USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83)

USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83) is a 290-foot (88 m) former Coast Guard icebreaker on exhibit as a museum ship at the Icebreaker Mackinaw Maritime Museum in Mackinaw City, Michigan. The vessel has been known as the "Queen of the Great Lakes"; the site states that "she was built during World War II to meet the heavy demands of war materials and transportation during the winter months".[6]

For other ships with the same name, see USCGC Mackinaw and USCGC Mackinac.

USCGC Mackinaw
USCGC Mackinaw
History
United States
NameUSCGC Mackinaw
NamesakeMackinaw City, Michigan
BuilderToledo Shipbuilding Company
Laid downMarch 20, 1943
LaunchedMarch 4, 1944
CommissionedDecember 20, 1944[1][2]
DecommissionedJune 10, 2006
Identification
StatusMuseum ship
General characteristics
Displacement5,252 long tons (5,336 t)
Length290 ft (88 m)
Beam74.3 ft (22.6 m)
Draft19.5 ft (5.9 m)
Propulsion
Speed15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Capacity
  • Diesel fuel: 276,000 U.S. gal (1,040,000 L)
  • Lubrication oil: 7,000 U.S. gal (26,000 L)
  • Potable water: 40,200 U.S. gal (152,000 L)
  • Ballast water: 121,631 U.S. gal (460,420 L)
  • Heel and trim ballast water: 345,828 U.S. gal (1,309,100 L)
Complement
  • 10 officers, 2 warrants, 132 enlisted (1945)[3]
  • 11 officers, 2 warrants, 122 enlisted (1965)[4]
  • 11 officers, 2 warrants, 64 enlisted (2005)[5]
The USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83) as seen from her permanent berth at the SS Chief Wawatam dock at Mackinaw City, Michigan, 2019

Mackinaw was both commissioned and homeported during active service in Cheboygan, Michigan. Due to her age and expensive upkeep, she was decommissioned and replaced with a smaller multipurpose vessel, the current USCGC Mackinaw, which was commissioned in Cheboygan the same day.

The decommissioned Mackinaw (LR number 6119534) moved under her own power on June 21, 2006 to a permanent berth in Mackinaw City.

Construction

In the fall of 1941, the United States briefly borrowed the Soviet icebreaker Krassin. Although attempts to lease the icebreaker from the USSR for a year fell through, she was studied by the Coast Guard and her design influenced that of the Coast Guard icebreakers, including Mackinaw, constructed at that time.[7] Another influence was Lieutenant Commander Edward Thiele, USCG, who travelled to Europe on vacation just before the United States entered the war and informed himself of modern icebreaker designs, particularly that of the state-of-the-art Swedish Ymer.[8] Finally, the icebreaking design features of Great Lakes rail ferries which operated in heavy ice in the Straits of Mackinac were studied. The resulting preliminary design of the Mackinaw was by the Coast Guard Naval Engineering Division and the final design by naval architects Gibbs & Cox of New York.[9][10] Gibbs & Cox set up a special icebreaker design section for the Mackinaw and the Wind class of icebreakers.[11]

The Mackinaw was laid down on March 20, 1943, at Toledo Shipbuilding Company in Toledo, Ohio. The Toledo Shipbuilding Company was unprepared to undertake a shipbuilding project this large and complex[12] and when the ship remained incomplete more than two years after the company took on the project, the Toledo Shipbuilding Company went bankrupt due to penalties levied for the delayed construction. The American Ship Building Company took over and Mackinaw was side-launched on March 4, 1944, and commissioned on December 20, 1944[13] under the command of Commander Edwin J. Roland.[14] Due to war efforts Toledo area male workers were at an all-time low. The shipyard opened their hiring to Toledo area women.[15] They initially hired 12 'helpers' within a short time and eventually hired over 100 women workers.[16] Mackinaw's eventual cost was $10 million, a substantial overrun of her projected cost of $8M and a very high cost for a ship of that era.[17]

Mackinaw's design is based on the Wind class of icebreakers, but she is built specifically for use on the Great Lakes. She was built longer and wider than the ocean-going Wind-class vessels so that she would draw less water in the comparatively shallow water of the Great Lakes. The cooling system which circulates fresh water through her diesel engines draws directly from the water surrounding the ship. She is constructed of mild steel rather than the high-tensile steel of the Wind class.[18][19]

However, Mackinaw's design shares many characteristics with that of the Wind-class icebreakers, such as a relatively short length in proportion to the great engine power developed, a cut-away forefoot, rounded bottom, and fore, aft and side heeling tanks. Diesel electric machinery was chosen for its controllability and resistance to damage. Although the original blueprints of the Mackinaw called for a length of 300 feet (91 m), in the event she was built with a length of 290 feet (88 m).[20][21] For ground tackle she shipped two 6,000 lb (2,700 kg) stockless bower anchors, each with 90 fathoms (160 m) of chain composed of 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) links.[22]

The Mackinaw's double hull is very strong. The frames between the two hulls are spaced about 16 inches apart and form a truss. Voids between the inner and outer hull are filled with fuel tanks and ballast tanks.[23] Water can be pumped rapidly into and out of the ballast tanks (160 tons in 90 seconds) so that the ship heels from side to side through an arc of 24 degrees; this pushes ice away from the sides of the ship. The ballast tanks can also be used to trim the ship fore and aft.[24]

As well as her twin 14-foot (4.3 m) stern propellers, Mackinaw also has a 12-foot (3.7 m) bow propeller, which pulled water from underneath the ice ahead of the ship; when the Mackinaw rode her bow up onto the ice using her cut-away forefoot, the unsupported ice broke apart under the ship's weight into the hollow space underneath. The turbulent wash from the bow propeller also helped the hull slide through the ice around it. Mackinaw could break through up to 42 inches (1.1 m) of solid "blue" ice and up to 38 to 40 feet (11.6 to 12.2 m) of shattered, heaped-up "windrow" ice.[25] The sides of her hull are protected by an "ice belt" of 1.625-inch-thick (41.3 mm) steel plating up to several feet above her waterline, while her bottom is armored with 1.375-inch-thick (34.9 mm) steel.[26][27]

Each of the three propellers has its own Westinghouse DC electric motor. The motor driving the bow propeller is capable of 3,300 hp (2,461 kW) and those driving the stern propellors can produce 5,000 hp (3,728 kW) each. These motors are driven by six diesel generator sets, each set comprising a Fairbanks-Morse 38D8-1/8 diesel engine and an accompanying electrical generator. The electrical output of the six generator sets can be switched to the three electric motors in different combinations. When breaking ice, two generators can be assigned to each of the two aft propellers and two generators to the bow propeller. When cruising in open water, each of Mackinaw's aft propellers can be driven by one, two or three generators.[28][29]

Service history

The Mackinaw was constructed to extend the shipping season on the Great Lakes during World War II. Ice formation on the Lakes caused the shipping season to end in late December, not able to reopen until the ice melted in late March or early April. Prior to the war, the light icebreakers USCGC Escanaba and USCGC Tahoma had worked to keep the shipping lanes open in winter, but once the U.S. entered the war these two cutters were reassigned to the north Atlantic. The Coast Guard calculated that extending the shipping season by ten days in winter would allow the delivery of an additional three and a half million tons of iron ore, coal and limestone to the steel industry, or alternatively of 120 million bushels of grain to food markets.[30]

1945-1960

The Mackinaw's first assignment after she was launched in the final winter of the war was to train 25 Soviet sailors from January 20 to February 6, 1945, before the sailors took up engineering duties on a lend-lease Wind class icebreaker.[31][32] After World War II ended the Mackinaw was slated to continue its service to the USCG in icebreaking duty in the Great Lakes due to being too large to navigate the channels to reach open ocean from the Great Lakes. The Mackinaw was then the largest member of a collection of icebreaking Coast Guard cutters on the Great Lakes which also included 180-foot buoy tenders[33] and 110-foot tugboats.[34] During the late 1970s and through the 1980s the latter were replaced by 140-foot Bay-class tugboats.[35] Starting in 1968 and continuing until the last was decommissioned in 1989, one or another of the Coast Guard's Wind-class icebreakers would help out in winter.[36][Note 1] The Mackinaw and these other Coast Guard icebreakers provided safe passage for freighters as they delivered their cargo of taconite, grain, and other resources around the Great Lakes to ports such as Detroit, Chicago, and Gary.

Mackinaw's icebreaking season each year depended on that winter's ice accumulation on the Great Lakes but typically lasted about 70 days. The season generally began in mid-December and continued until warming weather in spring melted the lake ice, which might be as late as May. A month-long "Charlie period" starting in mid-February took the ship out of service for recovery by both ship and crew from the round-the-clock stresses of icebreaking.

During the icebreaking season the Mackinaw maintained shipping lanes through the ice in Whitefish Bay at the eastern end of Lake Superior, along the St. Marys River connecting Lakes Superior and Huron, and through the Straits of Mackinac connecting Lakes Huron and Michigan. She visited icebound ports on the lower Great Lakes as far away as Buffalo on eastern Lake Erie. Wherever she went, Mackinaw broke the ice around any trapped ships that she encountered and escorted them to open water.[37]

In the spring of 1947, the Mackinaw and the USCGC Tupelo opened ice-clogged Buffalo harbor. Working from May 9 to 14, they freed 38 ships trapped in ice outside the harbor and escorted them in, and freed 49 ships trapped inside the harbor and led them out. Mackinaw returned the next spring with the USCGC Acacia and during March 17 and 18 broke a passage into the ice-locked harbor which allowed 12 ships to leave. This was the earliest known date in over 50 years that ships had been able to leave Buffalo Harbor in the spring.[38] [39] [40]

The Mackinaw did not routinely perform search and rescue missions; these were normally carried out by smaller, faster, nimbler Coast Guard cutters, boats and aircraft.[41] The Mackinaw's first large search and rescue mission was not until the disappearance of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2501 over Lake Michigan on the night of 23 June 1950. Mackinaw, along with other Coast Guard and Navy ships and state police forces, fruitlessly searched for survivors and instead collected airplane debris and human body parts from a wide swath of Lake Michigan. "It was horrible," said David Kaplan, a boatswain's mate on the Mackinaw. "We picked up 32 buckets of remains and stored them in the walk-in cooler until the medical examiner came and took them. We found a lady's purse that looked intact until we opened it. The glass in the small make-up mirror was pulverized."[42]

During the construction of the Mackinac bridge from 1954 to 1957, the Mackinaw would clear away ice floes piling up against the massive caissons surrounding the bridge piers being constructed. This allowed the foundations of the bridge to settle into place undisturbed during the winter. The icebreaker would work all day around the caissons for several days at a time, anchoring nearby at night and resuming work the next morning.[43]

On November 21, 1956 the 7,300-ton grain carrier J. P. Wells was caught in a storm packing 65 mph winds on Lake Superior. Her rudder was damaged and the freighter began sailing in circles. The Mackinaw cancelled plans to invite the families of the crew to a Thanksgiving dinner onboard and sailed to assist the freighter. Mackinaw, accompanied by the USCGC Mesquite, towed the J. P. Wells to Whiskey Bay in Lake Superior, 15 miles north of the Soo Locks, where the freighter anchored waiting for a commercial tug to tow her to Sault Ste. Marie for repairs. Thanksgiving was celebrated underway. [44][45]

1960-1990

On the afternoon of November 29, 1960, the freighter SS Francisco Morazan ran aground in a snowstorm off South Manitou Island in Lake Michigan.[46] The Mackinaw arrived to help the next morning, joining USCGC Mesquite which was already on scene. A ship's boat from Mackinaw was able to take off the wife of the Morazan's captain, who was airlifted from Mackinaw to Traverse City. On December 1, the USCGC Sundew, the salvage tug John Roan V, and the tug's companion barge Maintland joined the rescue effort.

The Sundew and Mesquite departed that night. On the following day a salvage engineer and an insurance agent sent by Morazan's owners from New York, along with salvage engineers from Roan Salvage of Sturgeon Bay, were airlifted to Morazan. After evaluating the ship's condition, they concluded was that although the cargo could be salvaged, Morazan could not, and the Roan Salvage engineers departed. Meanwhile, the weather deteriorated until at times fifteen-foot waves were breaking over Morazan and the ship began to break up.[47] On 4 December[46] ship's boats from Mackinaw took the captain, his twelve-man crew and the two owner's representatives off Morazan and Mackinaw delivered them to Traverse City.[47][48]

On May 10, 1965 Mackinaw was on-scene commander of the Coast Guard's rescue efforts after the Norwegian ship MV Topdalsfjord collided with and sank the U.S. bulk carrier SS Cedarville near the Mackinac bridge.[49] Mackinaw's crew pulled bodies from the water and took on the survivors of the Cedarville from the German MV Weissenberg which had rescued them.[50]

On November 19, 1966 the German freighter MV Nordmeer grounded and sank in shallow water seven miles north of Thunder Bay Island in Lake Huron. The Mackinaw sailed from Cheboygan, collected 35 members of the crew and the ship's dog and carried them to Alpena either on the 20th [51] or 21st.[52] Nordmeer's captain and seven crewmen stayed on board to plan a salvage operation. A week later, a gale struck the Nordmeer with 50 mph winds and 22-foot seas.[51] The salvage crew radioed for help on November 29 and the Mackinaw returned to the vicinity, but the weather and the Nordmeer's position on Thunder Bay Shoal made it impossible for the icebreaker to approach the stricken freighter. A Coast Guard helicopter co-piloted by Lieutenant Jack Rittichier flew from Detroit and airlifted the eight crewmen to Mackinaw. The Nordmeer broke apart soon afterward.[53]

In 1967, the Mackinaw travelled through the Welland Canal and visited Montreal to attend the Expo 67 International and Universal Exposition. This trip incidentally demonstrated that because of the expansion of the Saint Lawrence Seaway over the years, Mackinaw was no longer restricted to the Great Lakes, although the design of her power plant still restricted her to fresh water. She visited Toronto in July 1986 and in 2002.[54]

The 1984 Great Lakes navigation season officially opened on March 26 but as commercial shipping began to move through the Lakes, unexpected winds drove ice from Lake Huron into the St. Clair River, blocking the river from April 5 to 29. The St. Clair connects Lake Erie and the Saint Lawrence Seaway with Lake Huron and the other Great Lakes. The consequent ice jam set records for both its economic impact and its lateness in the icebreaking season.[55]

Six cargo ships were driven ashore by the ice. Eighteen ships became trapped in a mile-and-a-half stretch of the river. As many as 87 ore carriers and oceangoing freighters waited outside the ice jam, at a total cost estimated at $1.7 million each day.[56][57]

The Mackinaw sailed from Cheboygan on April 9.[58] Along with four smaller U.S. Coast Guard cutters and the Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers CCGS Des Groseilliers and CCGS Griffon, she led convoys through the ice jam day after day. By the time the ice was dispersed by time and weather, 300 ships had made their way through the congested St. Clair River. Thousands of onlookers watched "the ice jam of the century" from the river banks and amateur radio operators listened to VHF radio traffic among the ships.[56]

1990-2006

In 1991,[59] Mackinaw's first female sailors, both enlisted and officers, began to report aboard following an overhaul to the ship's living quarters. During the summer, the regular female crewmembers made way for female cadets from the Coast Guard Academy.[60]

In 1998, Mackinaw's white hull with the blue and red Coast Guard slash on the bow was painted red with a white and blue slash. All of the Coast Guard's other full-sized icebreakers had already been repainted from white to red in 1972 and 1973.[61]

The Mackinaw continued its military service with the start of the Global War on Terror. After 62 years, the Mackinaw reached the end of her service as she became too expensive to maintain. In preparation for her decommissioning, the USCG commissioned the construction of a new Mackinaw to replace her, the USCGC Mackinaw (WLBB-30), a combination icebreaker and buoy tender.

In the spring of 2004, the Cheboygan City Council sent out feelers to its constituents to see if any group would be willing to take possession of Mackinaw after its projected decommissioning in June 2006 and to keep the ship in the Mackinac Straits area -- ideally in Cheybogan. The city did not want to own and maintain the ship itself. In August of that year a committee, the Icebreaker Mackinaw Maritime Museum (IMMM), was formed to develop the ship as a museum. Michigan's congressional delegation was enlisted to help and introduced legislation which directed the Coast Guard to convey Mackinaw to Cheboygan upon decommissioning.[62] Cheboygan, for its part, hoped the legislation would allow the city to immediately transfer the ship to the IMMM.[63]

By the early months of 2006, little progress had been made. The legislation had passed in the U.S. House of Representatives but was stalled in the Senate, and moorings for the proposed museum in Cheboygan had not yet been found. The IMMM began work on a backup plan to host the museum in Mackinaw City, a village 15 miles north of Cheboygan.[64] Mackinaw City's high tourist traffic would improve the museum's financial viability, and a member of the IMMM's board owned suitable moorings there at the former railroad dock for the ferry SS Chief Wawatam. In this alternate plan, the General Services Administration (GSA) would take possession of the ship upon decommissioning (as is usual for U.S. government ships) and then transfer it to the IMMM.[65]

In the last days before the Mackinaw's decommissioning on June 10, 2006, this alternate plan was adopted. Mackinaw was decommissioned in Cheboygan at a ceremony shared by the commissioning of her successor Coast Guard icebreaker, the new Mackinaw. On June 21, the decommissioned Mackinaw, loaded with civilian passengers, sailed to Mackinaw City and moored at her permanent berth. On June 30, after briefing the IMMM on how to operate the moored ship, the Coast Guard crew departed and the IMMM took over from the GSA as Mackinaw's custodians; full title to the ship was to be transferred from the GSA to the IMMM 60 months later.[66] The Icebreaker Mackinaw Maritime Museum received its first visitors in the tourist season of 2007.[67]

Unrelated history

Tragically, the Mackinaw was unavailable on November 10, 1975, when the SS Arthur M. Anderson and SS Edmund Fitzgerald made their fateful journey across Lake Superior, where the Fitzgerald sank with all 29 crew members aboard 15 miles from Whitefish Point. Whether or not the Mackinaw aided the Anderson and other vessels in the futile search for survivors is unknown.

As museum ship
Visitor access

The Icebreaker Mackinaw Maritime Museum is moored at the eastern end of the old SS Chief Wawatam railroad dock; entry to the area is just south of Shepler's Marine Service.[68] The museum provides educational tours and overnight stays on the vessel. Visitors can tour the mess deck, the captain's quarters, bridge, engine room, wardroom, sick bay and other areas. A retail store on the vessel sells relevant products.[69]

A fee is charged to visitors but all current and former USCG personnel are admitted free upon presentation of proper identification.[70]

Amateur radio
Masts and antennae

The Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Emmet Counties Public Service Communications Organization (CCECPSCO), has established a full-time amateur radio station on board the Icebreaker Mackinaw Maritime Museum.[71]

The CCECPSCO has two repeaters on Mackinaw to provide communications coverage throughout the Straits of Mackinac. These repeaters, operating under the call-sign W8AGB to match the ship's WAGB-83 designation, are on a radio frequency of 145.110 MHz with 103.5 Hz PL tone and 444.375 MHz with 107.2 Hz PL tone. The organization is also actively assisting the museum with restoration and operation of various communications, navigation, and power systems. Included with the radios on board the ship are two Sunair RT-9000 HF transceivers with matching antenna couplers and vertical antennas. The installation of a third RT-9000 paired with an LPA-9600 solid-state kilowatt amplifier and CU-9100 kilowatt autotuner was scheduled for spring 2010, along with a Sunair F-9800 automatic pre/post filter for each radio to permit simultaneous operation of all three stations, and Sunair RCU-9310 remote control panels.

The vessel is equipped with a 160-40 meter dipole antenna, antenna couplers and vertical antennas linked to the two Sunair RT-9000 transceivers. The CCECPSCO group planned to add extra antennae for VHF and UHF repeater use and a KC8TU customized wire antenna.[72]

Amateur radio operators visiting Mackinaw may operate the W8AGB station whenever a CCECPSCO member is present. The CCECPSCO conducts Amateur Radio Field Day operations from Mackinaw on the fourth full weekend in June.

Awards

Notes
  1. 1968: USCGC Eastwind. 1969-1970: USCGC Westwind. 1972: USCGC Edisto. 1973-74: USCGC Southwind. 1975-1981: USCGC Westwind. 1978-1989: USCGC Northwind.

References
  1. "USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-837)". Historic Naval Ships Association. May 14, 2014. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  2. "USCGC Mackinaw - Cutter History". United States Coast Guard. February 9, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  3. Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. p. 50. ISBN 0-87021-717-8.
  4. Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft, 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-87021-719-4.
  5. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 1599710803.
  6. https://www.themackinaw.org/ Archived 2019-06-23 at the Wayback Machine, Museum - Our Mission
  7. Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. p. 63. ISBN 0-87021-717-8. In the fall of 1941, the Krassin arrived in Seattle, WA, and a Coast Guard party surveyed her. She then came around and was worked on at the Coast Guard Yard, Curtis Bay, MD. The attempt to lease the Krassin came to an abrupt end on 25 November...Although the Krassin never served in the Coast Guard, the service did learn from studying her design.
  8. Canney, Donald L. "Icebreakers and the U.S. Coast Guard". Historian's Office. United States Coast Guard. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015. In the years 1936 to 1941, Rear Admiral [sic] Edward Thiele spearheaded this research, in part by visiting various northern European nations and studying their vessels first hand. Of particular interest was Ymer, a Swedish vessel considered the best icebreaker of the time.
  9. Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. p. 50. ISBN 0-87021-717-8. Just prior to the United States' entry into World War II, Lieutenant Commander Edward Thiele, USCG (later engineer-in-chief) obtained details on icebreakers while vacationing in Europe. From these materials and details learned from the Krassin, the Coast Guard Naval Engineering Division prepared preliminary designs for the Mackinaw and the "Winds". The final designs were prepared by Gibbs & Cox of New York.
  10. Weisman, Matthew; Shorf, Paula (2016). Boats Built at Toledo, Ohio, Including Monroe, Michigan (PDF). Akron: 48 Hour Press. p. 118. In February 1942, the United States government announced plans to spend an estimated $8 million to build a state-of-the-art icebreaker incorporating successful design ideas found on a fleet of privately owned rail ferries in service at the Straits of Mackinac that were capable of operating in heavy ice.
  11. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 4. ISBN 1599710803. The design of this ship was undertaken by Gibbs and Cox, naval architects, in a special icebreaker design section set up specifically for the new Great Lakes crusher and her semi-sister ships to be constructed in a classification known as the Wind Class.
  12. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 5. ISBN 1599710803.
  13. Weisman, Matthew; Shorf, Paula (2016). Boats Built at Toledo, Ohio, Including Monroe, Michigan (PDF). Akron: 48 Hour Press. p. 118. Construction continued at Toledo Shipbuilding Co. for more than two years. Delays led to stiff penalties for the shipyard, so severe the company went bankrupt. The project was completed by the American Shipbuilding Co., and the vessel was side-launched on March 4, 1944.
  14. "Admiral Edwin J. Roland". United States Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Defense Media Activity. Retrieved September 14, 2023. In December 1944 he became the first Commanding Officer of USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83), the first heavy duty U. S. icebreaker ever built.
  15. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 5. ISBN 1599710803. Despite the introduction of women into the workforce, wartime personnel numbers were often low at factory or construction jobs...However, many women worked on various phases of the ship's construction
  16. personally family knowledge my mother was one of the first 12 women hired
  17. Weisman, Matthew; Shorf, Paula (2016). Boats Built at Toledo, Ohio, Including Monroe, Michigan (PDF). Akron: 48 Hour Press. p. 118. In February 1942, the United States government announced plans to spend an estimated $8 million to build a state-of-the-art icebreaker...With fit-out complete, she was commissioned on Dec. 20, 1944 at a final cost of $10 million, an enormous amount for the day.
  18. Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft, 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 0-87021-719-4. The draft of the then lake-bound Mackinaw needed to be considerably less than that of her oceangoing near-sisters. Compensation was made by making her a longer and much wider ship. Her engine-cooling system is directly open to the Great Lakes' fresh water...There was one major difference in the construction of the Mackinaw and the "Winds." The Mackinaw 's hull was made of mild steel, since it was to operate against freshwater ice, whereas the hull of the "Winds" was a high tensile steel.
  19. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 99. ISBN 1599710803. Throughout the ship's service life, a bit of an urban legend existed that the Mackinaw could never leave the Great Lakes due to its width. Over the years, modifications to the lock system of the Seaway made this possible. Capt. William H. Fels, chief of the Eleventh Coast Guard District's Marine Safety Division, clarified that "While it couldn't easily leave the lakes, the Saint Lawrence Seaway accommodates vessels up to 76.11 feet, and the Mackinaw's beam is 74 feet. The reason it was lake-locked was due to its engineering systems, which assumes operation in a fresh water environment, not salt water. This means that the oil coolers are cooled by fresh lake water, whereas ocean-going vessels use a complex array of saltwater to fresh water to oil coolers in order to isolate the potential corruption of the engine oil with salt water. Even the make-up water for the boilers came straight from the lake! So, the Mighty Mac was destined to remain in the lakes, at least while being operated.
  20. "Mackinaw, 1944 (WAG-83)". United States Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Defense Media Activity. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  21. Canney, Donald L. "Icebreakers and the U.S. Coast Guard". Historian's Office. United States Coast Guard. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  22. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 1599710803.
  23. Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. p. 51. ISBN 0-87021-717-8. The Mackinaw and "Winds" were extremely strong. The frames (spaced about 16"apart) made up a truss similar to that found in an inverted hanger or gymnasium, and an inner shell was placed inside the truss. The volume between the inner and outer plating was divided into many tanks, which were used to store fuel and to carry ballast (seawater) for heeling...In addition, heeling pumps and trimming pumps were installed to roll the ship or trim it to break free from the ice.
  24. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 16. ISBN 1599710803. The vessel also has a heeling and trimming system that allows 160 tons of ballast water to move from tanks on one side of the ship to another in 90 seconds, or a flow rate of 54,400 gallons per minute. This action produces an arc of 24 degrees, allowing the ship to rock back and forth and forward and aft. Rocking the ship pushes the ice away from the hull so that the vessel is able to break out of the ice jams that stop the forward motion of the ship.
  25. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 17. ISBN 1599710803.
  26. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. p. 20. ISBN 1599710803.
  27. Planisek, Sandra L. (2008). Icebreaker Mackinaw: WAGB 83, 1944-2006. Mackinaw City: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association. p. 18. ISBN 0940767090.
  28. Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft, 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-87021-719-4. The main engines of the Mackinaw consist of six diesel generator sets...These can be connected in several combinations to the two after DC electric-propulsion motors or to the bow motor. In operation the Mackinaw can cruise on two or four generators driving the after screws. In ice, all six generators can be used to drive the two aft shafts (4 generators) and the bow shaft (2 generators)
  29. Planisek, Sandra L. (2008). Icebreaker Mackinaw: WAGB 83, 1944-2006. Mackinaw City: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association. p. 104. ISBN 0940767090. With our configuration we have six main engines. We can have one, two, or three engines on each aft shaft. Or we can take our two forward engines and put them both on our bow shaft.
  30. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 2. ISBN 1-59971-080-3.
  31. Canney, Donald L. "Icebreakers and the U.S. Coast Guard". Historian's Office. United States Coast Guard. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015. At least sixteen of the 180 class cutters operated on the Great Lakes beginning in 1943, and the Mackinaw saw her first service during the final winter of the war training Russian personnel in the operation of Wind class cutters.
  32. Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. p. 51. ISBN 0-87021-717-8. Operated on Great Lakes from commissioning to close of war; 20 Jan-6 Feb 45, 25 Soviets on board received engineering training prior to manning a "Wind" class on lend-lease.
  33. Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. p. 95. ISBN 0-87021-717-8. The 180s proved to be very good, light icebreakers. If a 180 commissioned during the winter months, she would usually break ice on the Lakes until she could work her way to salt water.
  34. Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft, 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-87021-719-4. The 110-foot tug series were very successful light icebreakers, and most units, including the Kaw were used in this role.
  35. Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft, 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-87021-719-4. During the 1970s and 1980s, the Coast Guard constructed replacement tugs, the 140-foot class, for the 110-foot medium harbor tugs. These ships possess a significant increase in icebreaking capabilities over their predecessors.
  36. Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft, 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 0-87021-719-4.
  37. Historian's Office (December 11, 2020). "The Long Blue Line: "Big Mac" attack--Icebreaker Mackinaw battles Lake Ice 75 years ago!". United States Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Defense Media Activity. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  38. "Mackinaw, 1944 (WAG-83)". United States Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Defense Media Activity. February 10, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  39. Scheina, Robert L (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft: 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-87021-719-4. 17-18 Mar 48 opened a passage for 12 ice-locked ships at Buffalo, NY--the earliest known date in over 50 years for the movement of shipping from Buffalo, NY
  40. Scheina, Robert L (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft: 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-87021-719-4. 17-18 Mar 48 assisted cutter Mackinaw to open port of Buffalo, NY, from ice
  41. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 79. ISBN 1-59971-080-3. The Mackinaw was not a ship that would handle routine search and rescue duties unless she was already at sea. It would be pointless and inefficient to go through the entire procedure of getting the giant icebreaker ready for duty when a rigid-hulled inflatable boat or even a smaller cutter could arrive on scene in the Straits of Mackinac, Lake Michigan or Lake Huron in a fraction of the time.
  42. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 80. ISBN 1-59971-080-3.
  43. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 69. ISBN 1-59971-080-3.
  44. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 91. ISBN 1-59971-080-3.
  45. "Disabled Freighter Towed To Safety". Evening Sun. Baltimore. November 24, 1956. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  46. Gilham, Skip (April 26, 2018) [2 August 2006]. "Shipwreck: Francisco Morazon". Mariners Weather Log. Vol. 50, no. 2. Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
  47. Warner, Gene L. (2008). "The Last Shipwreck" (PDF). Manitou Islands Archives Newsletter. Vol. 1, no. 4. Grand Haven: ManitouIslandsArchives.Org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  48. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 83. ISBN 1-59971-080-3. The Mac was quick to respond on Nov. 30, 1960 when the SS Francisco Morazan ran aground on South Manitou Island near where the Bradley sank. "We were there the whole time,"Howe recalled, "and the men took the crew off in small boats during a howling gale."
  49. Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft, 1946-1990. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. p. 99. ISBN 0-87021-719-4. 10 May 1965 served as on-scene commander following collision between U.S. MV Cedarville and Norwegian MV Topdalsfjord 1 mi NE of Mackinaw City, MI, in which Cedarville sank--German MV Weissenburg rescued survivors.
  50. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 84. ISBN 1-59971-080-3. I just took pictures of what was happening while they transferred the men from the Weissenberg over to the Mackinaw and picked up some from the water. We carried the survivors and the deceased to the dock in Mackinaw City.
  51. Brasie, Jeffrey D (July 10, 2023). "Ocean freighter broke apart near Thunder Bay Island". The Alpena News. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  52. Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters and Craft, 1946-1990. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-87021-719-4.
  53. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. pp. 84–85. ISBN 1-59971-080-3.
  54. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 99. ISBN 1-59971-080-3.
  55. Derecki, Jan A.; Quinn, Frank H. (1986). Record St. Clair River Ice Jam of 1984 (PDF) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Great Lakes Environment Research Laboratory. pp. 1187–1188, 1193.
  56. Maginley, Charles Douglas (2003). The Canadian Coast Guard, 1962-2002. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited. p. 117. ISBN 1-55125-075-6.
  57. Holusha, John (May 1, 1984). "Ice Jam to Great Lakes is Broken". The New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
  58. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 23. ISBN 1-59971-080-3.
  59. Hahn, Kortny (June 24, 2021). "New exhibit honoring women now open aboard Mackinaw Maritime Museum". Cheboygan Daily Tribune. Cheboygan. Retrieved October 17, 2023. Women were first made a part of the ship's crew starting in 1991. Since that time, there have been women who have served in very high positions with the crew, including health services officer and executive officer.
  60. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 100. ISBN 1-59971-080-3. A long-awaited change in the duty rosters aboard the Mackinaw occurred in the late 1990s, when female crewmembers were finally able to begin serving on the ship thanks to re-modeled bunk and lavatory facilities. More than 30 female crewmembers served on the ship in its final years of service, and a like number of female cadets trained during the last summers the ship was commissioned. Several female ensigns and 1st and 2nd class petty officers also saw duty on the Mackinaw.
  61. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Printing Co. p. 100. ISBN 1-59971-080-3. A notable and controversial chapter of the Mackinaw's history took place when the ship received a new, red coat of paint in 1998. The original paint job when the ship was commissioned was a basic white, with the simple designation "W-83" on its side appearing one year later in 1945.
  62. Fornes, Mike (2005). USCGC Mackinaw: An Illustrated History of a Great Lakes Queen. Cheboygan: Cheboygan Tribune Publishing Company. pp. 148–149. ISBN 1599710803. In the spring of 2004, the Cheboygan City Council sought citizen input to see if there were groups in the area who would be interested in taking over the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Mackinaw after the ship's decommissioning in 2006. The Council approved a resolution that the city not be involved as an entity to take on the vessel's conversion to a museum and subsequent operation...Bart Stupak, a Democratic U.S. congressman from Menominee, pledged support for the project as did U.S. Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., and U.S. Sen. Debbie Stabenow, D-Mich....
  63. Planisek, Sandra L. (2008). Icebreaker Mackinaw: WAGB 83, 1944-2006. Mackinaw City: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association. pp. 149–150. ISBN 0940767090. The County of Cheboygan did not want the hazardous materials liability and certainly did not want to put money into a museum. The City of Cheboygan followed up with a proposal that if IMMM would raise the money and take immediate ownership, the city would "pass-through" the ownership of the ship to the non-profit group IMMM. Whether the legislation would allow a pass-through was unknown.
  64. Planisek, Sandra L. (2008). Icebreaker Mackinaw: WAGB 83, 1944-2006. Mackinaw City: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association. pp. 150–151. ISBN 0940767090.
  65. Planisek, Sandra L. (2008). Icebreaker Mackinaw: WAGB 83, 1944-2006. Mackinaw City: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association. pp. 150, 153, 154. ISBN 0940767090.
  66. Planisek, Sandra L. (2008). Icebreaker Mackinaw: WAGB 83, 1944-2006. Mackinaw City: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association. pp. 155–157, 160. ISBN 0940767090.
  67. Planisek, Sandra L. (2008). Icebreaker Mackinaw: WAGB 83, 1944-2006. Mackinaw City: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association. p. 162. ISBN 0940767090.
  68. https://www.themackinaw.org/museum-info/ Archived 2019-06-23 at the Wayback Machine, Museum Info
  69. https://www.themackinaw.org/ Archived 2019-06-23 at the Wayback Machine, Our Mission
  70. [./Https://www.themackinaw.org/museum-info/ https://www.themackinaw.org/museum-info/], Museum Info
  71. "Icebreaker Mackinaw Museum Ship – W8AGB". Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Emmet Counties Public Service Communications Organization. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  72. "Icebreaker Mackinaw Museum Ship – W8AGB". Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Emmet Counties Public Service Communications Organization. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
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