyuijar	piston	yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open ) + -ar (instrument)
yaoplas	oscillation	yap- (up) + yop- (down) + plas (shake)
yaopsim	seesaw	yap- (ascend) + yop- (descend) + sim (seat)
yaopus	bounce	ya(b)- (up) + yo(b)- (down) + pus (jump)
yaovdut	juror	yav- (innocent) + yov- (guilty) + d- (say) + -ut (agent)
yaoza	uneven, bumpy, serrated	yaza (convex) + yoza (concave)
yaozgoblar	saw	yaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument)
yaozil	wave	yaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid)
yuibteabar	bifocals	yub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument)
yuijar	valve, switch	yuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument)
zaobelur	ferry	za- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle)
zaobyexar	swatter, bat	za (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument)
zaodal	dialog	za- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech)
zaogoblar	saw	za (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument)
zaokyax	alternation	za (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change)
zaopasen	swinging	za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving)
zaopsim	swing or rocker	zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat)
zuibasen	wiggling	zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing)
zuibayx	wag	zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move)
zuibyoxea	dangling	zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing)
zuiyafa	ambidextrous	zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable)
zyaobas	throb	zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)

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