Zamora (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Zamora is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects four deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Zamora. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Zamora
Congress of Deputies
Electoral constituency
Location of Zamora within Spain
ProvinceZamora
Autonomous communityCastile and León
Population167,215 (2022)[1]
Electorate162,998 (2023)
Major settlementsZamora, Benavente
Current constituency
Created1977
Seats4 (1977–1989)
3 (1989–present)
Member(s)
  •   PP (2)
  •   PSOE (1)

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[4] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3][5][6] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[7]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[5][6]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
Key to parties
  PSOE
  Cs
  UCD
  PP
  CP
  AP
  Vox
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
1 2 1
1st 1979
1 3
2nd 1982
2 1 1
3rd 1986
2 2
4th 1989
1 2
5th 1993
1 2
6th 1996
1 2
7th 2000
1 2
8th 2004
1 2
9th 2008
1 2
10th 2011
1 2
11th 2015
1 2
12th 2016
1 2
13th 2019 (Apr)
1 1 1
14th 2019 (Nov)
1 1 1
15th 2023
1 2

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 46,19644.67+11.10 2+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 33,60132.49–0.33 1±0
Vox (Vox) 13,65213.20–3.87 0–1
Unite (Sumar)1 5,8395.65–1.37 0±0
Zamora Yes (ZSí) 1,8431.78New 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 5260.51+0.14 0±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)1 3130.30–0.13 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 1660.16–0.12 0±0
Workers' Front (FO) 1210.12New 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 1000.10–0.02 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 810.08–0.06 0±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 500.05–0.08 0±0
Blank ballots 9220.89–0.32
Total 103,410 3±0
Valid votes 103,41098.80+0.32
Invalid votes 1,2611.20–0.32
Votes cast / turnout 104,67164.22+4.00
Abstentions 58,32735.78–4.00
Registered voters 162,998
Sources[8]
Footnotes:

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 33,49533.57+3.97 1±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 32,74732.82+1.52 1±0
Vox (Vox) 17,03617.07+5.42 1+1
United We Can (PodemosIU) 7,0017.02–1.28 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 6,8356.85–10.08 0–1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 4320.43–0.10 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 3690.37New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 2780.28–0.09 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1430.14+0.01 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 1290.13±0.00 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 1200.12+0.02 0±0
Blank ballots 1,2061.21+0.24
Total 99,791 3±0
Valid votes 99,79198.48–0.04
Invalid votes 1,5431.52+0.04
Votes cast / turnout 101,33460.22–6.15
Abstentions 66,93439.78+6.15
Registered voters 168,268
Sources[9]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 34,62831.30+7.38 1±0
People's Party (PP) 32,75029.60–18.66 1–1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 18,72916.93+5.52 1+1
Vox (Vox) 12,88711.65New 0±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo) 9,1878.30–5.85 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 5850.53+0.04 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 4050.37+0.22 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 1470.13–0.03 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1410.13New 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 1160.10New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,0700.97+0.04
Total 110,645 3±0
Valid votes 110,64598.52–0.17
Invalid votes 1,6601.48+0.17
Votes cast / turnout 112,30566.37+2.71
Abstentions 56,89533.63–2.71
Registered voters 169,200
Sources[9]

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 52,55548.26+5.70 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 26,04523.92+0.96 1±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquoCLI–AS)1 15,40314.15–4.74 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 12,42311.41–1.50 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 5370.49+0.05 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 2560.24–0.42 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 2010.18New 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1740.16–0.01 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 1580.15–0.07 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1310.12+0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 1,0100.93–0.15
Total 108,893 3±0
Valid votes 108,89398.69+0.03
Invalid votes 1,4461.31–0.03
Votes cast / turnout 110,33963.66–2.09
Abstentions 62,98136.34+2.09
Registered voters 173,320
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 48,16042.56–15.20 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 25,98522.96–6.72 1±0
We Can (Podemos) 15,86514.02New 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 14,60812.91New 0±0
United LeftPopular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 5,5144.87–0.35 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 7470.66–3.27 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 5020.44+0.11 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 2460.22–0.14 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1870.17New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1280.11New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,2271.08–0.66
Total 113,169 3±0
Valid votes 113,16998.66+0.03
Invalid votes 1,5341.34–0.03
Votes cast / turnout 114,70365.75–1.39
Abstentions 59,74234.25+1.39
Registered voters 174,445
Sources[9]

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 68,22857.76+6.34 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 35,05929.68–13.10 1±0
United Left of Castile and León: Plural Left (IUCyL) 6,1615.22+2.96 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 4,6413.93+3.00 0±0
Blank Seats (EB) 6490.55New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 4290.36–0.01 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3950.33+0.17 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 2980.25+0.14 0±0
Anti-capitalists (Anticapitalistas) 2050.17New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,0571.74+0.55
Total 118,122 3±0
Valid votes 118,12298.63–0.23
Invalid votes 1,6371.37+0.23
Votes cast / turnout 119,75967.14–7.74
Abstentions 58,60632.86+7.74
Registered voters 178,365
Sources[9]

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 68,27651.42–1.93 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 56,79342.78+2.85 1±0
United Left–Alternative (IU) 3,0022.26–0.25 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,2340.93New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 4910.37–0.06 0±0
The Greens of Europe (LVdE) 3810.29New 0±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 2110.16New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1520.11New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 920.07+0.02 0±0
Communist Party of the Castilian People (PCPC–PCPE) 900.07+0.03 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 890.07New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 800.06+0.02 0±0
Liberal Centrist Union (UCL) 800.06–0.04 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 760.06New 0±0
Commoners' Land (TC) 680.05–0.02 0±0
Centrist Party (PCTR) 400.03New 0±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 360.03New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,5801.19–0.69
Total 132,771 3±0
Valid votes 132,77198.86–0.30
Invalid votes 1,5261.14+0.30
Votes cast / turnout 134,29774.88+0.44
Abstentions 45,05825.12–0.44
Registered voters 179,355
Sources[9]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 71,82153.35–5.48 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 53,75739.93+7.49 1±0
United Left (IU) 3,3752.51–0.33 0±0
United Zamora (ZU) 7540.56New 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 7540.56New 0±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 5780.43–0.37 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1940.14–0.74 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 1900.14New 0±0
Liberal Centrist Union (UCL) 1400.10New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 1220.09New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 920.07–0.07 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 620.05New 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 620.05New 0±0
Communist Party of the Castilian People (PCPC–PCPE) 550.04New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 550.04New 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 520.04–0.08 0±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 380.03New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,5251.88+0.16
Total 134,626 3±0
Valid votes 134,62699.16+0.18
Invalid votes 1,1420.84–0.18
Votes cast / turnout 135,76874.44+4.71
Abstentions 46,61125.56–4.71
Registered voters 182,379
Sources[9]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 75,26858.83+4.82 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' PartyProgressives (PSOE–p) 41,49832.44–4.54 1±0
United Left (IU) 3,6372.84–2.78 0±0
Zamoran People's Union (UPZ) 2,3471.83New 0±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) 1,1290.88–0.18 0±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 1,0280.80+0.19 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2310.18+0.05 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 2040.16New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1760.14+0.08 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 1500.12New 0±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 710.06New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,1961.72+0.52
Total 127,935 3±0
Valid votes 127,93598.98–0.28
Invalid votes 1,3231.02+0.28
Votes cast / turnout 129,25869.73–7.48
Abstentions 56,10730.27+7.48
Registered voters 185,365
Sources[9]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 75,22354.01+4.52 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 51,50936.98–2.53 1±0
United Left of Castile and León (IUCL) 7,8245.62+1.21 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 1,4731.06–2.38 0±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 8500.61+0.23 0±0
Inter-Zamoran Party (PIZ) 2150.15New 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 1840.13–0.09 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1320.09+0.04 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT) 1080.08New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 770.06+0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 1,6771.20+0.15
Total 139,272 3±0
Valid votes 139,27299.26–0.08
Invalid votes 1,0350.74+0.08
Votes cast / turnout 140,30777.21+0.62
Abstentions 41,42622.79–0.62
Registered voters 181,733
Sources[9]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 67,59749.49+6.80 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 53,96539.51+1.58 1±0
United Left of Castile and León (IU) 6,0274.41+0.43 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 4,7033.44–8.08 0±0
The Greens (LV) 7470.55+0.06 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 5210.38–0.05 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 4210.31–0.47 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 3520.26–0.15 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2960.22New 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 1300.10New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1130.08New 0±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 740.05New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 740.05New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 690.05New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 630.05New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,4371.05+0.17
Total 136,589 3±0
Valid votes 136,58999.34+0.24
Invalid votes 9030.66–0.24
Votes cast / turnout 137,49276.59+4.47
Abstentions 42,03623.41–4.47
Registered voters 179,528
Sources[9]

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP)1 54,82142.69+1.79 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 48,71237.93+0.44 1–1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 14,79111.52–3.53 0±0
United Left (IU) 5,1113.98+2.09 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 1,0030.78New 0±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV) 6330.49New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 5530.43–0.01 0±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 5260.41New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 4620.36–0.18 0±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 2880.22–0.38 0±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR) 2090.16New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1710.13New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,1310.88–0.03
Total 128,411 3–1
Valid votes 128,41199.10+1.35
Invalid votes 1,1710.90–1.35
Votes cast / turnout 129,58272.12+2.05
Abstentions 50,09427.88–2.05
Registered voters 179,676
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Coalition (APPDPPL)1 52,84440.90+5.04 2+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 48,43637.49+1.41 2±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 19,44415.05+10.61 0±0
United Left (IU)2 2,4401.89+0.86 0±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 1,4051.09New 0±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 7710.60New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 7040.54–0.01 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 5740.44–0.56 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 3910.30+0.03 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 3120.24New 0±0
Leonese Convergence (CL) 2710.21New 0±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR) 2380.18New 0±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 1800.14New 0±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) n/an/a–18.66 0–1
Blank ballots 1,1810.91–0.12
Total 129,191 4±0
Valid votes 129,19197.75+2.57
Invalid votes 2,9702.25–2.57
Votes cast / turnout 132,16170.07–7.18
Abstentions 56,45429.93+7.18
Registered voters 188,615
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 47,80436.08+13.59 2+1
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (APPDP)1 47,50435.86+19.62 1+1
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 24,72518.66–31.91 1–2
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 5,8804.44New 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 1,3681.03–1.88 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 1,3221.00New 0±0
New Force (FN)2 1,0010.76–0.99 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 7310.55New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 3540.27New 0±0
Spanish Solidarity (SE) 2660.20New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 1440.11New 0±0
Communist Movement of Castile and León (MC–CL) 110.01–0.46 0±0
Socialist Party (PS) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,3681.03+0.30
Total 132,478 4±0
Valid votes 132,47895.18–2.80
Invalid votes 6,7154.82+2.80
Votes cast / turnout 139,19377.25+8.69
Abstentions 40,99722.75–8.69
Registered voters 180,190
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 61,02550.57+3.98 3+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 27,14322.49+0.34 1±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 19,60316.24–7.33 0–1
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 3,5062.91+0.77 0±0
Liberal Party (PL) 2,4582.04New 0±0
National Union (UN) 2,1111.75New 0±0
Spanish Ruralist Party (PRE) 1,0760.89New 0±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE) 5910.49New 0±0
Communist MovementOrganization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 5630.47New 0±0
Workers' Communist Party (PCT) 4880.40New 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 4630.38New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 4000.33New 0±0
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR) 3720.31New 0±0
Blank ballots 8810.73+0.27
Total 120,680 4±0
Valid votes 120,68097.98+0.42
Invalid votes 2,4932.02–0.42
Votes cast / turnout 123,17368.56–12.43
Abstentions 56,48031.44+12.43
Registered voters 179,653
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Zamora
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 60,62646.59n/a 2n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 30,67723.57n/a 1n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 26,22520.15n/a 1n/a
Federation of Christian Democracy (FPDID) 5,1103.93n/a 0n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 2,7832.14n/a 0n/a
People's Socialist PartySocialist Unity (PSP–US) 2,5972.00n/a 0n/a
Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI) 1,5161.16n/a 0n/a
Blank ballots 6000.46n/a
Total 130,134 4n/a
Valid votes 130,13497.56n/a
Invalid votes 3,2562.44n/a
Votes cast / turnout 133,39080.99n/a
Abstentions 31,31619.01n/a
Registered voters 164,706
Sources[9]

References

  1. "Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (305): 178928–178933. 21 December 2022. ISSN 0212-033X.
  2. "Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  4. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  5. "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  6. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  7. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  8. "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN 0212-033X.
  9. "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.

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