Timeline of the Xiongnu

This is a timeline of the Xiongnu, a nomadic people that dominated the ancient eastern Eurasian steppes from 209 BC to 89 AD. The Xiongnu settled down in northern China during the late 3rd century AD following the Three Kingdoms period, and founded several states lasting until the Northern Liang was conquered by the Xianbei Northern Wei in 439 AD.

Xiongnu Empire in 200 BC

4th century BC
YearDateEvent
318 BCThe Xiongnu attack Qin in conjunction with the other Warring States[1]

3rd century BC
YearDateEvent
265 BCZhao–Xiongnu War: Li Mu of Zhao draws the Xiongnu into an ambush and defeats them[2]
214 BCQin's campaign against the Xiongnu: Meng Tian defeats the Xiongnu and conquers the Ordos region[3]
209 BCModu Chanyu assumes power over the Xiongnu and defeats the Donghu people, who become the Wuhuan and Xianbei[4]
203 BCModu Chanyu defeats the Yuezhi[5]
201 BCBattle of Baideng: Emperor Gaozu of Han's army is defeated by the Xiongnu[6]
Xin, King of Han defects to the Xiongnu[6]

2nd century BC
YearDateEvent
197 BCThe Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Chen Xi and Han Xin[7]
196 BCThe Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Han Xin[7]
195 BCThe Xiongnu invade You Province with the help of Lu Wan[8]
182 BCThe Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery and Tianshui[9]
181 BCThe Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery[7]
179 BCThe Xiongnu invade Yunzhong Commandery[7]
177 BCThe Xiongnu invade Ordos[10]
176 BCThe Xiongnu evict the Yuezhi in the west and gain hegemony over the Western Regions as well as the Wusun[11]
174 BCModu Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Laoshang[11]
169 BCThe Xiongnu raid Han[7]
166 BCA 140,000 strong Xiongnu force invade near Chang'an[12]
160 BCLaoshang dies and is succeeded by his son Junchen[13]
158 BCA 30,000 strong Xiongnu force attacks Yunzhong Commandery and Dai Commandery[7]
148 BCThe Xiongnu attack Yan Province[7]
144 BCThe Xiongnu raid Yanmen Pass for horses[7]
142 BCThe Xiongnu attack Yanmen Pass[7]
133 BCJuneBattle of Mayi: The Han army fails to ambush the Xiongnu[14]
129 BCHan forces (40,000) under Wei Qing, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He, and Li Guang engage in combat with the Xiongnu[15]
128 BCThe Xiongnu attack Liaoxi and engage in combat with Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing and Li Xi[16]
127 BCThe Xiongnu raid Liaoxi and Yanmen
Han forces under Wei Qing, Hao Xian, and Li Xi plunder the Xiongnu for livestock[15]
126 BCJunchen dies and is succeeded by his brother Yizhixie, who attacks Junchen's son Yudan, forcing him to flee to the Han[13]
The Xiongnu army (900,000) raids Han territory
124 BCHan forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[15]
123 BCHan forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[15]
122 BCThe Xiongnu raid Shanggu
121 BCHan forces under Huo Qubing, Zhao Ponu, Zhang Qian, and Li Guang attack the Xiongnu[15]
120 BCThe Xiongnu raid Youbeiping and Xingxiang, taking 1,000 captives
119 BCJuneBattle of Mobei: Han generals Huo Qubing and Wei Qing defeat the Xiongnu[14]
116 BCThe Xiongnu raid Liang Province
114 BCYizhixie dies and is succeeded by his son Wuwei Chanyu[13]
111 BCHan forces (25,000)) under Gongsun He and Zhao Ponu try to attack the Xiongnu but can't find them[15]
110 BCEmperor Wu of Han personally leads Han forces (180,000) against the Xiongnu but their chanyu decides to retreat[15]
105 BCWuwei Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Er Chanyu[13]
103 BCHan forces (20,000) under Zhao Ponu attack the Xiongnu but are defeated[15]
102 BCEr Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his uncle Xulihu[13]
The Xiongnu raid Jiuquan and Zhangye, capturing several thousand people
101 BCXulihu dies and is succeeded by his brother Chedihou Chanyu[13]

1st century BC
YearDateEvent
99 BCBattle of Tian Shan: Han forces (35,000) under Li Guangli and Li Ling are defeated by the Xiongnu[17]
97 BCHan forces (140,000) under Li Guangli attack the Xiongnu without results[15]
96 BCChedihou Chanyu dies and is succeeded by his son Hulugu[13]
90 BCHan forces (79,000) under Li Guangli are defeated by the Xiongnu but another Han army (30,000) under Shang Qiucheng manages to force the Xiongnu to flee[17]
85 BCHulugu dies and is succeeded by his son Huyandi[13]
78 BCThe Wuhuan pillage Xiongnu tombs[18]
71 BCThe Han, Wusun, Dingling, and Wuhuan coalition defeats the Xiongnu[19]
68 BCHuyandi dies and is succeeded by his uncle Xulüquanqu[13]
64 BCThe Xiongnu attack Jiaohe in the aftermath of the Battle of Jushi
60 BCXulüquanqu dies and is succeeded by a lesser noble Woyanqudi[20]
58 BCWoyanqudi upsets traditional customs, causing a rebellion that defeats his army, so he kills himself and the Xiongnu split up into five warring factions[21]
55 BCThe Xiongnu coalesce into two groups, one under Zhizhi Chanyu and the other under his brother Huhanye[21]
51 BCHuhanye is defeated by Zhizhi Chanyu and flees to the Han[21]
50 BCZhizhi Chanyu nominally submits to the Han[22]
48 BCZhizhi Chanyu declares independence after seeing the Han favor his brother Huhanye, moves further west, and attacks Fergana and the Wusun[22]
43 BCHuhanye moves back to the north, starting the era of Western and Eastern Xiongnu.[22]
36 BCBattle of Zhizhi: Han forces defeat the Xiongnu and kill Zhizhi Chanyu[23]
31 BCHuhanye dies and is succeeded by his son Fuzhulei Ruodi[24]
20 BCFuzhulei Ruodi dies and is succeeded by his brother Souxie[24]
12 BCSouxie dies and is succeeded by his half brother Juya[24]
8 BCJuya dies and is succeeded by his brother Wuzhuliu[24]

1st century
YearDateEvent
6A petty king in the area of the former Jushi Kingdom defects to the Xiongnu, who turned him over to the Han[25]
7The Han convince the Wuhuan to stop sending tribute to the Xiongnu, who immediately attack and defeat the Wuhuan[25]
10Some officers of the Protector General Dan Qin kill him and flee to the Xiongnu[26]
13Wuzhuliu dies and is succeeded by his half brother Wulei[24]
18Wulei dies and is succeeded by his half brother Huduershidaogao[24]
44Han forces under Ma Yuan are defeated by Xiongnu
45Xiongnu raid Changshan
46Huduershidaogao dies and is succeeded by his son Wudadihou who dies the same year, dividing the Xiongnu into two factions between Punu Chanyu and Sutuhu[27]
50Sutuhu and the Southern Xiongnu settle in Bing Province[28]
62The Northern Xiongnu raid Han territory but are repelled[29]
63The Xiongnu gain control of the Western Regions and start raiding Han[30]
73Battle of Yiwulu: Han general Dou Gu defeats the Xiongnu and restores the Protectorate of the Western Regions[31]
75The Xiongnu attack Jushi and Chen Mu is killed by the locals[32]
83Punu Chanyu dies and is succeeded by Youliu; the Northern Xiongnu start disintegrating as tribes defect to the south and neighboring tribes invade[33]
87The Xianbei kill the Xiongnu Chanyu Youliu[33]
89Battle of the Altai Mountains: Han general Dou Xian defeats the Northern Chanyu and create Yuchujian as a puppet chanyu[34]
93The Xiongnu settle in southern Shaanxi[35]
94Northern Xiongnu refugees numbering 200,000 rebel and name Fenghou, son of Tuntuhe, as their chanyu - they fail to defeat the Southern Xiongnu and flee across the Yellow River to take refuge at Zhuoye Mountain (Gurvan Saikhan Mountains)[36]
96Ten thousand Northern Xiongnu defect to the Han[37]

2nd century
YearDateEvent
104Fenghou offers to become a Han tributary but does not gain formal acceptance[37]
105Fenghou offers to become a Han tributary but is rejected[37]
109Southern Xiongnu rebel[38]
118Fenghou surrenders to the Han; his followers are resettled in Yingchuan Commandery[37]
123Qizhijian of the Xianbei defeats the Southern Xiongnu in Wuyuan Commandery[39]
140The Xiongnu overrun the Tiger's Teeth encampment near Chang'an[40]
188The Xiuchuge clan ousts Qiangqu from power but their replacements fail to hold power; so ends the Southern Xiongnu[41]
189The wandering Xiongnu chanyu Yufuluo seeks aid from the Han dynasty unsuccessfully and becomes a mercenary[42]
194Yufuluo dies and is succeeded by his brother Huchuquan[42]

3rd century
YearDateEvent
202Huchuquan is defeated by Cao Cao's officer Zhong Yao and his Xiongnu tribes are settled in Taiyuan Commandery[42]
216The remnant Xiongnu in the Ordos region is pacified by Cao Wei[43]
28430,000 Xiongnu submit and settle in Xihe (in Shanxi[44]
286100,000 Xiongnu submit at Yongzhou[44]
290Liu Yuan is appointed area commander-in-chief of the Five Regions of Xiongnu[44]

4th century
YearDateEvent
304Former Zhao: Liu Yuan of the Xiongnu declares himself Prince of Han (漢)[45]
307Former Zhao: Shi Le joins Liu Yuan[46]
308Former Zhao: Liu Yuan takes Pingyang and declares himself emperor[46]
310Former Zhao: Liu Yao, Shi Le and Wang Mi invade Luoyang, Xuzhou, Yuzhou, and Yanzhou[46]
Former Zhao: Liu Yuan dies and his successor Liu He is killed by Liu Cong, who takes over[46]
311Former Zhao: Sima Yue dies and his funeral procession is ambushed by Shi Le, who annihilates the Jin army[46]
Disaster of Yongjia: Liu Yao and Wang Mi sack Luoyang and capture Emperor Huai of Jin[46]
Former Zhao: Liu Yao takes Chang'an[46]
Former Zhao: Wang Mi is killed by Shi Le[46]
312Former Zhao: Jin retakes Chang'an after routing Liu Yao[46]
Former Zhao: Shi Le captures Xiangguo (襄國) (Xingtai, Hebei)[46]
Former Zhao: Liu Cong briefly takes Jinyang (southwest of Taiyuan, Shanxi) but is routed by Liu Kun[47]
313Emperor Huai of Jin is killed by Liu Cong and is succeeded by Sima Ye (Emperor Min of Jin)[47]
316Former Zhao: Emperor Min of Jin surrenders Chang'an to Liu Yao[47]
318Emperor Min of Jin is killed by Liu Cong and is succeeded by Sima Rui (Emperor Yuan of Jin)[47]
Former Zhao: Liu Cong dies and his successor Liu Can is killed by Xiongnu general Jin Zhun, and is succeeded by Liu Yao[47]
319Former Zhao: Jin Zhun is killed[47]
Former Zhao: Liu Yao moves to Chang'an and renames his state Zhao[47]
Former Zhao: Fu Hong joins Former Zhao[47]
Later Zhao: Shi Le defeats Jin general Zu Ti at Xunyi and declares himself Prince of [Later] Zhao[47]
320Former Zhao: Juqu Zhi rebels and is defeated[47]

5th century
YearDateEvent
401Northern Liang: Juqu Mengxun kills Duan Ye and declares himself Duke of Zhangye[48]
407Xia: Helian Bobo declares himself Heavenly King[48]
418Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms): Helian Bobo takes Chang'an[48]
419Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms): Helian Bobo leaves Chang'an[48]
421Northern Liang: Juqu Mengxun conquers Western Liang[49]
426Northern Wei: Attacks Xia[50]
427Northern Wei: Takes Chang'an and sacks the Xia capital, Tongwan[50]
428Xia: Retakes Chang'an[50]
431Xia: Conquers Western Qin and are in turn conquered by the Tuyuhun[50]
439Northern Wei: Conquers Northern Liang; so ends the Sixteen Kingdoms[50]

References
  1. Cosmo 2002, p. 187.
  2. Cosmo 2002, p. 153.
  3. Twitchett 2008, p. 64.
  4. Barfield 1989, p. 33.
  5. Barfield 1989, p. 34.
  6. Twitchett 2008, p. 127.
  7. Chang 2007, p. 143.
  8. Twitchett 2008, p. 124.
  9. Twitchett 2008, p. 136.
  10. Twitchett 2008, p. 151.
  11. Barfield 1989, p. 36.
  12. Twitchett 2008, p. 152.
  13. Barfield 1989, p. 43.
  14. Twitchett 2008, p. 164.
  15. Chang 2007, p. 164.
  16. Twitchett 2008, p. 448.
  17. Twitchett 2008, p. 169.
  18. Barfield 1989, p. 59.
  19. Twitchett 2008, p. 411.
  20. Barfield 1989, p. 40.
  21. Whiting 2002, p. 177.
  22. Whiting 2002, p. 178.
  23. Twitchett 2008, p. 212.
  24. Barfield 1989, p. 74.
  25. Whiting 2002, p. 183.
  26. Whiting 2002, p. 184.
  27. Barfield 1989, p. 76.
  28. Cosmo 2009, p. 91.
  29. Cosmo 2009, p. 97.
  30. Twitchett 2008, p. 414.
  31. Twitchett 2008, p. 413.
  32. Cosmo 2009, p. 98.
  33. Barfield 1989, p. 79.
  34. Twitchett 2008, p. 415.
  35. Twitchett 2008, p. 268.
  36. Crespigny 2007, p. 227.
  37. Crespigny 2007, p. 228.
  38. Crespigny 2017, p. 109.
  39. Crespigny 2007, p. 581.
  40. Twitchett 2008, p. 513.
  41. Crespigny 2017, p. 426.
  42. Crespigny 2007, p. 357.
  43. de Crespigny 2010, p. 454.
  44. Xiong 2009, p. xc.
  45. Xiong 2009, p. xci.
  46. Xiong 2009, p. xcii.
  47. Xiong 2009, p. xciii.
  48. Xiong 2009, p. xcviii.
  49. Xiong 2009, p. 273.
  50. Xiong 2009, p. xcix.

Bibliography
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