Determiners

Determiners are words that specify or point out the context of nouns and other parts of speech. The English determiner this, for example, specifies a noun for its proximity to the current context.

Types of Determiners

Determiners in Mirad fall into the following categories:

Types of Determiners
TYPE	ENGLISH EXAMPLES
Quantitative	more, less, very
Numerical	one, half, first
Deictic	the, this, some, every, which?, when
Pronominal	my, anybody's, one's own

Furthermore, as for part of speech, determiners can be adjectives, pronouns, or adverbs. As adjectives, determiners can itemize or classify. As pronouns, they can refer to one or more persons (male or female) or things. As adverbs, they can specify time, place, degree, kind, age, frequency, and so forth.

Quantitative Determiners

Quantitative determiners act in one of several ways, they:

specify mass, uncountable, singular nouns for relative AMOUNT, eg. much happiness, less work
specify countable nouns for relative NUMBER, eg. one apple, two birds, many places
specify adverbs, adjectives, and verbs for relative DEGREE, eg. how poorly, very good, eat too much.

From these, pronominalized quantitative determiners for PERSONS and THINGS can be derived.

Inanimate singular pronouns are formed by adding s for AN AMOUNT OF A THING
Inanimate plural pronouns are formed by adding si for A NUMBER OF THINGS
Animate plural pronouns are formed by adding ti for A NUMBER OF PERSONS.

The following table presents most of these word forms:

Quantitative Determiners
ADVERB / ADJECTIVE	SINGULAR INANIMATE PRONOUN	PLURAL INANIMATE PRONOUN	PLURAL ANIMATE PRONOUN
DEGREE: How...(big / quickly)? AMOUNT: How much...(money)? NUMBER: How many...(books)?	AMOUNT: How much...(+ STUFF)?	NUMBER: How many...(+ THINGS)?	NUMBER: How many...(+ PEOPLE)?
ga....more	gas....more (stuff)	gasi....many (things)	gati....many (people)
ge....as, as much, as many	ges....as much (stuff)	gesi....as many (things)	geti....as many people
go....less, fewer	gos....less (stuff)	gosi....fewer (things)	goti....fewer (people)

gla....very, much, many glay....so, so much, so many	glas....much (stuff) glays....so much stuff)	glasi....many (things) glaysi....so many (things)	glati....many (people) glayti....so many (people)
gle....rather, quite a lot, quite a few	gles....quite a lot (of stuff)	glesi....quite a lot (of things)	qleti....quite a few (people)
glo....slightly, a little, few	glos....a little bit	glosi....a few (things)	gloti....few (people)

gra....too, too much, too many	gras....too much (stuff)	grasi....too many (things)	grati....too many (people)
gre....enough	gres....enough (stuff)	gresi....enough (things)	greti....enough (people)
gro....insufficiently, too little, too few	gros....too little	grosi....too few	groti....too few (people)

gwa....most	gwas....the most (stuff)	gwasi....the most (things)	gwati....most people
gwe....just so (much/many)	gwes....just so much	gwesi....just so many	gweti....just so many (people)
gwo....least	gwos....the least (stuff)	gwosi....the least (number of)	gwoti....the least number (of people)

Examples Using Quantitative Determiners

Adverbs of degree modifying an adjective:

At se gla iva.....I am very happy.
Et sa gra uga.....You were too slow.

Adverbs of Degree modifying another adverb:

Twobi dale ge igay vyel toybi.....Men talk as fast as women.
Yat yexe ga igay vyel yet.....We work faster (= more quickly) than you.

Adjectives quantifying a singular mass noun:

Ga nas efwo.....More money will be needed.
Gra nas noxwa.....Too much money was spent.

Adjectives quantifying a plural countable noun (= things or people):

At ayse gro sari.....I've got too few tools.
Gla tami osexwa.....Many houses were destroyed.
Yat efe gla ga valdibuti.....We need many more policemen.

Pronouns referring to a mass amount of something (= stuff):

Gas ilokeye.....More (stuff) is leaking.
Et dileye gras.....You are asking for too much (stuff).
Yat kexo gwas.....We will seek as much (stuff) as possible.
At iba gwes.....I received just the right amount.

Pronouns referring to a countable number of things:

Hisi se fia oy yat fe gasi.....These (items) are good but we want more (items).
At teate drilari oy grosi.....I see pens, but too few.

Pronouns referring to a countable number of people:

Grati xaye vyosi be hia yexem.....Too many (people) have made mistakes at this work site.
Glati dyunwe oy gloti kebiwe.....Many are called but few are chosen.

Numerical Determiners

Numerical determiners are number words that modify nouns, such as one, fifty, a hundred. They are based on the cardinal numbers, which are explained here:

Cardinal Numerals

The cardinal numerals are words used in counting. These words are based on the vowels of Mirad and are crucial to any hierarchical or scalar ordering of lexical concepts.

The unit cardinal numbers are formed from the plain and pre-y-glided vowels:

Unit Cardinal Numbers
0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
o	a	e	i	u	yo	ya	ye	yi	yu
zero	one	two	three	four	five	six	seven	eight	nine

The cardinal numerals 5-9 are pre-y-glided versions of the vowels that constitute 0-4.

Ordinal Vowels

The cardinal numerals are used as ordinal vowels in word-building. An example is the the word mer (planet). Here, the cardinal numbers are added as a secondary ordinal vowel to the stem vowel to create the names of the planets in our solar system:

Planet names
MONTH	SECONDARY ORDINAL VOWEL	NUMERIC VALUE
mear....Mercury	a	1
meer....Venus	e	2
meir....Earth	i	3
meur....Mars	u	4
meyor....Jupiter	yo	5
meyar....Saturn	ya	6
meyer....Uranus	ye	7
meyir....Pluto	yi	8

(See more on this in the section on Vocabulary Formation.

The cardinal numerals are also used in counting, for example, at a sports countdown.
The cardinal numerals are employed in reciting telephone numbers and addresses, for example:

Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190 (pronounced: ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).....My telephone number is....

At tambese 114 Maple Street. (pronouned: a-a-u Maple Street)

They are further used in mathematical operations. For example:

E gab e se u.....Two plus two is four.

Units

To make the unit numerals more understandable in contexts such as counting, arithmetic, and telephone communications, the unit formant wa is added to them. The wa formant is added only when the unit numbers stand alone, not in conjunction with higher numerals, such as the teens, hundreds, etc. More importantly, the numbers 0-9, when used as adjectival numerical determiners modifying nouns, MUST take this wa formant (see the section below on Integral Numerical Determiners.

Unit Numerals with wa Formant
0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
owa	awa	ewa	iwa	uwa	yowa	yawa	yewa	yiwa	yuwa
zero	one	two	three	four	five	six	seven	eight	nine

Decades

The decade formant l + o....zero is used to form the decades, seen below:

Decades with the -l- Formant
10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
alo	elo	ilo	ulo	yolo	yalo	yelo	yilo	yulo
ten	twenty	thirty	forty	fifty	sixty	seventy	eighty	ninety

By changing the o....zero in lo to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows:

Decadal Counting
alo	elo	ilo	ulo	yolo	yalo	yelo	yilo	yulo
ala....11	ela....21	ila....31	ula....41	yola....51	yala....61	yela....71	yila....81	yula....91
ale....12	ele....22	ile....32	ule....42	yole....52	yale....62	yele....72	yile....82	yule....92
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
alyu....19	elyu....29	ilyu....39	ulyu....49	yolyu....59	yalyu....69	yelyu....79	yilyu....89	yulyu....99

Hundreds

By adding the hundreds formant s, you get the hundreds:

Hundreds with the -s- Formant
100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900
aso	eso	iso	uso	yoso	yaso	yeso	yiso	yuso

All the numerals in-between the hundreds, can be generated by modifying the so ending, for example:

asa....101
asale....112
usyulyu....199

Thousands

The thousands are generated with the formant r:

NOTE: The number categories starting with the thousands on up end in -o and are separated from the rest of a number by a space.

Thousands
1000	2000	3000	4000	5000	6000	7000	8000	9000
aro	ero	iro	uro	yoro	yaro	yero	yiro	yuro

aro....1,000
aro a....1,001
ero isi....2,300
yoro yasula....5,641

Millions

The millions are generated with the formant ml:

Millions with the -ml- Formant
1000,000	2000,000	3000,000	4000,000	5000,000	6000,000	7000,000	8000,000	9000,000
amlo	emlo	imlo	umlo	yomlo	yamlo	yemlo	yimlo	yumlo

emlo yala....2,000,051
umlo esu....4,000,204

Billions

The billions are generated with the formant mr;

Billions
1000,000,0000	2000,000,0000	3000,000,0000	4000,000,0000	5000,000,0000	6000,000,0000	7000,000,0000	8000,000,0000	9000,000,0000
amro	emro	imro	umro	yomro	yamro	yemro	yimro	yumro

imro emlo yoro asyula....three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one
iro asyulyo....3,195
yamlo asyulyo....6,000,195
alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele....10,075,186,922

Trillions etc.

The trillions are generated with the word garale, which means 10 to the positive power of 12 or 10⁺¹⁰.

The trillionths are generated with the word gorale, which means 10 to the negative power of 12 or 10^-10.

iwa garale aoti....three trillion people
uwa goraleni bi ha mor....three trillionths of the universe

Even higher numbers are shown in the chart in the next section.

Overall Numbers Chart

The following chart shows the entire Mirad number scheme:

RADICAL	CARDINAL ADJECTIVE	MULTIPLE PREFIX	ORDINAL ADJECTIVE	MULTIPLE ENTITY	MULTIPLE PERSON	MULTIPLE ADJECTIVE	MULTIPLE VERB	FRACTION NOUN	FRACTION PREFIX	FRACTION ADJECTIVE	FRACTION VERB
o zero	owa zero	on- null-, non-	oa zeroth	oon nonentry	oot nonperson		onxer nullify
a one	awa one	an- uni-, mono- haplo-, singul- solo-, one-	aa first, primary	aon unit, monad	aot individual	aona unitary, haplo-	aonxer unify	ayn whole	ayn- holo-	ayna whole	aynxer integrate
e two	ewa two	en- di-, du-,bi-, bin-, bis-, dupli-, diplo- dis-	ea second	eon pair, dyad, duplex	eot couple, duo, twin	eona double, two-fold, binary	eonxer double, duplicate	eyn half	eyn- semi-, demi-, half-. hemi-	eyna half	eynxer halve, cut in two
i three	iwa three	in- tri-, triplo-, tris-	ia third, terciary	ion triple, triad	iot trio, threesome, triplet	iona triple, three-fold	ionxer triple, triplicate	iyn third	iyn- terci-, trient- ter-, tern-	iyna third	iynxer cut three way
u four	uwa four	un- quadri-, tetra-, tetraplo-	ua fourth, quaternary	uon quartet, tetrad	uot quartet, foursome, quadruplet	uona four-fold, quadruple	uonxer quadruple	uyn quarter, fourth	uyn- quater-, quadrant-	uyna quarter	uynxer quarter, cut four ways
yo five	yowa five	yoon- quinti- penta-, pentaplo-	yoa fifth	yoon quintet, pentad	yoot quintet fivesome, quintuplet	yoona five-fold, quintuple	yoonxer quintuple	yoyn fifth	yoyn- quinti-	yoyna fifth	yoynxer cut five ways
ya six	yawa six	yaon- sexa- hexa- hexaplo-	yaa sixth	yaon sextet, hexad	yaot sextet, sextuple, sextuplet	yaona six-fold, sextant-	yaonxer sextuple	yayn sixth	yayn- sextant-, sext-	yayna sixth	yaynxer cut six ways
ye seven	yewa seven	yeon- septa-, hepta-	yea seventh	yeon septet, hectad	yeot septet, septuple	yeona seven-fold septuple	yeonxer septuple	yeyn seventh	yeyn- septant-	yeyna seventh	yeynxer cut seven ways
yi eight	yiwa eight	yion- octi-, octa-, octaplo-	yia eighth	yion octet, octad	yiot octet, octuplet, octuplet	yiona eight-fold, octuple	yionxer octuple	yiyn eighth	yiyn- octant-	yiyna eighth	yiynxer cut eight ways
yu nine	yuva nine	yuon- novi- nona-, enneaplo-	yua ninth	yuon nonad	yuot nonet, nonuplet	yuona nine-fold	yuonxer nonuple	yuyn ninth	yuyn- nonant- novi-	yuyna ninth	yuynxer cut nine ways
-l- tens	alo ten gara	alon- deci- deca- gara-	aloa tenth	alon decade	alot group of ten,decimvirate	alona ten-fold	alonxer multiply by ten	aloyn tenth	aloyn- deci- gora-	aloyna tenth	aloynxer decimate
-s- hundreds	aso hundred gare	ason- hecto- gare-	asoa hundred	ason century, hundred-fold	asot hectad, group of a hundred	asona hundred-fold	asonxer multiply by a hundred	aoyn cent, percent hundredth	asoyn- centi- gore-	asoyna hundredth	asoynxer cut into hundredths
-r- thousands	aro thousand gari	aron- kilo-, gari-	aroa thousandth	aron millennium, thousand-fold	arot group of a thousand	arona thousand-fold	aronxer multiply by a thousand	aroyn thousanth	aroyn- milli- gori-	aroyna thousanth	aroynxer cut into thousanths
-ms- millions	amso million garya	amson- mega- *garya*-	amsoa millionth	amson million-fold, myriad	amsot myriad	amsona million-fold	amsonxer multiply by a million	amsoyn millionth	amsoyn- micro- gorya	amsoyna millionth	amsoynxer cut into millionths
-mr- billions	amro billion garyu	amro- giga- garyu-	amroa billionth	amron billiion-fold	amrot group of a billion people	amrona billion-fold	amronxer multiply by a billion	amsoyn billionth	amroyn- peta- goryu	amroyna billionth	amroynxer cut into billionths
	garale trillion	garale- tera-	garalea trillionth					goralen a trillionth	gorale- pico-
	garalyo quadrillion	galalyo- peta	garalyoa quadrillionth					goralyon a quadrillionth	goralyo- femto-
	garalyi quintillion	garalyi- exa-	garalyia quintillionth					goralyin a quintillionth	goralyi- atto-
	garela sextillion	garela- zetta	garelaa sextillionth					gorelan a sextillionth	gorela- zepto-
	garelu septiliion	gaelu- yotta	garelua septillionth					gorelun a septillionth	gorelu- yocto-

Integral Numerical Determiners

Integral Numerical Determiners are adjectives based on whole numerals that modify a following noun.

The unit integral numerals are combined with the formant wa to form the first ten numerical determiners that are used to quantify a noun. The noun following the numerical determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The wa formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. Unlike English, "zero" is followed by a singular noun.

Unit Integral Numerical Determiners
owa tam	awa tam	ewa tami	iwa tami	uwa tami
no/zero houses	one house	two houses	three houses	four houses
yowa tami	yawa tami	yewa tami	yiwa tami	yuwa tami
five houses	six houses	seven houses	eight houses	nine houses

In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg:

Ata iwa gajaga twidi.......My three older brothers...

Numerical Determiners in Use
Mirad	English	Wa Behavior	Pluralization Behavior
owa tam	no houses, zero houses	The numeral is a unit, so wa is suffixed.	The numeral is less than 2, so the noun is singular.
awa tam	one house, a house	"	"
ewa tami	two houses	"	The numeral is greater than 2, so the noun is plural.
iwa tami	three houses	"	"
uwa tami	four houses	"	"
yowa tami	five houses	"	"
yawa tami	six houses	"	"
yewa tami	seven houses	"	"
yiwa tami	eight houses	"	"
yuwa tami	nine houses	"	"
alo tami	ten houses	The numeral is not a unit so no wa is suffixed.	"
ase tami	a hundred two houses	"	"
ero iwa tami	two thousand three houses	The numeral i is a unit, so wa is suffixed.	"
iro alo tami	three thousand ten houses	The numeral alo is not a unit, so wa is not suffixed.	"

Integral numerical determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t. The s suffix is short for sun....thing or suni....things. The t ending is short for aut....person or auti....persons. For example:

Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse awas (= awa sun).....You have one house. I have one too.
At aysa alo dresari. Hij at ayse anay ewasi (= ewa suni).....I had ten pencils. Now I only have two.
Esa asoti (= aso auti) yeb ha duzam.There were a hundred people in the concert hall.
Yat yefe kebier eluyti (= elu auyti) bi huti.....We must choose twenty-four females from those people.

Ordinal Numerical Determiners

Ordinal numerical determiners like first, second, etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending a to the cardinal numeral.

Ordinal Determiners
Cardinal Numeral	Ordinal Numerical Determiner
o....zero	oa....zeroth
a....one	aa....first
e....two	ea....second
i....three	ia....third
alo....ten	aloa....tenth
asu....104	asua....104th
garale....trillion	garalea....trillionth

The word nap....order can be inserted in these words to make them more comprehensible in speech:

anapa....first, first in order, primary
enapa....second, second in order, secondary
inapa....third, third in order, tertiary
alanapa....eleventh, eleventh in order

There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers:

ijna....initial, first, original
ujna....last, final
ajna....past, ex-, former, old
ojna....future
ejna....current, new, present
jana....previous, last
jona....next, following

Ordinal numerical determiners and adjectives can be converted into adverbs by adding the suffix y to the adjectival counterparts:

Ordinal Adverbs
Adjective	Adverb
aa....first	aay....firstly
anapa....first	anapay....primarily
ea....second	eay....secondly
ujna....last	ujnay....finally

Ordinal numerical determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix t and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix s. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix i. The person pronouns can also be feminized.

ha aas....the first thing
ha aat....the first person
ha aati....the first people
hua aayt....that first female
ha eas....the second thing
eat....another / a second person
ha ujnati so ha ijnati....the last shall be first

Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal numerical determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective>

hua uwa aga tami....those four big houses
ha aa alo oga tami....the first ten little houses
ata anapa ewa oga toboti....my first two little children

Fractional Numerical Determiners

Fractional numerical determiners like half and quarter are formed by adding -yn for those functioning as nouns, -yna for adjectives, -ynay for adverbs, or -yn for prefixes, to the respective cardinal number.

Fractional Numerical Determiners
CARDINAL NUMERAL	FRACTION AS NOUN	AS ADJECTIVE	AS ADVERB	AS PREFIX	AS VERB
o....zero	oyn....a void, vacuum	oyna....non-existant	--	oy(n)-....devoid of	oynxer....annihilate
a....one	ayn....whole ha ayn....the whole	ayna....entire, whole	aynay....entirely	ay(n)-....holo-, whole-, all-	aynxer....integrate
e....two	eyn....a half	eyna....half	eynay....halfway	ey(n)-....half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-	eynxer....halve
i....three	iyn....a third	iyna....third	iynay....by a third	iy(n)-....terci-	iynxer....cut in third
u....four	uyn....a quarter	uyna....quarter	uynay....quarterly	uy(n)-....quadri-	uynxer....quarter
alo....ten	aloyn....a tenth	aloyna....tenth	aloynay....by a tenth	aloy(n)-....deci-	aloynxer....decimate
aso....hundred	asoyn....hundredth, percent	asoyna....hundredth	asoynay....by a hundredth	asoy(n)-....centi-	asoynxer....cut by a hundred

Here are some examples:

His uxo ha oynxen bi yata mir.....This will cause the anihilation of our world.
Ha ayna mir te ayv et.....The whole world knows about you.
Has se gas ev ha ayn bi hasa goni.....It is more than the whole of its parts.
Fransad se ayn-druna dalyen.....France is a holophrastic language.
Et yafe bier eyn.....You can take half.
Yat yefo eynxer eta yexnix.....We will have to halve your salary.
Hus sa eyn-vyan.....That was a half-truth.
Eso eyn-zyunida dropek.....There is going to be a hemispheric war.
Duven his se eyn-utexea dopar?....Is this a semi-automatic weapon?
Iynxu hua ableyavol.....Cut that pie in thirds.
It yeyfe bixwer ay uynxwer.....He should be drawn and quartered.
Hia nas se aloyn bi has yat aysa zojab.....This money is a tenth of what we had last year.
Ha dep aloynxwu.....The army would be decimated.
Ewa asoyni bi ha dityan baksa.....Two percent (=hundredths) of the citizenry got sick.
Hia tom se anay asoynge aga vyel hua tom.....This building is only a hundredth as big as that building.

The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples:

Et so aynay dudyefa av eta axi.....You will be wholly accountable for your actions.
Iyt eynay tikabeloka.....She almost (=halfway) threw up.

Words like half of it, a third of them:

Eynas sa fia.....Half of it was good.
Eynasi sa fua.....Half of them (things) were bad.
Esa uwa tobi se hua fukyes. Eynati toja.....There were four people in that accident. Half (of them) died.
Iynati bi yet se vyasa.....A third of you are right.
Uynati bi yat yantexe.....A quarter of us agree.
Alo asoynasi bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.....Ten percent of these books were ruined.

Multiplicative Numerical Determiners

Multiplicative numerical determiners like double, triple can be formed by adding -on to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is monosyllabic, otherwise just -n. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix -a. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. The prefix ending, -n is often dropped.

Multiplicative Numerical Determiners
CARDINAL NUMERAL	MULTIPLE AS NOUN	...AS ADJECTIVE	...AS ADVERB	...AS PREFIX	...AS VERB-MAKER
o....zero	oon....null	oona....nil		on-....zero-	onxer....cancel, zero out
a....one	aon....single	aona....single	aonay....singly	an-....uni-/mono-	anxer....unify
e....two	eon....twosome, double	eona....double	eonay....doubly	en-....di-/bi-	enxer....double
i....three	ion....threesome, triplet	iona....triple	ionay....triply	in-....tri--	inxer....triple
u....four	uon....quartet	uona....quadruple	uonay....quadruply	un-....quadri-/tetra-	unxer....quadruple
yo....five	yoon....quintet	yoona....quintuple	yoonay....quintuply	yoon-*....quinti-/penta-	yoonxer*....quintuple
ya....six	yaon....sextet	yaona....sextuple	yaonay....sextuply	yaon-*....sexi-/hexa-	yaonxer*....sextuple
alo....ten	alon....decade	alona....decadic	alonay....by a multiple of ten	alon-....deca-	alonxer....multiply by ten
aso....hundred	ason....hundredfold	asona....hundredfold	asonay....by a hundredfold	ason-....hecato-	asonxer....multiply by a hundred

* An extra o is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with yan meaning together and yon meaning apart.

The multiplicative noun dozen is expressed by aleon.

Aleoni bi pati yizpapa.....Dozens of birds flew by.

By adding the suffix -at to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people:

aonat....solo, single

aonatser....become single
aonawat....singleton

eonat....duo, pair, twosome, couple

eonatser....couple up, copulate
eonawat....twin

ionat....trio, threesome, trinity

Ionatin....Trinitarianism
ionawati....triplets

uonat....quartet, foursome

uonawat....quadruplet

yoonat....quintet, group of five people

yoonawati....quintuplets
yoonati....quintets

By adding the suffix -un instead of -on, we get the following:

aun....unit

auna....unitary, individual
aunser....unite
aunyan....series

aunyana....serial

eun....pair

euna....even, paired, binary
oleuna....odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired

oleunat....odd man out
eunxer....even out

Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used:

Yat naptyoyapa be eonati yez ha mep.....We marched in twos (= pairs) down the street.
Asonati upo bay yat bu is ovdal.....Hundreds (of people) will come with us to this protest.
Hia ivxel xwe enyabay.....This celebration happens biennially.
Iyt se untubokat.....She is a quadriplegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)
Diwe sagu ha auni.....Please count the units.
Yet gafisa aronay!....You all have improved a thousandfold!
Tob se entyoyaba sat.....Man is a bipedal creature.

Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in -on in the numbers below ten is shortened to -n in common words:

anzyus....monocycle
enzyus....bicycle
ingun....triangle
ungun....quadrangle

Note: The prefixes for penta-/quinti- and hexa-/sext- must keep the -on so as to distinguish them from the prefixes yon....apart and yan....together.

yoongona....quintipartite BUT: yonper....separate, go apart
yaongun....hexagon BUT: yanuper....meet, come together

Metric Units

Mirad uses the International System of Units|International System of Units (SI) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are preceded by the word hel-.

SI base units
ENGLISH UNIT NAME	SYMBOLIC ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
second	s	time	so
meter	m	length	mi
kilogram	kg	mass	ki-ge
ampere	A	electric current	ag-a
kelvin	K	thermodynamic temperature	ag-ki
Mole	mol	amount of substance	mi-o-li
candela	cd	luminous intensity	ca-da

The hyphen in the above "spelled out" words ensure that each syllable gets even stress.

Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:

SI derived units with special names and symbols
ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
radian	rad	plane angle	ro-a-da
steradian	sr	solid angle	so-ro
hertz	Hz	frequency	ag-he-zu
newton	N	force, weight	ag-ni
pascal	Pa	pressure, stress	ag-po-a
joule	J	energy	ag-ji
watt	W	power	ag-wu
coulomb	C	electric charge	ag-ca
volt	V	electrical potential difference	ag-vu
farad	F	capacitance	ag-fe
ohm	Ω	electrical resistance	ag-yo
Siemens	S	electrical conductance	ag-so
Weber	Wb	magnetic flux	ag-wu-ba
tesla	T	magnetic flux density	ag-to
henry	H	inductance	ag-he
degree Celsius	°C	temperature	nog-ag-ca
lumen	lm	luminous flux	li-mi
lux	lx	illuminance	li-xu
becquerel	Bq	radioactivity	aga-ba-ko
gray	Gy	absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)	aga-ge-yu
sievert	Sv	equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)	aga-so-vu
katal	kat	catalytic activity	ki-a-to
byte	b	8 bits of information	ba

Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:

Convenient non-SI units
ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
litre	L	volume	ag-lo or litr(i)
hectare	ha	area	he-a or hektar(i)
ton	t	area	to or ton(i)
decibel	dB	loudness	da-ba or decibel(i)

The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.

Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units
NAME	SYMBOLIC FORMULA	DERIVED QUANTITY	TYPICAL SYMBOL	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
square meter	m²	area	$A$	mi-gar-ewa
cubic meter	m³	volume	$V$	mi-gar-iwa
meter per second	m/s	speed, velocity	$v$	mi-gol-so
meter per second squared	m/s²	acceleration	$a$	m-gol-so-gar-ewa
reciprocal meter	m⁻¹	wavenumber	$σ$ , $ṽ$	mi-gor-awa
reciprocal meter	m⁻¹	vergence (optics)	$V$ , 1/ $f$
kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m³	density	$ρ$	ki-ge-gol-mi-gar-iwa
kilogram per square meter	kg/m²	surface density	$ρ$ _A	ki-ge-gol-mi-gar-ewa
cubic meter per kilogram	m³/kg	specific volume	$v$	mi-gar-iwa-gol-ki-ge
ampere per square meter	A/m²	current density	$j$	ag-a-gol-mi-gar-ewa
ampere per meter	A/m	magnetic field strength	$H$	ag-a-gol-mi
mole per cubic meter	mol/m³	concentration	$c$	mi-o-li-gol-mi-gar-iwa
kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m³	mass concentration	$ρ$ , $γ$	ki-ge-gol-mi-gar-iwa
candela per square meter	cd/m²	luminance	$L$ _v	ca-da-gol-mi-gar-ewa

The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). Sagon means byte, so garale-sagon is terabyte. This breaks down to 10¹² bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:

Scalar Metrics
MACRO				MICRO
BASE 10	US/UK NAME	MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIX	SI SYMBOL	BASE 10	(US/UK NAME)	MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIX	SI SYMBOL
1	one	an- ... mono-, uni-*		1/1	whole	ayn-....holo-, uni-
2	two	en-....bi-		1/2	half	eyn-....demi-, di-
3	three	in-....tri-		1/3	third	iyn-....terci-
4	four	un-....tetra-		1/4	fourth	uyn-....quadri-
5	five	yoon- *....penta-		1/5	fifth	yoyn....quinti-
6	six	yaon-....hexa-		1/6	sixth	yayn....sexti-
7	seven	yeon-....hepta-		1/7	seventh	yeyn....septi-
8	eight	yion....octo-		1/8	eighth	yiyn....octi-
9	nine	yuon....nona-		1/9	ninth	yuyn....novi-
10	ten	alo-....deca-	da	1/10	tenth	aloy-....deci-	d
10²	hundred	aso-....hecto- **	h	10^-2	hundredth	asoy-....centi-	c
10³	thousand	amso-....kilo-	k	10^-3	thousandth)	amsoy-....milli-	m
10⁶	million	amlo-....mega-	M	10^-6	millionth	amloy-....micro-	r
10⁹	billion /milliard	amro-....giga-	G	10^-9	billionth/ milliardth	amroy-....nano-	n
10¹²	trillion /billion	garale-....tera-	T	10^-12	trillionth / billionth)	gorale-....pico-	p
10¹⁵	quadrillion)/ billiard	garalyo-....peta-	P	10^-15	quadrillionth) / billiardth	goralyo-....femto-	f
10¹⁸	quintillion / trillion	garalyu-....exa-	E	10^-18	quintillionth)/ trillionth	goralyu....atto-	a
10²¹	sextillion)/ trilliard	garela-....zetta-	Z	10^-21	sextillionth / trilliardth	gorela....zepto-	z
10²⁴	septillion)/ quadrillion	garelu-....yotta-	Y	10^-27	septillionth / quadrillionth	gorelu....yocto-	y

*Note: The -n or -on can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The -n (but NOT the -yn') in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted.

**Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (10⁹) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.

The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter equivalents in Mirad are preceded by hel-. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:

Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols
MACRO		MICRO
SYMBOL (EXPANSION)	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION	SYMBOL (EXPANSION)	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
dag (decagram)	da-a-ge	(decigram)	da-ge
hg (hectogram)	he-ge	cg (centigram)	ca-ge
kg (kilogram)	ko-ge	mg (milligram	mi-ge
Mg (macrpgram)	ag-mi-ge	μg (microgram)	hel-mi-ge
Gg (gigagram)	ag-ge-ge	ng (nanogram)	ni-ge
Tg (teragram)	ag-to-ge	pg (picagram)	po-ge
Pg ( petagram)	ag-po-ge	fg (femtogram)	fe-ge
Eg (exagram)	ag-e-ge	ag (attogram)	a-ge
Zg (zettagram)	ag-ze-ge	zg (zeptogram)	ze-ge
Yg (yottagram)	ag-yu-ge	yg (yoctogram)	yu-ge

The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively:

10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo ko-ge gar ewa
12 mm3'....(pronounced as:) ale mi-mi gar iwa

Adverbial Determiners of Frequency

There are two ways to form determiners of frequency:

Using jod(i) meaning occasion(s), instance(s), time(s), or
Using xag meaning frequency

Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners:

Frequentative Determiners
"JOD" METHOD	"XAG" METHOD	MEANING
hogla jodi?	hoxag?	how often?, how many times?
hagla jodi	haxag	as many times, as often
hegla jodi	hexag	sometimes, on some occasions
higla jodi	hixag	this often, this many times
hugla jodi	huxag	that often, that many times, so many times
huugla jodi	huuxag	so often, so many times
hyogla jodi	hyoxag	never, on no occasion
hyagla jodi	hyaxag	always, at all times
hyegla jodi	hyexag	any number of times, however often
hyigla jodi	hyixag	as often, the same number of times
hyugla jodi	hyuxag	not as often, some other number of times
ga jodi	gaxag (vyel)	more often (than)
ge jodi	gexag (vyel)	as many times (as), as often (as)
go jodi	goxag (vyel)	less often (than)
gla jodi	glaxag	many times, often
gle jodi	glexag	quite a few times, quite often
glo jodi	gloxag	not so many times, seldom
gra jodi	graxag	too often
gre jodi	grexag	often enough
gro jodi	groxag	too seldom
gwa jodi	gwaxag	as often as possible, most often, most times
gwe jodi	gwexag	an average number of times
gwo jodi	gwoxag	least often, as seldom as possible
owa jod	--	never, at no time, zero times
awa jod	--	once, one time
ewa jodi	--	twice, two times
iwa jodi	--	thrice, three times
alo jodi	--	ten times

Examples:

Hoxag et pe ha tayegoblut?....How often do you go to the barber?
Hogla jodi et akaye hia ekun?....How many times have you won this game?
At teataye hua dyezun iwa ey uwa jodi.....I have seen that film three or four times.
At teataye has huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van at bokxeye.....I have seen it so many times that I am getting sick.
Hus xwaye gaxag vyel et te.....That has happened more often than you know.

Arithmetical Expressions

The following chart shows verbs from which are formed derivative words relating to mathematical operations:

Arthmetic Expressions
VERB	OPERATION	PATIENT	SUBJECT	OPERATOR	SIGN	RESULT
gaber....add	gab....addition	gabwas....addend	gabeas....adder	gab....plus, +	gabsiyn....plus sign	gabix....sum
galer....multiply	gal....multiplication	galwas....multiplicand	galeas....multiplier	gal....times, x	galsiyn....times sign	galix....product
garer....exponentiate, raise	gar....power	garwas....number being raised	gareas....exponent	gar....raised to the power of	garsiyn....exponent	garix....root
gober....subtract	gob....subtraction	gobwas....subtrahend	gobeas....subtractor	gob....minus, -	gobsiyn....minus sign	gobix....difference
goler....divide	gol....division, fraction	golwas....dividend	goleas....divisor	gol....divided by, ÷	golsiyn....division sign	golix....quotient
gorer....cut, uproot	gor....cut, root	gorwas....radicand	goreas....radical	gor....lowered to the power of, √	gorsiyn....radical sign	gorix....root
geler....equal	gel....equation	gelwas....thing being equated	geleas....equator	gel....equal to, as, like	gelsiyn....equal sign	gelix....equation results

Examples of mathematical expressions:

E gab e gele u.....Two plus two equals four.
E gal i gele ya.....Two times three equals six.
I gar e gele yu.....Three to the second power equals nine.
E gob e gele o.....Two minus two equals zero.
Yu gol i gele i.....Nine divided by three equals three.
Yu gor i gele i.....Nine cubed equals three.
Aso gor e gele alo.....One hundred squared equals ten.

Decimal Expressions

Decimal expressions like 2.5 use the word nod....point as in English.

Hia bavol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) ki-ge.....This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.

Calendar Expressions

The word for calendar is judar. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used:

Basic Calendar Units

Time is divided using the following basic terms:

Calendar Units
MIRAD	ENGLISH
job	time
jab	year
jeb	season
jib	month
jub	day
jwob	hour
jwab	minute
jweb	second

Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above:

Other Calendar Units
MIRAD	ENGLISH	NUMERICAL FORMULA
rojab	millenium	year x 1,000
sojab	century	year x 100
lojab	decade	year x 10
eynjab	half year	year x 1/2
uynjab	quarter	year x 1/4
yajib	semester	month x 6
yejub	week	day x 7
yejubuj	weekend	day x 7 end
eynjwob	half hour	hour x 1/2

This, next, last, etc. are expressed as follows:

Day Pointers
MIRAD	ENGLISH
hijub hia yejub hijab	today this week this year
zojub ha jana yejub zajab	yesterday last week last year
zajub ha jona yejub zajab	tomorrow next week next year
hujub hua yejub hujab	that day that week that year
jazojub ja ewa yejubi jazojab	the day before yesterday two weeks ago the year before last
jozajub jo ewa yejubi jozajab	the day after tomorrow two weeks from now the year after next

Seasons of the Year

Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for season jeb:

Seasons of the Year
MIRAD	ENGLISH
jeab	spring
jeeb	summer
jeib	autumn, Fall
jeub	winter

Examples of usage:

be jeab....in spring
ja jeeb....before summer
ju jeib....until autumn
ji jeub....since winter
je ha jeb....during the season
ub ha uj bi jeeb....toward the end of summer
eb jeab ay jeeb....between spring and summer
jeeba gemoj....vernal equinox
jeiba fayebi....autumn leaves
jeba til....seasonal drink
jeubyena jebmalyen....wintry climate
jeabyena malyen....spring-like weather
jeuben....hibernation

Months of the Year

Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month jib:

Months of the Year
MIRAD	ENGLISH
jiab	January
jieb	February
jiib	March
jiub	April
jiyob	May
jiyab	June
jiyeb	July
jiyib	August
jiyub	September
jilob	October
jilab	November
jileb	December

Some expressions using the months:

be jilob....in October
ja jiyab....before June
ja zajiyeb....by next July
hijib....this month
zojib....last month
zajib....next month
bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis....month-to-month rent
jibay....monthly
jibi joy....months later
jiba sindryen....monthly magazine
hujiba jobnis....that month's rent
hya ionjib....every trimester
jiber....menstruate

Days of the Week

Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day jub:

Days of the Week
MIRAD	ENGLISH
juab	Monday
jueb	Tuesday
juib	Wednesday
juub	Thursday
juyob	Friday
juyab	Saturday
juyeb	Sunday

Here are some common terms relating to days of the week:

Day Expressions
MIRAD	ENGLISH
hojub?	which day
hajub hu...	the day that...
hejub	someday
hijub	today
hujub	that day
hyijub	(on) the same day
hyajub	every day
hyejub	any day
zajub	yesterday
zojub	tomorrow
ha jajub be ha jana jub	the day before, (on) the previous day
ha jojub be ha jona jub	the day before, (on) the previous day
jazojub	the day before yesterday
jozajub	the day after tomorrow
hya ea jub	every other/second day
hyajub boy juyeb	every day except Sunday

Examples of Usage:

be juyob....on Friday
ju juib....until Wednesday
ji zojub....since yesterday
lojo jubuj....by [Lit: not after] day's end
jo zajub....after tomorrow
je ha jub....during the day
bi juab bu juub....from Monday to Friday

Parts of the Day

Here are the principal parts of a day:

Parts of the Day
DAYTIME	NIGHTTIME
maj....daytime, day	moj....nighttime, night
bi maj....A.M.	bi moj....P.M.
jamajij....pre-dawn	jamojij....pre-dusk
majij....daybreak, dawn	mojij....dusk
amaryap....sunrise, sunup	amaryop....sunset, sundown
jwamaj....morning zajwamaj....tomorrow morning hijwamaj....this morning zojwamaj....yesterday morning hujwamaj....that morning hyajwamaj....every morning	jwamoj....evening zajwamoj....tomorrow evening hijwamoj....this evening zojwamoj....yesterday evening hujwamoj....that evening hyajwamoj....every evening
zemaj....noon	zemoj....midnight
jozemaj....afternoon	jozemoj....after midnight
majuj....day's end	jwomoj....late night

Examples of Usage:

At tijpa ja majij.....I woke up before dawn.
At iyfe tuyjer be ha jwoa joeymaj.....I like to nap in the late afternoon.
It yexe bi amaryap bu amaryop.....He works from sunup to sundown.
Be gwa jwamoji, at teaxe sinibar.....Most evenings, I watch television.

Expressing Dates

The following is a how a date (jud) is normally expressed:

be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.....on Monday, February 11th, 1918 A.D.

A date like 2018 can be expressed as twenty eighteen (elo alyi) or two thousand eighteen (ero alyi).

The day in the above expression is pronounced ali.

The year is pronounced elo alyi (like English twenty eighteen).

The acronym for B.C. is jaK, short for ja Krist (before Christ).

The acronym for A.D. is joK, short for jo Krist (after Christ).

Other date expressions follow:

be ha 1800 jabi (alyi aso jabi)....In the 1800's (eighteen hundreds)
ja ha 20a (eloa) asojab....before the 20th (twentieth) century
eb 1920 (yulo elo) ay 2001 (elo awa)....between 1920 (nineteen twenty) and (two thousand one)
hyaje hua alojab....throughout that decade
At yexa hum je gla jabi.....I worked there for [Lit: during] many years.
Ujbu his lojo jiyab.....Finish this by [Lit: not after] May.
Iyt so him ub ha uj bi 2 (ewa) jiab.....She will be here toward the end of January 2nd.

Telling Time

Clock time expressions use mostly the word jwob (hour) or jwobi (hours).

The usual time-of-day question is Se hojwob?....What time is it? [Lit: is what-hour?]

The typical answer is in the format Se aa/ea....jwob gab/gob alo/ali....bi maj/moj. (Lit: (It) is (the) first/second....hour plus/minus ten/eleven...of day/night.

Here are some typical answers:

Se aa jwob.....It is one o'clock. [Lit: It is (the) first hour.] [NOTE: The article "the" is left unexpressed.]
Se ea jwob.....It is two o'clock. [Lit: It is (the) second hour.]
Se alea jwob.....It is twelve o'clock. [Lit: It is (the) twelfth hour.]

Se ia jwob bi maj*.....It is three o'clock A.M. [Lit: It is third hour of daytime.]
Se aloa jwob bi moj**.....It is ten o'clock P.M. [Lit: It is tenth hour of nighttime.]

* bi maj (a.m.) can be abbreviated as bma

** bi moj (p.m.) can be abbreviated as bmo

Se ua jwob (gab) alo.....It is four ten..... [Lit: It is fourth hour (plus) ten.]
Se iloa jwob gob ali.....It is thirteen minutes til three. [Lit: It is thirteenth hour minus thirteen.]
Se yoa jwobi gab uyn.....It is quarter after five. [Lit: It is fifth hour plus a quarter.]
Se yoa jwobi gob uyn.....It is quarter past five. [Lit: It is fifth hour minus a quarter.]
Se yaa jwobi gab eyn.....It is six thirty. [Lit: It is sixth hour plus a half.]
Se yaa jwobi gab ilo.....It is six thirty. [Lit: It is sixth hour plus thirty.]
Se yaa jwobi gob eyn.....It is thirty minutes til six. [Lit: It is sixth hour minus thirty.]
Se yaa jwobi gob ilo.....It is thirty minutes til six. [Lit: It is sixth hour minus a half.]

Se vyavay yea jwob gab alo bi moj.....It is exactly 7:10 P.M.. [Lit: It is exactly seventh hour plus ten of nighttime.]
Et sa alo jwoa bey alo jwabi.....You were late by 10 minutes. [Lit: You were late by ten minutes.]
Has ijo jub 5:30 (= yaa jwob gab ilo) bmo (= bi moj).....It will begin around 5:30 (= five thirty [Lit: five hours plus thirty]) p.m.
Puu him loga jwoa ev 3 (= ia) j. (= jwob)....Get here no later than 3 (= three) o'clock.
Ha yautpar puo hum yeb 10 jwabi.....The bus will arrive there within 10 minutes.
Ha jwobar izeade 2:30 (= ea jwob gab ilo).....The clock says [Lit: indicates] 2:30.
Yit pua be 3a j. be ha nod.....They arrived at 3 on the dot.

Mirad normally uses a 24-hour clock system.

Yanpu at be iloa jwob gab alyo.....Meet me at 13:15. (= 1:15 p.m.)

The word jwob (hour, o'clock) can be abbreviated as j., as in the following:

Yanpu at be 13a j.....Meet me at 13:00 (hours) [Lit: at (the) 13th h.]

The word gab (plus) can be omitted, as in:

At teato et be yoa j. alyo.....I'll see you at five fifteen (~ quarter) past five.

Note the following clock time idioms:

Clock Idioms
MIRAD	ENGLISH
jwa	early
jwe	on time
jwo	late
Se vyavay eloa jwob.	It is exactly two o'clock.
yub bi zemaj	around noon
ub zemoj	toward midnight
yeb be jwebi	within seconds
alo jwabi ja hij	ten minutes ago (= before now)
lojo 3a j.	no later than / by 3 o'clock.
jwobay	hourly / by the hour / on the hour
Hia pop efxe 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.	This trip takes (Lit: necessitates) 2 1/2 hours.
ju awa jwob bi hij	until one hour from now
ji zojub be 10a j.	since yesterday at 10 o'clock.
je ha jana 12 jwabi	for the last 12 minutes
ja / lojo 10a j.	before / by 10 o'clock (= the tenth hour)
lojo 10 jwobi.	by / in / within 10 hours.
jo 10a j.	after 10 o'clock.
jo 10 jwobi.	after 10 hours / 10 hours later

Expressing Age

Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for age: jag.

The typical question is:

Et se hojaga?....How old are you? (Lit. what-aged)

A typical answer is:

At se eli jaga.....I am twenty-three years old.

The word jaga can be left understood:

At se ilo.....I am thirty.

The following chart shows other age expressions, many of which are agglutinations of the deictic prefixes beginning with h:

Age Expressions
AGE
hojaga?....how old?
hajaga....of the age
hejaga....of some age
hijaga....this old
hujaga....that old
huujaga....so old
jaga....old jayga....oldish
joga....young joyga....youngish
gle jaga....rather old, oldish
gla jaga....very old
gra jaga....too old, super-aged
gro jaga....under-aged, minor
ge jaga....as old, of the same age
awa jab jaga....one year old awa jaga awa jab
ewa jabi jaga....two years old ewa jaga ewa jabi
alo jabi jaga....ten years old alo jaga alo jabi
ga jaga vyel et....older than you
ga joga vyel at....younger than me
ge joga vyel iyt....as young as her
ha gwa jagat bi ata tedetyan....the youngest of my siblings
grojagat....a minor
alojagat....a ten-year-old
aloyjagat....a teenager
jogat....a boy, a youth joygat....a girl
grejat....an adult, someone of age jagseat....an adolescent jagsat....grownup
yiloyjagat....an octogenarian
asoyjagat....a centenarian

Some other examples of usage:

Et jagseye fi.....You are aging well.
At voy jogseye hyegla.....I am not getting any younger.
His se taam av ha jagati.....This is a home for the ederly.
Egaku eta jogan!....Regain your youth!
At se ga jaga vyel ha meybi.....I am as old as the hills.
Teaxu ata gwa joga tobot.....Look at my youngest child.
Yat ife yata awajagat.....We love our one-year-old.
Jagseatan se yika joob bi tej.....Adolescence is a difficult period of life.

Money Expressions

This section is currency-dependent and remains under construction.

Deictic Determiners

Deictic determiners are words which point out or specify other words as to their context, including what grammarians often call demonstratives.

Categories of adjectival, pronominal, and adverbial deictic determiners:

Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns like this, that, those, that one
The definite article the(which is really a kind of demonstrative, like those above.)
Indefinite adjectives and pronouns like any, some, all, something, such, etc.
Adverbs of time like when, now, ever
Adverbs of place like there, here, somewhere
Adverbs of manner like how, thus, somehow
Adverbs of kind like so, age this year old
Adverbs of direction like that way, any which way
Adverbs of reason why?, for that reason, for no reason
Adverbs of degree this (well), so (good), how (bad)
Adverbs of frequency like how often, so often, never
Adverbs of age like this old, how old?, of any age

Deictic Prefixes

There is a whole set of deictic prefixes, which are joined to category stubs to derive adjectival, pronominal, and adverbial determiners.

Deictic Prefixes
CATEGORY	DEICTIC PREFIX
INTERROGATIVE	ho-...?....what?
EXCLAMATORY	hoo-...!....what a...!
DEFINITE	ha-....the
INDEFINITE	he-....some, a certain
PROXIMAL	hi-....this, these
IMMEDIATE	hii-....the following
DISTAL	hu-....that, those
INTENSIVE	huu-....such, so
NEGATIVE	hyo-....no, not any
DISTRIBUTIVE	hya-....every, all, each
INDETERMINATE	hye-....any, whatever
IDENTICAL	hyi-....the same, the very (Or: ge-)
NON-IDENTICAL	hyu-....the other, another, else (Or: oge-)

Category Stubs

The table below shows word stubs that indicate the category of deictic expressions. They are called stubs, because they are part of a longer word that has been reduced. The combination of deictic prefixes and category stubs produce a matrix of deictic correlatives, seen later in this chapter. Use of the stub instead of the long form is a matter of optional economy. A few categories do not have stubs.

Category Stubs
CATEGORY	STUB LONG FORM	QUESTION WORD EXAMPLE
PERSON	-t tob (person)	hot?....who?
THING	-s sun (thing)	hos?....what?
PLACE	-m nem (place)	hom?....where?
TIME	-j job (time)	hoj?....when?
MANNER	-yen byen (manner)	hoyen?....how?
KIND	-yena syena (of kind)	hoyena?....what kind of?
DEGREE	-gla nog (degree)	hogla fi?....how well?
COUNTABLE QUANTITY	-gla sag (number)	hogla pati?....how many birds?
MASS QUANTITY	-gla glan (amount)	hogla mil?....how much water?
FREQUENCY	xag (frequency) sag jodi (number of times)	hoxag?....how often? hogla jodi?....how many times?
REASON	-v sav (reason)	hov?....why?
AGE	jaga (of age)	hojaga?....how old?

Adjectival Deictic Determiners

Here is a table showing the deictic determiner prefixes attached to elements ending in -a to form various adjectival deictic determiners:

Adjectival Determiners
	ADJECTIVE OF SELECTION	ADJECTIVE OF KIND	ADJECTIVE OF POSSESSION
INTERROGATIVE	hoa...?....which...?	hoyena...?....what kind of...?	hota?....whose?
EXLAMATORY	hooa...!....what a....!
DEFINITE	ha¹....the	hayena....the kind of	hata....the one's
INDEFINITE	hea....some, a certain	heyena....some kind of, a certain kind of	heta....someone's
PROXIMAL	hia....this, these	hiyena....this kind of, such (a), like this, like these	hita....this one's
IMMEDIATE	hiia....the following	hiiyena....the following kind of	hiita....the following person's
DISTAL	hua....that, those	huyena....that kind of, like that, like those, such	huta....that one's
INTENSIVE	huua....such a, such	huuyena....such a kind of	huuta....such a person's
NEGATIVE	hyoa....not, not a, not any	hyoyena....no kind of, no such	hyota....nobody's
DISTRIBUTIVE	hya²....every, all, each	hyayena....every kind of, all kinds of	hyata....everybody's
INDETERMINATE	hyea....any, whatever	hyeyena....any kind of, whatever kind of	hyeta....anybody's
IDENTICAL	hyia....the same ha gea....the same	hyiyena....the same kind of ha geyena....the same kind of	hyita....the same one's ha geta....the same one's
NON-IDENTICAL	hyua....another ogea....another ha ogea....the other	hyuyena....some other kind of ogeyena....another kind of ha ogeyena....the other kind of	hyuta....someone else's ogeta....someone else's ha ogeta....the other person's

Note 1: The definite adjectival deictic determiner ha (actually, short for haa) is used as what is more commonly referred to as the definite article....the.

Note 2: The determiner hya is a reduced form of hyaa.

The pronominal deictic determiners can also incorporate gender in such a way that they refer to female or male persons specifically. This done by inserting the letter w before the characteristic vowel for males and the letter y after the characteristic vowel for females. Incorporating gender this way is relatively rare and only used in cases with the distinction is relative to the context:

Hwita tam se ga aga.....This guy's house is bigger.
At voy ayse huytia dyuni.....I don't have those women's names.

Usage examples of deictic determiner adjectives derived from:

Hoa tam se etas?....Which house is yours?
Hoa tej et ayse!....What a life you have!
Hoyena dyezuni ifxe et?....What kind of movies do you like?
Hota tef okwa?....Whose hat was lost?
Ha tob ta yata dyuni.....The man knew our names.
Hayena dini at ife, et ufe.....The kind of stories I love, you hate.
Hea mepi egdyunxwo.....Certain streets will be renamed.
Heyena fukyes uxaye purnyan.....Some kind of accident has caused a traffic jam.
Heta abtaf akwa be ha zatem......Someone's coat was found in the foyer.
Hia dyes se ata gafias.....This book is my favorite.
Hiia duni se yofwa.....The following words are prohibited.
Hiiyena xeyen voy afwu.....The following sort of behavior would not be allowed.
Hiyena xeyen voy vayafwo.....This type of behavior will not be tolerated.
Hita tim so yovoza.....This person's room will be blue.
Hua mas efwe egvozilbwer.....That wall needs to be repainted.
Huua dini yufxe toboti.....Such stories scare children.
Huyena duni yeyfwe yixwer za at.....Such words should not be used in front of me.
Hwuta tam magseye.....That guy's house is on fire.
Hyoa din se ga tesika.....No story is more important.
Hyoyena tes tesiyafwe.....No such meaning can be inferred.
Hyota jatexdras sa ga fia.....Nobody's plan is better.
Hya mepi izpe Roma.....All roads lead to Rome.
Hya tob yefe xer ita gon.....Every man must do his part.
Hyayena telami ese be hia mep.....All manner of restaurants exist on this street.
Hyata tej se uka bi yaobi.....Everyone's life is full of ups and downs.
Hyaewa domi agsaye.....Both cities have grown.
Hyea voz so fia.....Any color will be fine.
Hyeyena til se aysyafwa.....Any kind of drink is available.
Hyeta ved se ge ifa vyel atas.....Anyone's guess is as good as mine.
Hyea tim et fe et yafe ayser.....Whatever room you want, you can have.
Hyia/(Ha gea) fukyesi kyese glaxag.....The same accidents occur frequently.
Hyiyena/(Ha geyena) dyezuni teaxuwa zajub.....The same kind of films were shown yesterday.
Hyita/(Ha geta) dyun yixwa gajod.....The same person's name was used again.
Hyua dyezun sa ifuyea.....The other movie was more entertaining.
Hyuyena/(Ogeyena) som teasu ga fia.....Another kind of furniture would look better.
Hyuta/(ogeta) texyen se ge fyia.....Someone else's opinion is equally valid.
Hiytia dyuni voy dodraye.....These women's names have not be make public.
Hwiitia dyuni voy dodrowe.....The following males' names will not be publicized.

If the definite article or any other deictic determiner is omitted before a noun, then it has the effect of the English indefinite article a / an with a singular noun or some with a plural noun. For example:

Yat tilia ha tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank the glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank a glass of wine.

Yat tilia ha tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank the glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank (some) glasses of wine.

Yat tilia awa tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank one glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha awa tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank the one glass of wine.

Yat tilia ewa tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank two glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha ewa tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank the two glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia hya ewa tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank both glasses of wine.

Yat tilia owa tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank no/zero glasses (=not a single glass) of wine.

Yat tilia ea tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank another/a second glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha ea tilyeb bi vafil.....We drank the second glass of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ea tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank second glasses of wine., vs.
- Yat tilia ha ea tilyebi bi vafil.....We drank the second glasses of wine.

If an indefinite article sense is needed for clarity, the words awa (one) or hea (some, a certain) can be used, eg.:

At igtease awa tob yiztyoyaber.....I glimpsed a man walk by.
Hwit zoyupo hea juab.....He will come back on a / a certain / some Monday.

Pronominal Deictic Determiners

The following chart shows deictic determiners used as pronouns. Note that the suffix -s (short for sun) is used pronouns referring to things, while -t (short for tob) is used for those referring to persons. The suffix -i pluralized either of these. The distinction between a form like what? and a selective form like which? is made by using the full adjectival form (with -a-) in the selective forms. So, for example, hot? is who?, but hoat? is which one? (referring to a person). The determiners referring to persons can optionally be made specifically male with the insertion of the letter w before the stem vowel or specifically female with the insertion of the letter y before the stem-ending t:

Pronominal Deictic Determiners
PRONOUNS	THING THINGS	SELECTIVE THING SELECTIVE THINGS	SELECTIVE PERSON SELECTIVE PERSONS	PERSON PERSONS	PERSON'S THING PERSON'S THINGS
INTERROGATIVE	hos?....what (thing)? hosi?....what (things)?	hoas?....which one? hoasi?....which ones?	hoat?....which person?? hwoat?....which man? hoayt?....which woman? hoati?....which people? hwoati?....which men? hoayti?....which women?	hot?....who?, whom? hwot?....who?, whom? hoyt....who? hoti?....who?, whom? hwoti?....who?, whom? hoyti?....who?, whom?	hotas?....whose (thing)? hwotas?....whose hoytas?....whose? hotasi?....whose (things)? hwotasi?....whose? hoytasi?....whose?
DEFINITE	has....it, the thing hasi....they, them, the things	haas....the one haasi....the ones	haat....the one hwaat....the male one haayt....the female one haasi....the ones hwaasi....the male ones haaysi....the female ones	hat....the person, he, him hwat....he, him hayt....she, her hati....the persons, they, them hwati....the males, they, them hayti....the females, they, them	hatas....whose? (thing) hwatas....whose haytas....whose hatasi....whose )things) hwatasi....whose haytasi....whose
INDEFINITE	hes....something hesi....some (things)	heas....a certain one heasi....certain ones	heat....a certain one hweat....a certain male heayt....a certain female heati....certain ones hweati....some males heayti....some females	het....someone hwet....some male heyt....some female heti....some (people) hweti....some males heyti....some females	hetas....someone's hwetas....some male's heytas....some female's hetasi....some people's hwetasi....some males' heytasi....some females'
PROXIMAL	his....this hisi....these	hias....this one - hiasi....these	hiat....this one hwiat....this one hiayt....this one hiati....these ones hwiati....these of the males hiayti....these of the females	hit....this person hwit....he, him hiyt....she, her hiti....these people, they, them hwiti....these males hiyti....these females	hitas....this person's, his hwitas....this male's hiytas....this female's hitasi....this person's (things), theirs hwitasi....this man's hiytasi....this woman'
IMMEDIATE	hiis....the following hiisi....the following (things)	hiias....the following one hiiasi....the following ones	hiiat....the following person hwiiat....the following male hiiayt....the following female hiiati....the following ones hwiiati....the following males hiiayti....the following females	hiit....the following person hwiit....the following male hiiyt....the following female hiiti....the following (people) hwiiti....the following males hiiyti....the following females	hiitas....the following person's (thing) hwiitas....the following male's hiiytas....the following female's hiitasi....the following person's (things) hwiitasi....the following male's hiiytasi....the following female's
DISTAL	hus....that husi....those	huas....that one huasi....those	huat....that one hwuat....that one of the males huayt....that one of the females huati....those people, they hwuati....those males huayti....those females	hut....that person, he, him hwut....that guy, he, him huyt....that female, she, her huti....those people, they, them hwuti....those males huyti....those females	hutas....that person's, his hwutas....his huytas....hers hutasi....that person's (things), his hwutasi....his huytasi....hers
INTENSIVE	huus....such, such a thing huusi....such things	huuas....such a one huuasi....such ones	huuat....such a person (rare) (rare) huuati....such people (rare) (rare)	huut....such a person hwuut....such a male huuyt....such a female huuti....such people hwuuti....such males huuyti....such females	huutas....such a person's (rare) (rare) huutasi....such people's (things) (rare> (rare)
NEGATIVE	hyos....nothing hyosi....none	hyoas....not a one hyoasi....none	hyoat....not a one hyoati....none	hyot....nobody hywot....no male hyoyt....no female hyoti....no people hywoti....no males hyoyti....no females	hyotas....nobody's hyotasi....nobody's (things)
DISTRIBUTIVE	hyas....everything, all hyasi....all things	hyaas....each one hyaasi....all of them	hyaat....each one hyaati....all of them	hyat....everyone hywat....every male hyayt....every female hyati....all (people) hywati....all males hyayti....all females	hyatas....everyone's hyatasi....everyone's (things)
INDETERMINATE	hyes....anything, whatever hyesi....any	hyeas....whatever one hyeasi....any of them	hyeat....whichever one hyeati....whichever ones	hyet....anyone hywet....any male hyeyt....any female hyeti....whoever hyweti....whichever males hyeyti....whichever females	hyetas....whoever's hyetasi....anybody's (things)
IDENTICAL	hyis....the same thing hyisi....the same things	hyis....the same one hyiasi....the same ones	hyiat....the same one hyiati....the same one	hyit....the same person hywit....the same guy hyiyt....the same woman hyiti....the same people hywiti....the same men hyiyti....the same women	hyitas....the same person's hyitasi....the same person's (things)
NON-IDENTICAL	hyus....something else hyusi....other things	hyuas....the other one hyuasi....the other ones	hyuat....the other one hyuati....the others	hyut....someone else hywut....the other guy hyuyt....the other woman hyuti....others hywuti....the other guys hyuyti....the other women	hyutas....someone else's hyutasi....someone else's (things)

Here is a chart of pronominal deictic determiners of kind formed from the corresponding adjectival determiners of kind (eg. hoyena?....what kind of...?):

Pronominal Deictic Determiners of Kind
	KIND OF THING KIND OF THINGS	KIND OF PERSON KIND OF PEOPLE
INTERROGATIVE	hoyenas?....what kind of thing? hoyenasi?....what kind of things?	hoyenat?....what kind of person? hoyenati?....what kind of people?
DEFINITE	hayenas....the kind of thing hayenasi....the kind of things	hayenat....the kind of person hayenati....the kind of people
INDEFINITE	heyenas....some kind of thing heyenasi....some kind of things	heyenat....some kind of person heyenati ....some kind of people
PROXIMAL	hiyenas....this kind of thing, such a thing hiyenasi....these kinds of things, such things	hiyenat....this kind of person, such a person hiyenati....these kinds of people, such people
IMMEDIATE	hiiyenas....the following kind of thing hiiyenasi....the following kinds of things	hiiyenat....the following kind of person hiiyenati....the following kinds of people
DISTAL	huyenas....that kind of thing, such a thing huyenasi....such things, such things	huyenat....that kind of person, such a person huyenati....those kind of people, such people
INTENSIVE	huuyenas....such a thing huuyenasi....such kinds of things	huuyenat....such a person huuyenati....such kinds of people
NEGATIVE	hyoyenas....no such thing hyoyenasi....no such things	hyoyenat....no such person hyoyenati....no such people
DISTRIBUTIVE	hyayenas....every kind of thing hyayenasi....all kinds of things	hyayenat....every kind of person hyayenati....all kinds of people
INDETERMINATE	hyeyenas....any kind of thing hyeyenasi....any kinds of things	hyeyenat....any kind of person hyeyenati....any kinds of people
IDENTICAL	hyiyenas....the same kind of thing hyiyenasi....the same kinds of things	hyiyenat....the same kind of person hyiyenati....the same kinds of people
NON-IDENTICAL	hyuyenas....some other kind of thing hyuyenasi....other kinds of things	hyuyenat....some other kind of person hyuyenati....other kinds of people

Any of the above animate deictic determiners can (though rarely) be made to refer specifically to males or females with the ending -wat or -wati for males and -ayt or -ayti for females. For example: any kind of males would be translated with hyeyenwati.....Every kind of female would be translated with hyayenayt.

Selective vs. Non-Selective Forms

The pronominal deictic interrogative determiner hot? means who and contrasts with its selective counterpart hoat?, which means which one?. All the selective determiners refer to one or more things or persons from a selectable pool of things or persons.

The following sentences illustrate the use of the above pronominal determiners:

Hot aka zajuba ek?....Who won yesterday's game?
Hoat bi ha akuti sa ha gwa fiat?....Which one of the winners was the best?
Hota tam se hus?....Whose house is that?
Hotas se hus?....Whose is that?
Hotia deuzi et gaife?....Whose songs do you prefer?
Hotias et gaife?....Whose do you prefer?
Hos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
Hosi se eta gaifuni?....What are your preferences?
Hoa deuzi se eta gwafiasi?....Which songs are your best?
Hoasi se eta gwafiasi?....Which ones are your best?
Bi hia deuzuti, hoat et gafie?....Of these vocalists, which one do you prefer?
Hiiti yaneko hijub.....The following people will compete today.
Hoati se gwa fia?'....Which ones are best?
Hoti et teexe gwa jodi?....Who (all) do you listen to the most often?
Huat hu at teexe gwaxag draye ejna deuz.....The one I listen to the most has written a new song.
Ejna deuz? At voy teste haas hu et tede.....New song? I don't understand which one you mean.
Hias.....This one.
Vo. Huasi se ga fia.....No. Those are better.
His se jub av ivxelen.....This is a day for celebration.
Va. Hia jub. At tese hijub.....Yes. This day. I mean To-day.
Husi sa ha jubi, ata dat!....Those were the days, my friend!
Hos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
Hot aka ha igpek?....Who won the race?
Hyas uja fi.....Everything ended well.
Hyasi uje.....All things come to an end.
Hyayenasi vey kyesu.....All sorts of things might happen.
Hyos yoka at.....Nothing surprised me.
Hyot ta adut hu ako.....Nobody knew who would win.
Huaytihu fu pier yefe.....Those females who would like to leave may.
Hyet yefe eker hia ifek.....Anyone can play this game.
Huyenasi voy afwo.....Such things will not be permitted.
Hua twob voy taxe hia toyb.....That man does not remember this woman.
Huti yanyexe fi.....Those guys work well together.
Huuyti hyaj yubixe tezex.....Such females always attract attention.
At jay teataye hiyenasi.....I've seen such things before.
Huyenwat voy vabiwu.....A man like that would not be accepted.
Hoyenasi weti iyfe xer je ha maj.....What kinds of things do you guys like to do during the day?

Placement of Interrogative Deictic Determiners

In a sequence of adjectives before a noun, deictic determiners go first, eg.:

Hoa ewa oga nyefi bewe et?....Which two small bags belong to you?

In interrogative sentences, the interrogative deictic determiner (question word) often starts out the sentence, as in English.

Hos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
Hot et teata aay hijub?....Who(m) did you see first today?

Interrogative deictic determiners can also go at the end of sentence:

Eta dyun se hos?....What is your name? Lit. Your name is what?

Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners

Sometimes, a deictic determiner specifies numerical information. This chart shows those forms:

Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners
ADJECTIVE	INANIMATE PRONOUN	ANIMATE PRONOUN	PRONOMINAL DETERMINER	POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
hawa* the only	hawas....the only thing hawasi....the only things	hawat....the only one (person) hawati....the only ones	hawata....the only person's	hawatas....the only one's hawatasi....the only one's (things)
hyawa* each	hyawas....each one	hyawat....each person	hyawata....each person's	hyawatas....each one's hyawatasi....each one's (things)
hyaewa....both	hyaewasi....both (things)	hyaewati....both (people)	bi hyaewati....both person's	has bi hyaewati....both person's hasi bi hyaewati....both persone's (things)
hyaiwa....all three	hyaiwasi....all three (things)	hyaiwati....all three (people)	hyaiwata....all three person's	has bi hyaiwati....all three person's hasi bi hyaiwati....all three person's (things)
ohyawa....not every	ohyawas....not everything	ohyawat....not everyone	ohyawata....not every person's	ohyawatas....not everyone's ohyawatasi....not everyone's (things)
hyoawa....not a single	hyoawas....not a single thing	hyoawat....not a single person	hyowata....not a single person's	hyowatas....not a single person's hyowatasi....not a single person's (things)
hyeawa....either	hyeawas....either one	hyeawat....either one (person)	hyeawata....either one's	hyeawatas....either one's hyeawatasi....either one's (things)
hyeewa....any two	hyeewasi....any two things	hyeewati....any two people	bi hyeewati....any two person's	has bi hyeewati....any two persons' hasi bi hyeewati....any two persons' (things)
hyeowa....neither	hyeowas....neither one	hyeowat....neither person	hyeawata....neither person's	hyeowatas....neither one's hyeowatasi....neither one's (things)
hyuawa....another	hyuawas....another one	hyuawat....another	hyuawata....another's	hyuawatas....another's hyuawatasi....another's (things)
hyuowa....no other	hyuowas....nothing else	hyuowat....nobody else	hyuowata....no other's	hyuowatas....no other's hyuowatasi....no other's (things)

*Hawa and hyawa are short for haawa and hyaawa, respectively.

Examples using the above number-incorporating deictic determiners:

Ohyawat se iva bay eta vaod.....Not everyone is happy with your decision.
Hyaewasi yafwe uxer yata efi.....Both (things) can serve our needs.
Hyeawa tim ivlaxo at.....Either room will satisfy me.
Hyeowas oivlaxo at.....Neither one will dissatisfy me.

Note: Hyua means the other, while hyuawa means another, eg.:

At fu hyua til.....I would like the other drink., vs.
At fu hyuawa til.....I would like another drink.

Similarly, hya means every, all, while hyawa means each, eg.:

Hya dom ayse tebixea suni teaxer.....Every city has interesting things to see.
Hya domi ayse tebixuni.....All cities have things of interest.
Hyawa dom ayse tebixun.....Each city has something of interest.

Also, ha means the, while hawa means the only, eg.:

Hawa twob nazea ata tezex se et.....The only man worth my attention is you.
Ha twob hu at gwa ife se et.....The man I most love is you.

By appending y to hawa, we get the adverb haway....only, solely, eg;

Haway et nize ata tezex.....Only you deserve my attention..

The singular person pronouns in the above chart can be converted into pronominal determiners by adding the adjective suffix a, eg.:

Hyawata tej se ge glatesa vyel hyutas.....Each one's life is as important as another's.
Hyeowata dyun se vyama.....Neither person's name is real.

However, the plural person pronouns in the above chart use the preposition bi (of) to form possessives, eg.:

Ha teji bi hyaiwati se kyebukuwa.....The lives of all three are in danger.

The above singular pronominal determiners can, in turn, be converted into inanimate pronouns with the suffix -s.

Hyawatas se glatesa.....Each one's is important.
Hyeowatas se vyama.....Neither's is real.

The plural pronominal determiners can be nominalized with the use of bi, eg:

Hyaiwasi bi huti se kyebukuwa.....All three of theirs' are in danger.

Correlative Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners are handled as follows:

Hyeawa A ey B....either A or B
Hyeowa A oy B....neither A nor B
Hyaewa A ay B....both A and B
Hawa A, voy B....only A, not B

Adverbial Deictic Determiners

This tables shows a correlated set of pro-adverbs built through the agglutination of deictic prefixes and catetory stubs. This is not all-inclusive, because their are other similary-constructed pro-verbs relating to other categories.

Adverbial Deictic Determiners
PRO-ADVERBS	MANNER (b)yen	PLACE (ne)m	TIME j(ob)	DEGREE nog ~ gla¹	REASON sav	FREQUENCY xag
INTERROGATIVE	hoyen? how?, in what way?	hom? where?	hoj? when?	honog? ~ hogla? how?, to what degree?	hosav? why?	hoxag?² how often?
DEFINITE	hayen the way, how	ham the place, where	haj the time, when	hanog ~ hagla as, to the degree	hasav (hu) for the reason (that), because	haxag as often (...as)
INDEFINITE	heyen somehow, in some way	hem somewhere	hej sometime	henog ~ hegla somewhat	hesav for some reason	hexag with some frequency
PROXIMAL	hiyen this way, so	him here	hij now	hinog ~ higla so, this, to this extent	hisav for this reason, hence	hixag this often
IMMEDIATE	hiiyen in the following way	hiim hereby	hiij here now	hiinog ~ hiigla to the following extent	hiisav for the following reason	hiixag as often as follows
DISTAL	huyen that way, thus	hum there	huj then	hunog ~ hugla so, that, to that extent	husav for that reason, therefore, so	huxag that often
INTENSIVE	huuyen in such a way, so, thus	huum at such a place	huuj at such a time	huunog ~ huugla so, to such an extend	huusav for such a reason	huuxag so often
NEGATIVE	hyoyen in nowise	hyom nowhere	hyoj never	hyonog ~ hyogla not at all	hyosav for no reason	hyoxag never
DISTRIBUTIVE	hyayen totally, in every way	hyam everywhere	hyaj always	hyanog ~ hyagla totally	hyasav for every reason	hyaxag always
INDETERMINATE	hyeyen anyway	hyem anywhere, wherever	hyej whenever	hyenog ~ hyegla however, to any degree	hyesav for whatever reason	hyexag with whatever frequency
IDENTICAL	hyiyen³ (hu) likewise, as, in the same way (that)	hyim at the same place	hyij at the same time	hyinog ~ hyigla; as, to the same extent	hyisav for the same reason	hyixag as often
NON-IDENTICAL	hyuyen⁴ otherwise	hyum elsewhere	hyuj some other time	hyunog ~ hyugla not as	hyusav for some other reason	hyuxag not as often

Note 1: -nog and -gla forms are synonymous, insofar as expressions of degree are concerned.

Note 2 hoxag? and other frequency forms can be also expressed as hogla jodi?....how many times.

Note 3 hyi- can be substituted by ge-.

Note 4 hyu- can be substituted by oge-.

The longer, expanded forms of pro-adverbs can be used at any time. For example:

At egteato et hejob.....I will see you again sometime.
Hosun se eta dyun?....What is your name?
Et yeyfe axer hubyen.....You shouldn't act that way.

It should be noted that all of these pro-adverb determiners, unless used as nouns, such as in the sentence Iyt iyfe him.....She likes this place (or) She likes it here., are really abbreviations of longer expressions with mostly the preposition be....at. For example, At tambeseya hum., meaning I used to live there. is ignoring the preposition be from the longer, more explicit version At tambeseya be hum., lit. I used to live at that-place. The proper preposition must be explicitly present if something other than be....at is meant. For example, from where? is expressed as bi hom? Similarly, up until then would be expressed as byu huj.

Here are some examples of how adverbial determiners are used:

Hom et tambese?....Where do you live? < Et tambese be HOa neM?....You live at what place.)
At tame hum.....I live there.
Et tame hum hu ha mep uje.....You live where the road ends.
Hom weti peye?....Where are you guys going?
Et yafe per hyem hu et fu.....You can go anywhere.
Bi hom et se?....Where are you from?
Hoj et taja?....When were you born?
At voy tajaya huj.....I had not been born then.
Et yeyfe duder hiiyen.....You should respond in the following way.
Ot voy yefe daler huuyen.....One must not talk in such a manner.
Et pia hesav.....He left for some reason.
Hoyen et iyfe hia vafil?....How do like this wine?
Voy se fia axer hiyen.....It is not good to act this way.
Hosav et tadsa huunog jwa?....Why did you marry so late?
Ha tob pia hyosav.....The man left for no reason.
Hwat pia hasav hu it efa per hyum.....The guy left because( ~ [for] the reason that) he needed to go elsewhere.

The different, somewhat confusing, meanings of how are illustrated here:

Hoyen it xa hus?....How did he do that?.... (Equivalent to Be hoa byen...?....In what way...?) (ADVERB OF MANNER)
Hoyen et xeye?....How are you doing?.... (This is the normal way of saying How are you? or How do you do? (ADVERB OF MANNER)
Hoyena sa ha dyezun?.... How was the film?.... (How here is an ADJECTIVE OF KIND, and thus ends in -a.)
Honog (= Hogla) aga it se?....How big is he?.... (ADVERB OF DEGREE)
Huunog (= Huugla) iyfla et se!....How nice you are!.... (ADVERB OF EMPHATIC DEGREE)

The conjunction as is expressed most often using pro-adverbs of manner:

Xu hayen hu at de.....Do as I say. = (in) the way that...
Xu hyiyen hu (or geyen hu) at xe.....Do as I do. = (in) the same way that...
Xu hiiyen:....Do as follows: = (in) this hereby manner...

However, the particle gel (like, as) can be substituted:

Xu gel at de.....Do as I say.

Many of the pro-adverb determiners in the above chart can be relativized by adding the relative marker hu after the base form, eg:

At teaso et haj hu et puo him.....I will see you when you get here.
It xa has hasav hu tosa yefa.....He did it because (for the reason that) he felt compelled.
Hyem hu et po, et so ga iva.....Wherever you go, you'll be happier.

See more about this in the section on relative clauses under Verbs.

Quantitative Deictic Determiners

The deictic prefixes can be combined with gla to form quantitative expressions acting as adverbial or adjectival determiners, and substantives (pronouns referring to things or people):

Quantitative Deictic Determiners
	ADVERBIAL / ADJECTIVAL DETERMINER	INANIMATE SINGULAR PRONOUN	INANIMATE PLURAL PRONOUN	ANIMATE PLURAL PRONOUN
INTERROGATIVE	hogla?....how?/how much?/how many?	hoglas?....how much?	hoglasi?....how many	hoglati?....how many (people)?
DEFINITE	hagla....how/as much/as many	haglas....as much	haglasi....as many	haglati....as many (people)
INDEFINITE	hegla....somewhat/some/some	heglas....some	heglasi....some	heglati....some (people)
PROXIMAL	higla....this/this much/this many	higlas....this much	higlasi....this many	higlati....this many (people)
DISTAL	hugla....that/that much/that many	huglas....that much	huglasi....that many huyglasi....so many	huglati....that many (people)
EMPHATIC	huugla....so very, so much, so many	huuglas....so much	huuglasi....so many	huuglati....so many (people)
NEGATIVE	hyogla....not at all/no/no	hyoglas....none of it	hyoglasi....none of them	hyoglati....none
DISTRIBUTIVE	hyagla....totally/all/all	hyaglas....all of it	hyaglasi....all of them	hyaglati....all
INDETERMINATE	hyegla....however/any/any	hyeglas....any of it	hyeglasi....any of them	hyeglati....any number of them
IDENTICAL	hyigla....as/as much/as many, equally	hyiglas....the same amount	hyiglasi....the same number	hyiglati....as many (people)
NON-IDENTICAL	hyugla....not as much/not as much/not as many	hyuglas....a different amount	hyuglasi....a different number of things	hyuglati....a different number of people

Here are some examples showing how these quantitative determiners are used:

Et deuze huugla fi.....You sing so well.
At se hegla booka.....I am somewhat tired.
Hogla pati et teata hijub?....How many birds did you see today?
At teata vyavay hugla tami.....I saw exactly that many houses.
Iyt fe hyiglas vyel et.....She wants the same amount as you.
Hoglati yantexe yet?....How many (people) agree with you?
Hyoglati yantexe.....None agree.
Yit fu heglasi.....They would like some (of them).
Et yafe bier hyeglasi et fe.....You can take however many you want.
At se huugla booka.....I am so tired.

NOTE: The following determiners are synonymous and interchangeable:

hegla = gle = henog (somewhat, to some degree)
hyigla = ge = hyinog (as, equally, to the same degree)

The determiners hogla and huugla can be used as exclamatory adverbs, eg.:

Hogla et agsaye!....How you have grown!
Hua twob jagsaye huugla!....That man has aged so much!
Hia jotul se huugla fiteluza!....This dessert is sooo delicioius!

Pronominal Determiners

For a discussion of pronominal determiners (or possessive adjectives) like my, mine, yours, our own, etc., see Pronominal Determiners under Pronouns.

This article is issued from Wikibooks. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.